Urea Spray Research Articles

To study the effect of foliar spray of urea and NAA on the recovery percentage and yield of dry zinger (Zingiber officinale roscoe)

Study was conducted department of Horticulture at Kulbhaskar Ashram P.G. College, Allahabad during 2016-17. To study the effect of foliar spray of Urea and NAA on the recovery percentage and yield of dry ginger recovery was calculated variety Baruwa Sagar (21.95, 21.73 and 21.87 per cent recovery of dry ginger) was superior to Rio-de-Janeiro (21.42, 20.78 and 21.17 %) in first year second year and in pooled analysis. in case of urea concentration, the U1 was superior to U0 in both the year and in pooled mean. In respect of NAA on the concentration was increased from lower to higher i.e., No, N1 and N2 the recovery of dry ginger per cent was also found to increase in ascending orders. The value were 21.15, 21.64 and 22.27, 20.78, 21.38 and 21.90 and 20.96, 21.47 and 22.09 per cent in the first second year and in pooled mean, respectively. The yield of dry ginger in the important character to Judge the effect of urea and NAA on the varieties under observation. Production of dry ginger was more in variety Baruwa Sagar to the extent of 62.92, 61.73 and 62.32 q/ha in comparison to variety Rio-de-Jeneiro which gave 61.08, 59.50 and 60.29 q/ha in first and second year and in pooled mean. It also found that the production of dry ginger was maximum when NAA 400 PPM was applied (64.27 and 26.81) was quality good to NAA 200 PPM (63.63 and 62.20) and minimum in No (58.09 and 56.81) in the first and second year. The interaction of urea with NAA showed that the production of dry ginger was maximum in U1 N2 followed by U1, N1 and minimum in Uo No showing values as 65.24 and 63.74, 64.34 and 62.54 and 54.39 and 53.28 q/ha, respectively in first and second year.

Effect of nitrogen management through nano-fertilizer in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The present investigation entitled “Effect of Nitrogen Management through Nano-fertilizer in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted during Kharif season of 2021 at instructional farm of Barrister Thakur Chhedilal College of Agriculture and Research Station Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh). Resulted that all the growth parameters and yield attributes which were significantly superior under the treatment 50 % RDN as basal + foliar spray of nano urea at tillering stage + foliar spray of nano urea at PI stage. Application of 50% RDN as basal + foliar spray of nano urea at tillering stage + foliar spray of nano urea at PI stage resulted higher gross income Rs. 146896.76 ha-1, Net income Rs. 97394.70 ha-1, B:C ratio 1.97 which was significantly superior over rest of the treatments. In the treatment 50% RDN as basal + foliar spray of nano urea at tillering stage + foliar spray of nano urea at PI stage was observed as the best treatment in increasing the grain yield (55.18 q ha-1) and straw yield (59.70 q ha-1) of rice crop. Availability of N, P2O5 and K2O in soil after harvest of rice crop were estimated higher with treatment 50 % RDN as basal + foliar spray of nano urea at tillering stage + foliar spray of nano urea at PI stage. Content and uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium by rice crop were estimated higher under the treatment 50 % RDN as basal + foliar spray of nano urea at tillering stage + foliar spray of nano urea at PI stage.

A methodology to assess mixer performance for selective catalyst reduction application in hot air gas burner

The active SCR aftertreatment system is one of the most crucial technology for the NOx reduction of diesel engines. One of the essential parameters of this technology is the urea spray performance on the catalyst. This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of urea spray behavior used in the heavy-duty diesel engine's selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment systems.The custom test rig is designed and built to simulate exhaust aftertreatment systems of heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Urea injector parameters were observed in this test rig with optic windows for spray and flow visualization. This test rig is available to simulate diesel engines in the sense of exhaust mass flow rate, temperature and spray control unit. The discussion is made about the effects of droplet size of spray and velocity distribution upon flow characterization.A detailed assessment of the numerical model was presented, and validation was carried out for different interest measurement locations. The predicted droplet size distributions, breakup performance, and velocities are numerically and correlated with the experimental data. The validated model is subsequently used to study the urea-flow mixing dynamics to develop a urea mixer numerically. Test results show that smaller droplets enhance the mixing and thus catalyst efficiency. Mixer design performance can be assessed numerically in the droplet size break up based on the developed criteria called mixer performance criteria. Upstream and downstream of the mixer, droplet size can be extracted from the simulation, and different mixer designs can be compared in terms of the breakup performance.

