Spray Preparation Research Articles

Indomethacin Spray Preparation for the Control of Pain Associated with Stomatitis Caused by Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Cancer Patients

Severe stomatitis caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy is accompanied by severe pain and results in a poor quality of life. We used a spray preparation of indomethacin (IM; 0.25% IM dissolved in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to control the pain associated with stomatitis at the University of Tsukuba Hospital. This review specifically aimed to collect information on the use of the IM spray preparation, from our previous studies, to facilitate its proper use in a hospital setting. On studying the stability of the IM spray preparation, we concluded that the preparation should be kept in the refrigerator for daily use, and that it can be stored for at least 2 months at 4°C, and for 24 months at -20°C. To evaluate the efficacy of the IM spray preparation, we retrospectively surveyed its analgesic effects. Using the 10-grade Visual Analogue Scale in 23 patients, we found that pain associated with stomatitis was reduced from 10 to 4.7 after application of the spray. In conclusion, our study results on the stability and efficacy of the IM spray preparation have led to the proper use of the spray in cancer patients with stomatitis caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Preparation and characterization of spray dried complexes of lutein with cyclodextrins

Lutein (LUT) is one of the most important carotenoid and; the most prominent being its antioxidant activity. However, its use is limited due to poor solubility and instability under adverse conditions. An attempt is made to increase the solubility and hence bioavailability of LUT using various cyclodextrins viz., betacyclodextrin (βCD), hydroxypropyl betacyclodextrin (HP-βCD) and methyl betacyclodextrin (M-βCD). Physical mixtures and spray dried inclusion complexes were prepared and characterized using spectroscopic techniques, DSC and XRD studies. From the phase solubility and dissolution studies it was found that, M-βCD significantly improved the solubility of LUT. These complexes were further subjected to in vitro anti-proliferative activity in order to validate results obtained from solubility studies. The biological results were in congruence with the results of solubility studies. Spray dried complex of LUT:M-βCD showed significant percent growth inhibition as compared to other two complexes and LUT alone. Molecular modeling studies established the host–guest stoichiometry with the lowest energy to be 2:1, with the two hexatomic rings of a LUT molecule occupying the two M-βCD cavities. The present study forms the basis for the development of oral formulations of LUT with significantly improved solubility and bioavailability.

English

Phenylethyl alcohol is used as an antimicrobial preservative in many pharmaceutical products, especially nasal sprays. A simple and accurate reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to assay of phenylethyl alcohol in budesonide nasal spray preparations. A waters C18 symmetry column chromatographic system (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size) was performed with a 50:50 (%V/V) mixture of water and acetonitrile as a mobile phase. The detection of the phenylethyl alcohol was carried out at 220 nm and flow rate was employed 1.0 ml/min. The retention time of phenylethyl alcohol was about 2.8 min. Linearity was established in the concentration range of 173.28 to 259.92 mg/ml (80 to 120% of the target concentration), with a regression coefficient of 0.9991. Specificity was tested in the presence of placebo; no interference was detected at the retention time of phenylethyl alcohol. The results of the analysis were validated statistically and recovery percentage studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. Key words: Phenylethyl alcohol, budesonide, nasal spray, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), preservative.

Preparation and characterization of spray deposited Sn-doped ZnO thin films onto ITO subtracts as photoanode in dye sensitized solar cell

Transparent and conducting thin films of pure and Sn-doped ZnO (ZnO:Sn) were deposited onto ITO coated glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique at 350 °C. Structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the as-prepared thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microcopy (AFM), Transmission electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence, as well as Hall Effect, respectively. The results indicated that all the films were polycrystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure exhibiting preferential orientation along (002) direction up to 1 at.% of Sn and random orientation for higher doping. AFM study revealed that the grain size and roughness of the films decreased with increasing Sn doping concentration. The optical gap increased slightly from 3.37 to 3.48 eV due to Burstein–Moss effect. PL spectra showed a strong UV emission peak and a relatively weak green emission peak reflecting the crystalline nature and less oxygen defects, respectively. The electrical conductivity increased with increasing Sn doping concentration, but for higher doping concentration (>1 at.%), the conductivity decreased. The power conversion efficiency of DSSCs based on Sn doped-ZnO thin film exhibited higher efficiency (0.74 %) compared to pure ZnO film because of its large surface area for adsorption of dye molecules. This result indicates that Sn-doped ZnO film has promising application in the field of DSSCs, and the optimization of porous film fabrication condition is efficient for the improvement of ZnO based DSSCs performance.

