Spray Method Research Articles

Research on smoke cleaning based on Mg(OH)2/NaClO2 seawater solution

Abstract Ship exhaust emissions contain a large amount of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which have attracted widespread attention from the international community for their pollution of the atmospheric environment. In order to reduce the emissions of these pollutants, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other national institutions have established strict emission standards and promoted the research and application of ship exhaust desulfurization and denitrification technology. Experimental and simulation analyses were conducted on the denitrification effect of Mg(OH)2/NaClO2 solution using a cyclic spray method. Simulation analysis was carried out using cyclic spraying. The experiment compared the reaction degree and reaction time of NO in NaClO2 seawater, NaClO2 water, and Mg(OH)2/NaClO2 marine solution. The experimental result is that in the process of cyclic spray, the removal rate of NO by these three solutions can reach 100%. The reaction time of NO is 71, 86, and 90 minutes, respectively. Under the same conditions, the simulation results showed that the reaction rate of NaClO2 water solution with NO was faster, followed by NaClO2 seawater solution. The reaction rate of Mg(OH)2/NaClO2 seawater solution with NO was the slowest of the three. When the pH value exceeds 7, it effectively inhibits the production of ClO2 gas by NaClO2. The removal rate of Mg(OH)2/NaClO2 seawater solution is directly proportional to the initial concentration of NaClO2. In addition, it could be seen from the simulation cloud diagram that the removal speed of NO in the spray reactor slows down as the concentration of NO increases.

Spirodiclofen toxicity in Tetranychus urticae and safety to natural enemies Proprioseiopsis asetus and Amblyseius swirskii

Proprioseiopsis asetus and Amblyseius swirskii are excellent natural enemies of plant-feeding mites and small pests. In order to clarify the safety of the acaricide spirodiclofen to the predatory mites P. asetus and A. swirskii, here, we investigated the toxicity of the acaricide on the pest mite T. urticae (nymphs and adult females) and on both species of predatory mites, P. asetus and A. swiskii (eggs, nymphs, and female adults) by using the spray, slide-dip, and leaf residual toxicity methods, compared the selective toxicity and assessed the safety to these natural enemies. The results demonstrated that the corrected mortality in P. asetus and A. swirskii female adults was <5% at recommended spirodiclofen concentrations in the spray method. In the leaf residual toxicity method, P. asetus and A. swirskii egg-hatching rates did not differ significantly from the pure water control group. In the slide-dip method, spirodiclofen lethal concentration 50 (LC50) in P. asetus and A. swirskii female adults was noted to be 9,494.875 and 3,064.187 mg·L−1, respectively. In the spray method, spirodiclofen LC50 in P. asetus and A. swirskii nymphs was found to be 4,292.664 and 1,081.609 mg·L−1, respectively, and that in T. urticae female adults and nymphs was 55.189 and 40.862 mg·L−1, respectively. Spiroclofen selective toxicity ratios (STRs) in P. asetus female adults–T. urticae and P. asetus nymphs–T. urticae were 172.013 and 105.053, respectively, indicating that spiroclofen has a high positive selectivity toward the pest T. urticae and its natural enemy P. asetus. In contrast, spiroclofen STRs in A. swirskiis female adults–T. urticae and A. swirskiis nymphs–T. urticae were 55.522 and 26.470, respectively, indicating spiroclofen has a moderate positive selectivity toward the pest T. urticae and its natural enemy A. swirskii. In the safety evaluation, the spirodiclofen safety factor for P. asetus female adults and nymphs was 158.248–237.37 and 71.544–107.317, respectively, whereas that for A. swirskii female adults and nymphs was 50.070–76.605 and 18.027–27.040 respectively. All spirodiclofen safety factor values were much higher than 5, indicating that spirodiclofen is highly safe for P. asetus and A. swirskii; in particular, spirodiclofen is safer for P. asetus than for A. swirskii.

Superhydrophobic, Anti-Freezing and Multi-Cross-Linked Wearable Hydrogel Strain Sensor for Underwater Gesture Recognition.