Phenotypic correlation and regression of hydroponics maize fodder as influenced by seed rate, nutrient sources and spray schedule

The experiments were carried out at AICRP on Dry Land Agriculture, University of Agricultural Science, GKVK, Bengaluru to study the “Phenotypic correlation and regression of hydroponics maize fodder as influenced by seed rate, nutrient sources and spray schedule” during 2017-2018. The results of revealed significantly positive correlation between fodder yield per kg seed and yield parameter like total fresh weight of fodder per kg seed (r=0.95**), total dry weight per kg of seed (r=0.86*), growth parameters like shoot length (r= 0.90**), root length (r=0.85*) and seedling vigour (r=0.84*), physiological parameters like water use efficiency (r=0.86*), relative water content (r=0.91*) and SPAD (r=0.92**). With respect to nutrition study correlation coefficients of traits with fodder yield revealed positive correlation growth components like shoot length (r=0.90**), root length (r=0.74**), seedling vigour (r=0.86**) and dry matter accumulation (0.97**), yield parameters like Total fresh weight of fodder (r=0.96**), individual fresh weight of plant (r=0.95**) and individual dry weight of plant (r=0.97**), physiological parameters like SPAD (r=0.78**) and WUE (r=1.00**), quality parameters like nitrogen content, crude protein, crude fibre and total carbohydrates (r=0.927**, 0.927**, 0.770* and 0.905**, respectively). The study revealed significantly higher fodder yield with two combined sprays of urea and MOP each @ 1 per cent at 3rd and 10th Days after sowing (DAS) with 2.5 kg m-2 under hydroponic conditions.

Effects of Spraying with Urea and Seaweed Extract (Tecamin Algae) on Growth and Chemical Content of Date Palm Tree Cv. Zahdi

The following study was conducted in a private date palm orchard in the area of AlFurat, district of Heet throughout the season of 2019-2020 on 20-year-old date palm trees, Zahdi cultivar. The purpose was to study the effects of spraying the Urea compound with concentrations of (0, 1 and 2 g L-1) as well as seaweed extract (Tecamin Algae) with (0, 2 and 4 g L-1) of concentration on the growth and chemical content of the trees. 27 date palms were randomly selected. A factorial experiment with RCBD design was carried out such that it includes 9 treatments with 3 replicas for each treatment. Each tree was treated as one experimental unit. The results demonstrated that treatments of Urea spraying, especially with 2 g L-1 concentration, contributed to achieving the best results for response measurements (Leaf Area, Total Chlorophyll, Total Carbohydrates in the Leaflets, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous), which were (2.61 m2, 10.65 mg g-1, 7.46%, 1.69% and 0.40%), respectively. The content of phosphorous in the leaflets was not significantly affected when sprayed with Urea. On the other hand, seaweed extract spraying had a significant effect on all the response measurements. The 4 ml L-1 concentration gave the highest figures for our responses (total chlorophyll 10.38 mg g-1, Carbohydrates 7.52%, Nitrogen 1.65%, Phosphorus 0.37% and Potassium 0.67%). The concentration of (2 ml L-1) gave the largest area of the leaf at 2.63 m2.