Preparation and comparison of spray dried and electrospun bioresorbable drug delivery systems

Two continuous processes, the spray drying method, producing microparticles in presence of hot gas flow, and the electrospinning technology, producing continuous polymer nanofibers at low temperature under high electric fields, were investigated and compared the first time. Both techniques were used to prepare slow release caffeine (as a model of rapidly water-soluble drug) using water-insoluble, biocompatible and bioresorbable PLGA and PLA as polymeric matrix. The structural characterization of the obtained samples was performed using SEM, XRD, DSC and at-line Raman mapping, while in vitro dissolution was detected by UV spectrophotometer. We found that the release profile of a highly water soluble drug can be adjusted to the requirements through the investigated continuous technologies. Solid molecular dispersion of caffeine at colloidal level could be prepared in PLA matrix using electrostatic spinning. Furthermore the continuous nonwoven structure of ultrafine fibers, produced this way, allows easer handling than that of independent fine particle’s. On the other hand continuous production of drug loaded microspheres with slightly less performance can be performed with the conventional technology of spray drying which is well known in the pharmaceutical industry.

The Preparation and Detection of Quality Standard about Houttuynia Spray

To explore of houttuyniae cordata quercetin best extraction solution and detection of quality standard about houttuynia spray. The study extracted quercetin from houttuyniae cordata using alcohol water extraction, ultrasonic extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction respectively, and then choosed the best solution to prepare sprays of houttuynia cordata. To conform the state pharmaceutical quality standards, quality standards were detected from four aspects in spray volume of each press, particle size, injection experiment and installation. The method of oultrasonic extraction was the best extraction method, and the concentrations of 70% ethanol was the most efficient extraction of quercetin.The technology of spray preparation is fast and feasible, and the method of content detection is reliable.These results showed houttuyniae cordata could develop spray and conform the state pharmaceutical quality standards.

Increasing use of non-traditional vehicles for psoriasis and other inflammatory skin conditions

Although topical corticosteroid ointments were once viewed as the best vehicle for treating inflammatory skin diseases, the recognition of the problem of poor compliance and patients' preferences for other vehicles has led to the development of corticosteroid products in alternative formulations. To describe patterns of use of newer vehicle formulations including foams, shampoos, sprays, and lotions for the treatment of psoriasis and other dermatoses. The use of non-traditional vehicles was identified using visit with diagnoses for psoriasis and other dermatoses from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2000-2010 data. Trends in corticosteroid vehicles mentions were evaluated over the study period to determine how the use of non-traditional vehicles has changed. The odds ratios of being prescribed a nontraditional vehicle were reported for patient and office-based characteristics of visits. Approximately 2.3% and 1.9% of visits mentioned foam and other non-traditional vehicles (shampoo, lotion, spray), respectively. The use of corticosteroids in shampoo, lotion, or spray preparations increased by 0.5% annually (p=0.008) but did not significantly change for corticosteroids in a foam preparation (p=0.10). Psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis were the leading diagnoses at visits prescribed corticosteroids in nontraditional vehicles. Dermatologists were more likely than non-dermatologists to prescribe foam products [OR: 8.4 (3.6, 19.9)] or clobetasol in another non-traditional vehicle [OR: 49.7 (10.3, 240.5)]. Product vehicle was not specified for all corticosteroids. Although there was increasing use of non-traditional vehicles, the rate of use has remained low. Dermatologists appear to have greater familiarity with the use of these newer vehicle formulations than do physicians in other specialties.

The effect of intranasal fluticasone propionate irrigations on salivary cortisol, intraocular pressure, and posterior subcapsular cataracts in postsurgical chronic rhinosinusitis patients

Intranasal corticosteroid irrigations, especially budesonide, are used increasingly in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. In post-endoscopic sinus surgery patients, irrigations may offer improved delivery at higher doses to the paranasal sinuses than intranasal spray preparations. Fluticasone propionate may have higher potency and lower systemic bioavailability than budesonide, but there is little data on its effects as an intranasal irrigation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or on ocular findings. Adult patients who had previously undergone bilateral endoscopic sinus surgery and had not taken systemic corticosteroids in the last 6 months were prospectively enrolled. Subjects irrigated with 3 mg of fluticasone propionate in 240 mL saline solution twice daily. Salivary cortisol, intraocular pressure, and the presence of posterior subcapsular cataracts were measured before drug administration and after 6 weeks of continuous use. Twenty-three subjects completed the study. No subjects had salivary cortisol levels below the normal range before or after therapy, and there was no statistical difference in mean salivary cortisol levels pretreatment and posttreatment (0.294 vs 0.392 μg/dL; p = 0.27). There was no clinical or statistical difference in mean intraocular pressure before or after therapy (13.3 vs 13.3 mmHg; p = 0.86). No subjects developed a posterior subcapsular cataract. Fluticasone propionate irrigations did not suppress salivary cortisol levels or result in ocular changes. Irrigation with fluticasone propionate 3 mg in 240 mL saline twice daily may be a safe alternative to other intranasal or systemic corticosteroid treatments for chronic rhinosinusitis patients.