Conductive hydrogel is considered to be one of the most potential sensing materials for wearable strain sensors. However, both the hydrophilicity of polymer chains and high water content severely inhibit the potential applications of hydrogel-based sensors in extreme conditions. In this study, a multicross-linked hydrogel was prepared by simultaneously introducing a double-network matrix, multiple conductive fillers, and free-moving ions, which can withstand an ultralow temperature below -80 °C. A superhydrophobic Ecoflex layer with a water contact angle of 159.1° was coated on the hydrogel using simple spraying and laser engraving methods. Additionally, the smart glove integrating five hydrogel strain sensors with a microprocessor was developed to recognize 12 types of diving gestures and synchronously transmit recognition results to smartphones. The superhydrophobic and antifreezing hydrogel strain sensor proposed in this study emerges promising potentials in wearable electronics, human-machine interfaces, and underwater applications.

Comprehensive analysis of chemical composition, electronic, luminescent, and electrical properties of amorphous graphite-silicon carbide thin films: A comparative study of as-deposited and post-annealed states

Graphite/SiC (GSC) thin films were synthesized on silicon substrates via a spray method, depositing a Si-graphite solution on preheated silicon samples at 350 °C, followed by annealing at 800 °C for 4 h. A systematic approach was employed to ensure the effective incorporation of graphite into the SiC material during solution preparation. Various analytical techniques, including XPS, UPS, Reflection Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy (REELS), PL, AFM, and Hall effect measurements, were employed for comparative analysis of the chemical composition, morphological, electrical, and optoelectronic properties of as-deposited and annealed GSC films. XPS analysis revealed the presence of Si—C and graphitic bonds in the as-deposited GSC, with a significant compositional shift to oxygen-rich graphite oxide/oxycarbides after annealing. REELS demonstrated increased bandgap and bulk plasmon energy due to surface oxidation, while UPS highlighted a high electronic density in the as-deposited film, diminishing after annealing. AFM revealed a tendency of as-deposited GSC grains to form smaller, sharper structures after annealing, resulting in smoother and more homogeneous surface morphology. Phase AFM confirmed graphite incorporation at grain boundaries and within the bulk, forming a composite structure. PL spectra of the as-deposited film exhibited a broad visible emission with distinct sub-peaks linked to SiC bandgap transitions and carbon-rich defects. Chromaticity diagrams indicated suitability for white LED applications. Hall effect measurements showed excellent electrical properties of the as-deposited GSC film, with high carrier density and mobility, which reduced significantly after annealing, transitioning the material to a more insulating state. These findings collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of GSC thin films’ properties and their potential applications.

Can exogenous application of putrescine and priming modulate salinity stress in Camelina sativa L?

High salinity in soil significantly reduces growth and productivity; however, employing priming techniques and foliar spraying of putrescine can serve as an impressive method to reduce the impact of salt stress in saline soil. The current investigation intends to explore the effected of foliar spraying and priming methods on the growth, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and seed chemical compositions of salt-stressed Camelina sativa L. crop. A pot test was set up in a randomized complete block design by a factorial scheme with four replications. The experiment involved three factors: 1) salinity stress (0, 60, and 90 mM(, 2) priming techniques (no priming, hydro-priming, putrescine-priming (50 μmol L − 1), and 3) foliar application of putrescine at concentrations of 0, 100, and 200 μmol L−1. Camelina plants subjected to salinity stress showed decreased growth and performance, which correlated with lower chlorophyll levels, reduced photosynthesis maximum quantum efficiency, potassium concentration, and total soluble sugars and proline content. This decline was associated with increased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content), sodium concentration, and electrical leakage, leading to diminished antioxidant enzyme activities. In contrast, under salt stress (60 mM), priming with putrescine led to an increase in grain yield (45 %), chlorophyll content (43 %), shoot length (54 %), maximum quantum efficiency (16 %), Superoxide dismutase (49 %), Catalase (58 %), Ascorbate peroxidase (47 %), linoleic acid (20 %), linolenic acid (38 %), oleic acid (27 %), eicosanoic acid (13 %) and shoot K+ ion (50 %) compared with non-treated plants. The application of 100 μmol L−1 putrescine through foliar application elicited the efficiency of camelina plants with increasing proline content, total soluble sugars, and antioxidant enzyme activities against salinity stress. In addition, the putrescine-priming method could improve photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity under salt stress levels. Overall, our results supply an important outlook for the use of foliar putrescine spraying and putrescine-priming in modulating salinity tolerance in camelina crops.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antifungal activity against tomato fusarium wilt caused by Fusariumoxysporum