Growth and Yield Response of Chilli (Capsicum annum L) for the Combined Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application

It is well known that the overuse of inorganic fertilizers has catastrophic impacts on forms of life and the environment. In chemical fertilizers, Nitrogen is one of the main elements that has a high leaching potency which leads to pollute both surface and groundwater resources. This study was carried out to identify the best organic and inorganic fertilizer combination that gives the highest yield in MI-Green. The treatments are 3 kg/pot cow dung (control 1), (T1), 2 kg/pot cow dung (control 2) (T2), 2 kg/pot cow dung + foliar urea spray (T3), 2 kg/pot cow dung + urea soil application (T4), 3 kg/pot cow dung+ foliar spray (T5) and 3 kg/pot cow dung + Urea soil application (T6). Results disclosed a significant effect (p<0.05) on growth and yield in T5. Hence, it can be concluded that 3kg/pot cow dung+ foliar spray combination can be used to improve the growth and yield of MI-Green chilli.

Seasonal and Postharvest Changes in Amino Acid Composition in ‘Crimson Crisp’ Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in Response to Summer Foliar Urea Applications

Insufficient biologically available nitrogen (N) for yeast is a persistent issue facing cidermakers, whose apple juice base usually does not provide adequate nutrition for a complete fermentation. Cidermakers often supplement their juice with additional yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) in the cellar to aid fermentation. The development of biologically available N in apple juice is not well understood. In this study, juice samples from ‘Crimson Crisp®’ apples were taken at several sampling dates in the 2016, 2017, and 2018 growing seasons and analyzed for YAN using formol titration and high-performance liquid chromatography. It was observed that while the total YAN concentration in these apples drops from the period shortly after fruit set to the end of summer, YAN remains stable from several weeks before harvest until the date of harvest. The total YAN did not change after a 6-week postharvest storage period. By contrast, the individual amino acid components of YAN do change during this period. This experiment shows that foliar urea sprays in ‘Crimson Crisp®’ produce an increase in organic N in the juice, mostly in the form of asparagine. Increased organic N impacts yeast growth and sensory characteristics of cider and may be seen as desirable by cider producers.

Effect of nitrogen regulation on berry quality and flavonoids during veraison stage.

Nitrogen regulation can effectively promote the improvement of berry components and the formation of flavor compounds in wine grapes. In order to understand the effects of foliar nitrogen spraying on grape quality and flavonoid substance, took Cabernet Sauvignon as the test subject, grape leaves were sprayed by ammonium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea, phenylalanine, and glutamate during veraison, and clear water was used as the control. The results showed that spraying ammonium sulfate could improve the contents of soluble solids, anthocyanins, and total phenols of grape berries; spraying phenylalanine significantly increased the content of titratable acid and tannin and decreased the ratio of sugar to acid in grape berries; compared with the control group, spraying glutamate could significantly upregulate some flavonol monomers; spraying calcium ammonium nitrate can adjust the monomer content of some flavanols; urea spraying significantly increased the contents of most anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavonol and increased the contents of total anthocyanins, total flavanols, and total flavonol in grape skins, laying a foundation for the improvement of the nutritional value of grapes and wine in the future.

Effect of foliar spray of urea and NAA on the growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Effect of foliar spray of urea and NAA on the growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Flush Intensity of Mango (Mangifera indica L. c.v. Carabao mango) Leaves as Affected by Different Flush Induction Protocol

The study was carried out to validate the effect of different flush induction protocol on carabao mango which was conducted in Alion, Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines with the following treatments: no intervention (T1), pruning only (T2), pruning with urea applied in soil (T3), pruning with urea spray (T4), pruning with irrigation (T5), and complete flush induction protocol (T6). Results revealed that providing water hasten the flush induction of mango. The complete flush induction protocol (T6) significantly had the highest flushing percentage and the longest flushing duration. In terms of leaf produced per flush, pruning alone (T2) and pruning with urea spray (T4) equally produced the highest number of leaves per flush having 16 leaves. On the other hand, different flush induction protocols have no direct effect on flush and stem length, stem diameter, flush dry weight, and in the amount of nutrients in the flushes except for total amount of iron.