Preparation and characterization of spray deposited Cd1-xZnxS thin films on activated substrate

Cd 1−x Zn x S thin films were deposited on the glass substrates (GS) and on the potassium permanganate activated substrates (KMAS) at 350 °C using spray pyrolysis technique. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the films are polycrystalline and belong to the hexagonal structure. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed an effective change on the surface morphology of the film due to potassium permanganate activation (KMA). Transmittance spectra of Cd 1−x Zn x S thin films were recorded in the range of 320–700 nm and the transmittance was found to be high for the film coated on KMAS than GS. Photoluminescence spectra show a strong emission peak at 585 nm for the film coated on the GS and it is shifted to 592 nm for the film coated on KMAS. Thus the results authenticate that KMA influences the structural and optical properties of the deposited films.

Preparation and characterization of cost effective spray pyrolyzed absorber layer for thin film solar cells

In this study, highly (112) oriented crystalline copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) thin films with high mobility have been deposited via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Structural and electrical properties of CuInS2 thin films were examined to utilize them in solar cell applications. Various amounts of precursor solution ranging from 0.25 to 2.02ml/cm2 were used to form CuInS2 thin films onto the soda lime glass substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that all sprayed films were pin-hole and crack free. Atomic percent ratios of the Cu/In and S/In were very close to the targeted stoichiometric ratios of 1/1 and 2/1, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that all the deposited films were polycrystalline and exhibiting the chalcopyrite structure. Optical band gap energy of the films were calculated as 2.85eV and decreased to 1.40eV by increasing the solution loading. Hopping mechanism could be considered as the dominant conduction mechanism in the studied temperature range. Carrier concentrations in CuInS2 films were ranging between 1015 and 1017cm−3. Mobility and the carrier concentration of the CuInS2 thin films deposited from 1.52ml/cm2 solution loading were 40.1cm2/Vs and 1.69×1017, respectively. At last but not least, the amount of solution used in this study to form CuInS2 thin films was one of the lowest values reported in the literature.

Preparation and Evaluation of Spray Dried Mucoadhesive Microspheres of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride for Nasal Delivery


 There is increasing interest in drug delivery through nasal mucosa because of the ability of drug particles to cross membrane due to their particle size in nano or submicron range. The present study was aimed to prepare and evaluate microspheres of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MH) by using HPMC E4M and Carbopol 934P. Microspheres were prepared using spray drying method and particle size was found in the range of 1.62 µm. Drug loaded microspheres of HPMC E4M and Carbopol 934P and combination of HPMC E4M: Carbopol 934P were evaluated for various parameters for optimized batch were drug entrapment (61.73%), mucoadhesive strength (1959.30 g/cms2), and in-vitro diffusion studies (95.61%). Optimized batch also evaluated for SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction study. Amorphous form of optimized batch was confirmed by X-ray diffraction study. Particles were spherical and discrete confirmed by SEM study. Particle size range was confirmed by TEM. The drug release of optimized batch was carried out by using sheep nasal membrane. Histopathological studies have shown no toxicity to the sheep nasal membrane and hence optimized formulation was found to be safe. The optimized formulation was found to be stable in the accelerated stability studies. It was found that drug entrapment was in the order of HPMC E4M> Carbopol934P > Carbopol 934P: HPMC E4M, mucoadhesive strength Carbopol 934P: HPMC E4M > Carbopol 934P > HPMC E4M, In-vitro drug release Carbopol 934P: HPMC E4M > HPMC E4M > Carbopol 934P. In conclusion, these studies indicate the feasibility and superior pharmacokinetic profile of the metoclopramide nasal system.