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici is one of the most important diseases in tomatoes, resulting in severe yield loss and mycotoxin infection in food and feed. The management of Fusarium wilt is based heavily on chemical fungicides, but these chemicals have many environmental concerns. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are gaining importance as emerging resistance-free alternatives of chemical fungicides. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Viola odorata as a green approach. The antifungal activity of these biosynthesised AgNPs was evaluated in vitro against F. oxysporum using the agar well diffusion method. AgNPs were also evaluated against tomato Fusarium wilt diseases using the foliar spray method in the greenhouse. The characterization of AgNPs revealed that AgNPs were of spherical shape, crystalline in nature, and had an average size of 18 nm. In the antifungal assay, 60 mg/l AgNPs strongly inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum with a growth zone of 18 ± 0.89 mm compared to fungicide (23 ± 1.20 mm) and AgNO3 (52 ± 2.33 mm). Similarly, 60 mg/l of AgNPs when sprayed on tomato plants in the greenhouse showed a survival rate of about 80% with no observable phytotoxic effect. This study provides a first baseline to control Fusarium wilt in tomato using biosynthesised AgNPs without affecting the health of crops.

Preparation of superhydrophobic/oleophobic wood coating with fluorinated silica sol by a simple spraying method

The biomimetic construction of superhydrophobic coatings on wood surfaces significantly reduces the water absorption capacity of wood while enhancing its deformation resistance, thereby extending the service life of wooden structures. In this work, a fluorinated silica sol was prepared from alkaline silica sol and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (PFDMS), and evenly sprayed over the wood surface to effectively produce superhydrophobic/oleophobic wood specimens. The effect of the preparation procedure of fluorinated silica sol on the wettability of the coating was investigated. Acid and alkali corrosion tests were conducted to assess the chemical stability of the superhydrophobic coating, while sandpaper abrasion tests were used to evaluate its mechanical stability. The results showed that with a volume ratio of silica sol to PFDMS of 6:1 and a reaction period of 30 min, the modified wood exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity, with a water contact angle of 157.3° and an oil contact angle of 126.5°. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic coating demonstrated excellent mechanical and chemical durability, along with self-cleaning properties. These findings have significant practical implications for enhancing the performance and longevity of wood.

Investigation on corrosion behaviour of metal oxide nanoparticles reinforced magnesium composites by salt spray and immersion corrosion test methods

ABSTRACT This study explores the increasing utilisation of lightweight materials, particularly magnesium (Mg) alloy, in sectors such as automobile, aerospace, and marine due to its notable advantages such as high strength-to-weight ratio, good castability, and excellent damping capacity. Despite these merits, Mg alloy faces challenges, notably in wear and corrosion resistance. The research focuses on enhancing the corrosion resistance of Mg alloy by incorporating Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Manganese Oxide (MnO), and Titanium Oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The alloy AZ91D and three nanocomposites, namely AZ91D + 1% ZnO, AZ91D + 1% MnO, and AZ91D + 1% TiO2, were manufactured using a stir squeeze casting technique combined with an ultrasonication process. To confirm the even distribution of reinforcement particles, Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HR-SEM) were employed. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of matrix and reinforcement material with intermetallic precipitates around the grain boundaries. Corrosion properties were assessed following ASTM standards and utilising a 3.5% NaCl concentration. The study found that AZ91D + 1% TiO2 nanocomposites exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared to the AZ91D alloy, showing a remarkable 77.78% and 69.89% improvement in corrosion behaviour under salt spray and immersion environments, respectively, after 48 hours.