Effects of supplemental foliar-applied nitrogen on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and nitrogen efficiency under saline conditions

Nutritional management in saline conditions can offend the stressful effect of salinity by increasing the amount of nutrients availability, especially nitrogen (N). To investigate the effects of foliar application of different types of N fertilizers as a supplement at the beginning of boll development stage, a randomized complete block design in three replications was carried out at the Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch, during two consecutive years of 2018 and 2019. The studied factors were control, urea (recommended –50%, recommended, and recommended + 50%), and azoteam (recommended –50%, recommended, and recommended + 50%). The recommended dose for urea and azoteam was 1% v/v and 1 l/ha, respectively. The results showed that the responses of cotton yield and yield components to the type of supplemental fertilizer were significant. Different amounts of foliar application had a significant effect on yield and yield components, as well as different N efficiency specs. The supplemental foliar application with the recommended + 50% caused 48.7% improvements in plant height, 65.6% in the number of bolls per plant, 32.3% in boll weight, 52.4% in lint yield, 61.7% in seed cotton yield, 54.9% in seed yield, 19.5% in agronomic N use efficiency, and 17.4% in N uptake efficiency and reductions of 11.6% in lint percentage and 17.4% in N use efficiency. In most of the studied traits, there was no difference between the recommended and recommended + 50%. Overall, the results of this experiment revealed that under saline conditions, the recommended dose of urea spray in the early stages of development of the boll produced a good seed cotton yield.

Effect of Urea Spray on Boll Shell Insecticidal Protein Content in Bt Cotton.

Reproductive organs of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton, which contribute to cotton final yield, have low insect resistant efficacy, so it is important to improve their insect resistance. This study was conducted to find out the impact of different urea spray doses on the expression of Cry1A protein in boll shell of Bt cotton (Sikang 1 and Sikang 3), and nitrogen metabolism in this process was also studied to uncover the physiological mechanism. The experiment with six urea doses was organized during peak boll stage in 2017 and 2018. The results showed that urea spray could significantly increase boll shell insecticidal protein contents in both cultivars, with the highest Bt protein content observed at 28–32 kg ha−1 urea dose. In addition, urea spray increased the contents of soluble protein and free amino acid and the activities of GS, GOGAT, GOT, and GPT, but decreased the activities of peptidase and protease in boll shell. Correlation analysis showed that the amount of boll shell Bt protein was positively correlated with levels of soluble protein and amino acid, and activities of GS, GOGAT, GOT, and GPT, but negatively correlated with peptidase and protease activities. Thus, this study demonstrated that higher protein synthesis ability and lower proteolysis ability were related to increased Bt protein content in urea-sprayed boll shell.

Nitrogen spraying affects seed Bt toxin concentration and yield in Bt cotton

Cotton bolls exhibit the lowest insecticidal efficacy among all organs of Bt cotton, which would ultimately affect the yield formation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different urea concentrations on the seed Bt protein contents, seed cotton yield and the corresponding protein metabolism mechanism. The experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 cotton growing seasons. Two cultivars, Sikang 3 (hybrid, SK3) and Sikang 1 (conventional, SK1), were treated with six urea concentrations and their seed Bt protein contents were compared during boll formation period. The urea spray concentration had a significant effect on the seed Bt toxin content and seed cotton yield. Spraying of either 5 or 6% urea led to higher insecticidal protein contents and higher seed cotton yield for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest amino acid and soluble protein contents, as well as GPT and GOT activities, and lower protease and peptidase activities were observed at the 5 to 6% urea levels. Significant positive correlations between the seed Bt toxin and amino acid contents, and between the seed Bt toxin content and GPT activities were detected. The lower boll worm number and hazard boll rate were also observed with the 5 to 6% urea treatments, which may be the reason why nitrogen spraying increased the seed cotton yield. Therefore, our results suggested that the seed Bt toxin content and insect resistance were impacted markedly by external nitrogen application, and 5 to 6% urea had the greatest effect on insect resistance.