Compatibilidade entre acaricidas e fertilizantes foliares em função de diferentes águas no controle do ácaro da leprose dos citros Brevipalpus phoenicis

A adição de fertilizantes foliares à calda acaricida é frequentemente empregada na citricultura com o intuito de reduzir os custos das aplicações. Todavia, as implicações desta prática, na maioria dos casos, são desconhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de caldas acaricidas em mistura com fertilizantes foliares e preparadas com diferentes águas no controle do ácaro B. phoenicis. Foram realizados dois experimentos em laboratório, nos anos de 2009 e 2010, utilizando-se de frutos de laranja para conter ácaros Brevipalpus phoenicis. Um dos experimentos constou de três bioensaios, nos quais se procurou verificar o efeito das misturas entre fertilizantes foliares e os acaricidas cyhexatin, propargite e acrinatrhrin sobre B. phoenicis. No outro experimento, além de verificar o efeito das misturas de fertilizantes com os acaricidas propargite e acrinatrhrin, buscou-se também avaliar o efeito de águas coletadas em diferentes fontes utilizadas no preparo das caldas sobre B. phoenicis. Os resultados evidenciaram que a aplicação dos fertilizantes foliares cloreto de zinco, cloreto de manganês, ureia e a mistura de fosfito de potássio + ureia + cloreto de zinco não afetaram a ação dos acaricidas cyhexatin, propargite e acrinathrin sobre o controle de B. phoenicis. As misturas dos cloretos de zinco e de manganês com o sulfato de magnésio e a adição de fosfito de potássio diminuíram a eficiência dos acaricidas propargite e acrinathrin, não devendo, a princípio, ser adicionadas numa mesma aplicação. Águas provenientes dos municípios paulistas de Itápolis, Pirangi e Pirassununga interferiram na ação dos acaricidas propargite e acrinathin sobre B. phoenicis, sendo que a água coletada em Itápolis apresentou resultados superiores em termos de eficiência. Verificaram-se alterações dos valores de pH e da condutividade elétrica após a adição de alguns dos fertilizantes à calda acaricida.

Solubility and dissolution enhancement of quercetin via preparation of spray dried microstructured solid dispersions

Solubility and dissolution enhancement of quercetin via preparation of spray dried microstructured solid dispersions

Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticle-based nasal spray of budesonide.

The present research work was aimed at developing solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-based formulation of budesonide (BDS) for nasal delivery. Melt emulsification method was chosen for fabrication of BDS-SLN using ultrasound dispersion and hot high-pressure homogenization techniques. The Compritol888 ATO was chosen as the lipid component for SLN formulation due to highest solubility for BDS. Different surfactants were screened and it was found that combination of Tween 80 and plurol oleique has shown desired particle size with improved stability and entrapment efficiency. The optimized SLN composition had a particle size of 185.2nm with polydispersibility index of 0.387. Entrapment efficiency of the SLN composition was observed to be 61%. Further, the optimized SLN dispersion was formulated into nasal spray. In vitro permeation study was carried out using Ovis aries (Indian sheep) nasal mucosa and it was observed that the permeability of BDS nasal spray of SLN was increased significantly by 3.4-fold as compared to the plain BDS and 1.8-fold as compared to the marketed nasal formulation. Thus, SLN-based nasal drug delivery was observed to be a promising approach for improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs.

Some Studies on Preparation of Large Spray Deposited Aluminium Alloy Tube Preform

In this paper, preparation of large spray deposited aluminum alloy tube was investigated. The shape and particle size distribution of over-sprayed powders together with structure of deposits were analyzed. The results show that the over-sprayed powders resulted from particles missing, spurting and rebounding. The particle size distribution was non-standard normal distribution, the particle size of the great majority was within 150μm and the average size was 50μm. The residual pores in deposits came into being when inter-particle space could not be filled with enough liquid during spray deposition. The as-deposited preform with rough surface was a coalesced bulk of deposited particles. The rotate speed of substrate and scan speed of atomizer together with spray stripe width should satisfy any certain relationship to obtain a qualified tube preform. Substrate preheating and surface treatment and residual stress control were very important for preparing a large preform.

Incompatibilidade física de misturas entre herbicidas e inseticidas

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a interação física entre misturas em tanque de diferentes classes de defensivos agrícolas. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de Química da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, no período de junho a agosto de 2010. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas misturas de seis herbicidas (glyphosate SC, glyphosate WG, lactofen CE, fomesafen SC, haloxifop-R CE e fluazifop-pbutil EW) com seis inseticidas (methomyl CS, clorpirifós CE, teflubenzuron SC, triflumuron SC, cipermetrina CE e tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina SC) na ausência e presença de dois redutores de pH (ácido pirolenhoso e ácido bórico), com quatro repetições. Utilizou-se escala de 1 a 5, visando avaliar o grau de incompatibilidade, em que 1 é a separação imediata da mistura e recomenda-se não aplicar e 5 é a homogeneidade das misturas. As maiores incompatibilidades físicas nas misturas de herbicidas e inseticidas foram observadas na presença dos herbicidas glyphosate na formulação WG e lactofen CE. O ácido pirolenhoso e o ácido bórico demonstraram ser boas alternativas, como redutores de pH, no preparo de calda de pulverização com misturas de herbicidas e inseticidas. Devem-se evitar misturas em tanque de glyphosate na formulação SC + clorpirifós CE e lactofen CE + clorpirifós CE.

Preparation of Spray Pyrolyzed Bismuth Oxide and its Application in Inhibition of Ultraviolet from Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

In the present study, bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) powders were prepared from bismuth nitrate at various temperatures by spray pyrolysis (SP). The Bi2O3 powder can convert from a monoclinic α phase to a tetragonal β phase at a pyrolysis temperature of > 600° C. The crystallinity of the SP powder increased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. The resulting SP powders were then mixed with organics and screen-printed onto the surface of LED for the evaluation of ultraviolet (UV) inhibition. The β-type bismuth oxide powder pyrolyzed at 700°C exhibited a fine crystal structure. This caused the efficiency of UV inhibition to be 97.71% when the powder concentration was as low as 9.04 wt%.

Occupational rhinitis and asthma due to EDTA‐containing detergents or disinfectants

Detergents and disinfectants are an emerging cause of work-related rhinitis and asthma. These products may contain ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The authors report 10 cases of EDTA-related asthma and/or rhinitis. Review of the medical charts of patients who presented with work-related rhinitis (alone or with asthma), with a history of exposure to aerosols of EDTA-containing products and who underwent a nasal provocation test (NPT) with tetrasodium EDTA (1-4%) in our occupational health unit. Twenty-eight patients underwent a NPT with EDTA, which was positive in 10 cases. These patients, mostly cleaners or healthcare workers, used spray formulations of cleaning products. This case series is the first report of EDTA-related respiratory disease, documented by a specific test. An irritant mechanism is unlikely. Further studies are required to distinguish between an immunoallergic response and a pharmacological mechanism possibly resulting from calcium chelation, as suggested by animal experiments. A ban of spray preparations would be sufficient to prevent respiratory disease induced by EDTA inhalation, regardless of its mechanism.

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC and Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis for the Quantitative Determination of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Benzydamine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

High performance liquid chromatographic and 1st derivative spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) and benzydamine hydrochloride (BH) in gargle and spray preparations used for the treatment of dental illnesses, mouth and faucet infections and providing oral hygiene were developed and validated. CG and BH responses were respectively measured at 271 nm and 324 nm in 1st derivative spectrophotometry. In HPLC; the analysis of CG and BH together with internal standard hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) were performed using an analytical column of Nucleosil 100-5 C18 (5 μm, 250 × 4,6 mm i.d.). Substances were eluted by a mobile phase consisting of 40 mM triethylamine containing phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 3.0) and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. UV detector was set to 230 nm. Under these chromatographic conditions, retention times of HCT, CG and BH were 3.44, 5.42 and 8.58 min, respectively. Developed methods were validated for the parameters of stability, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, specificity, ruggedness and robustness given in current ICH Guideline. Linearity ranges for two substances were 1-60 μg mL-1 in HPLC and 1-50 μg mL-1 in 1st derivative spectrophotometry. Developed methods were accurate, precise, specific, sensitive, rugged and robust due to the outcome from validation study results. These methods were applied to the binary mixture preparations of CG and BH (gargle and spray) and their reliability for the analysis of these preparations are presented. Keywords: Benzydamine hydrochloride, Chlorhexidine gluconate, Gargle, HPLC, 1st Derivative spectrophotometry, Spray, Validation, Spray preparations, ICH Guideline, LOD, LOQ

Preparation and characterization of spray dried inhalable powders containing chitosan nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of isoniazid

The aim of this study was to prepare spray dried inhalable powders containing isoniazid-loaded chitosan/tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles for sustained delivery of the drug to the lung. Nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method. In-vitro drug release study indicated that the rate of drug release from nanoparticles was decreased by increasing the amount of chitosan. Entrapment of isoniazid into chitosan/TPP nanoparticles decreased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the drug against mycobacterium avium intracellulare. Nanoparticles were spray dried using excipients such as lactose, mannitol and maltodextrin alone or with leucine. Results showed that the obtained powders had different aerosolization property. It was observed that by adding leucine, the particle size of microparticles deceased and the process yield and fine particle fraction (FPF) increased significantly. The in-vitro deposition data indicated that spray drying of isoniazid-loaded nanoparticles with lactose in the presence of leucine resulted in the production of inhalable powders with the highest FPF (45%).