Influence of nutrient sources and spray schedule on growth, dry matter accumulation, yield, quality and economics of hydroponic fodder maize

The experiment was conducted at AICRP for Dry Land Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru to study the influence of nutrient sources and spray schedule on growth, dry matter accumulation, yield, quality and economics of hydroponic fodder maize during 2017–18. The experiment was laid in Completely Randomized Design with factorial concept with three replications each using four different nutrient sources (urea @ 1%, MOP @ 1%, urea and MOP each @ 1% and 19:19:19 @ 1%) and two levels of spray schedules (one spray at 6 DAS and two sprays at 3 and 10 DAS) and no spray was taken as control. The results revealed that two sprays of urea and MOP each @ 1% at 3 and 10 DAS recorded significantly higher shoot length, root length, total dry matter accumulation, fodder yield and superior quality parameters, viz. crude protein, total carbohydrates and crude fibre. Higher returns (₹ 204/m2) and B : C ratio (2.41) were noticed with same treatment combinations and accounted for 17.22% higher fodder yield over control.

Exhaust system of commercial vehicle: a review

In Automobiles like Truck, Bus, Car, and other commercial vehicles, various exhaust emission norms like Euro IV and Euro VI are considered for a non-polluted environment. This paper focuses on increasing engine and vehicle performance of commercial vehicle by reducing back-pressure and noise due to after treatment systems, considering exhaust emission norms. Back-pressure in exhaust systems is calculated with advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technologies like ANSYS Fluent, GT Power. Backpressure in the exhaust pipe is reduced by varying length, diameter, number of bends, exhaust mass flow rate and bending angle of exhaust pipe. Narrow band noise in vehicles is predicted by Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) converts harmful NOx to harmless N2. SCR non-linearities are calculated by CFD code CONVERGE and TRIZ method. SCR urea deposit is minimized by proper nozzle position of urea spray. Diesel and gasoline particulate filter is used to filter particulate matter in diesel and gasoline engine respectively. This research focuses on the optimization of commercial vehicle exhaust systems.

Effects of foliar spray of NAA, 2,4-D and urea on fruit yield and quality of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. cv. Assam lemon

Effects of foliar spray of NAA, 2, 4-D and urea on fruit yield and quality of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. cv. Assam lemon was studied. Nine treatments were imposed in RBD for two seasons (summer and winter). Among the treatments in T6 (NAA @ 20 ppm + 2,4-D @ 20 ppm + 1% urea) the maximum pulp content (81.58 g/fruit), juice content (40.47 ml/fruit), reducing sugar (0.51%) and ascorbic acid (48.56 mg/100 g) were recorded. Whereas, maximum TSS (9.88%), total sugar (1.66%) with minimum titratable acidity (3.10%) was recorded in treatment T5 (NAA @ 10 ppm + 2,4-D @ 10 ppm + 1% urea). Hence, the combination of recommended dose of fertilizers 100 : 100 : 100 g NPK/plant/year along with 20 kg FYM and NAA @ 20 ppm + 2,4-D @ 20 ppm + 1% urea foliar spray twice (after fruit setting and fully developed stage) may be recommended for improvement of yield and quality of this main cultivar lemon for the North East region of India in the future.

Growth, Flower Dropping, Pod Set and Yield Response of Soybean Varieties as Affected by Suplemental Fertilizer Spray at Flowering

A field experiment was conducted during the period from January to May 2014 to study the response of growth, flower dropping, pod setting and yield of two soybean varieties to foliar fertilization of urea at early stage of flowering. Soybean varieties, BARI Soybean-5 and BARI Soybean-6, were feeded with four supplemental foliar spray treatments of fertilizer, viz. M1: Control i.e., no additional nutrient spray; M2: 20% of recommended urea spray at flowering; M3: 20% dose of the recommended MoP; and M4: 20% dose of the recommended DAP at early flowering stage. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. There was no significant effect of variety, fertilization spray or their interaction observed on growth parameters. However, flower and pod dropping was affected with higher flower dropping (55.2%) in BARI Soybean-5 and maximum pod dropping (16.44%) with DAP spray treatment. Higher yield attributes’ values such as seeds pod-1 (2.42), seed yield (1.18 t ha-1), stover yield (1.02 t ha-1), and biological yield (2.21 t ha-1) were obtained with foliar DAP spray treatment. The interaction of BARI Soybean-5 and foliar DAP spray showed the highest seed yield (1.48 t ha-1), stover yield (1.26 t ha-1) and biological yield (2.75 t ha-1).
 Bangladesh Agron. J. 2020, 23(2): 111-117

Computational modeling of flow field in boiler before and after urea injection under different conditions

In order to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions, the effects of total excess air coefficient, air coefficient in main combustion zone, blended-coal combustion, and ammonia-nitrogen molar ratio on a 330 MW coal-fired boiler combustion were studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the velocity field and temperature field in the furnace have synergy, the better the synergy is, the faster the temperature rises, and the more NOx it generates. Compared before and after urea spraying, the NOx concentration decreased with the decrease of the total excess air coefficient, the optimum total excess air coefficient is about 1.15, and the denitrification rate is as high as 76.2%. The smaller the air coefficient in the main combustion zone is, the smaller the NOx concentration is. The optimum air coefficient in the main combustion zone is about 0.92, and the denitrification rate is 85%. After urea injection, the denitrification rate of high volatile coal combustion is higher than that of low volatile coal combustion, and the reasonable blending mode of coal can reduce NOx emissions. The larger the ammonia-nitrogen molar ratio is, the lower the NOx concentration is. When the ammonia-nitrogen molar ratio is greater than 2, the amount of ammonia escape at the flue outlet exceeds the standard. When the ammonia-nitrogen molar ratio is less than 1, the NOx concentration at the flue outlet is greater than that before urea injection. The optimal ammonia-nitrogen molar ratio is about 2.

Foliar nitrogen supply enhances the recovery of photosynthetic performance of cold-stressed coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seedlings

Cold-stressed leaves possess an elevated risk of photodamage due to an inefficient photosynthetic apparatus during winter conditions. Recovery of cold-stressed coffee seedlings treated with different concentrations of nitrogen applied as foliar urea sprays [control (0), 5, 10, 20, and 40 mM], was investigated under optimum growth chamber conditions (25/20°C) for three months. Concentrations of nitrogen and photosynthetic pigments in the leaves increased with increasing concentration of the foliar sprays up to 20 mM. This was accompanied with a recovery of the photosynthetic apparatus and increased net carbon assimilation rate. In addition, 10 and 20 mM-treated plants also had the highest maximal efficiency of PSII compared to their lower or higher nitrogen concentration treated counterparts. Conversely, these plants contained lower concentrations of 5-caffeoylquinic acid, mangiferin, trigonelline, and caffeine than control plants. We concluded therefore that foliar sprays of the appropriate nitrogen concentration were adequate for recuperating the photosynthetic apparatus and improved the photosynthetic performance of the cold-stressed coffee seedlings.

Role of Organics on Pulses Productivity

Pulses is the second most important segments of Indian agriculture after cereals as they rich in protein and play vital role in human diet. In India, largest producer of pulses in the world with 25% share in global production, Area under pulse crops around 23.37 M ha with a production 17.15 M tones & average productivity of 764 kg ha-1. Tamilnadu, pulse grown 11 L ha with a production 8 L tones & productivity of 625 kg ha-1.Addition of organic manures like FYM, vermi compost, green manure etc. along with supplementation of nutrients like Foliar spray of urea and DAP 2% increased flowering branches. Biofertilizers like Rhizobium, phosphobacteria and PSB can fix atmospheric nutrients. Use of organic liquid fertilizers, Growth regulators, inorganic fertilizer along with organic manures arrest the flower drops, increase yield and quality of pulses. Integrated nutrient management, Application of NPK fertilizers , micronutrients : Zinc, iron, boron, molybdenum etc. with organic manures are improved the soil physical, chemical and biological health of the soil.