Stearic acid modified Fe3O4/Y2O3 composite membranes for efficient oil-water separation

Traditional oil-water separation methods have low separation efficiency and are prone to environmental pollution. The development of low-cost and environmentally friendly novel oil-water separation membranes is of wide interest nowadays. In this work, stearic acid modified Fe3O4/Y2O3 (Fe3O4/Y2O3/SA) composite membranes are prepared on PET and cotton fabric using spraying and impregnation methods. Both Y2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are compounded on the surface of the substrate and modified using stearic acid impregnation. The results show that Fe3O4/Y2O3/SA composite membrane has a water contact angle of 152.5° and exhibits super hydrophobicity/lipophilicity. At the same time, the composite membrane has excellent oil-water separation performance, including high separation efficiency (99.92 %) for a variety of oil-water mixtures, and good stability in 15 cycles of separation tests. The mechanism of oil-water separation is discussed.

A durable superhydrophobic surface with bud-particle structure prepared by one-step spray method

Superhydrophobic surfaces play an essential role in numerous applications such as anti-fouling, waterproofing, and drag reduction due to their water-repellent. However, for most fabrication methods, there are high requirements for the preparation process and conditions. Meanwhile, the superhydrophobic surfaces generally have the problem of insufficient durability. In this study, a one-step method to fabricate a stable superhydrophobic surface by spraying is proposed. A new bud-particle structure is obtained by modifying micron and nano Aluminium hydroxide(Al(OH)3) particles, which helps the coated surface to demonstrate excellent superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle ∼157.0° and rolling angle ∼2.0°, and it shows great repellency to water droplet impact. Due to the compatibility of Al(OH)3with the pretreatment substrate and the reinforcing effect of nanoparticles, the coating maintained the superhydrophobicity well in the sandpaper wear and the ultrasonic damage test, which reflects the outstanding robustness of the coating.Moreover,benefiting from the control of the wetting state by micronand nanoparticles doping,the coating showed an excellent underwater drag reduction effect in the rheometer experiment, with a drag reduction rate of ∼67.7 %. The one-step spraying method proposed is a simple and convenient way to create the surface with excellent superhydrophobicity and durability, which has great potential applications in improving metal surface oxidation resistance and underwater reducing drag.

PSI-22 Evaluating colonization success of Bacteroidetes from different host origin in broiler chickens

Abstract Current broiler production practices that aim to maximize biosecurity have limited chick exposure to beneficial microbes. Previous research highlights a notable disparity in Bacteroidetes abundance and taxonomy between birds reared under intensive and extensive systems. Building upon this, we hypothesized that Bacteroidetes strains populating intensively raised birds may originate from human sources, potentially leading to varied colonization efficiencies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the colonization patterns of diverse Bacteroidetes strains within the chicken gastrointestinal tract. One day-old broiler birds (n = 63) were raised in individually ventilated isolators accommodating 3 birds per cage. The chicks were subjected to inoculation either via oral gavage with 150 µL of glycerol stock containing 1x104 colony forming units (CFU)/mL; or spray method (2 mL per cage) using chicken-derived, human-derived, and a combination of Bacteroidetes strains. Notably, birds administered via oral gavage displayed an increase in body weight gain by d 07 compared with their counterparts treated via spray and the control group (P < 0.01). Subsequent quantification of Bacteroidetes, Enterobacteriaceae, and total bacteria using qPCR revealed that oral gavage resulted in more successful Bacteroidetes colonization at d 14 (P < 0.01). Moreover, discernible variations were noted in total bacterial abundance across treatment cohorts. It can be concluded that the method of inoculation appears to influence the initial colonization patterns of Bacteroidetes in the chicken gut, or that inoculation in the environment requires a higher dose. Amplicon sequencing that is underway will reveal the success of the Bacteroidetes from different host origin and the most successful strains of chicken origin. Overall, enhanced growth coincided with more successful Bacteroidetes colonization, identifying them as potential targets for enhanced broiler performance. Further investigation is warranted to determine if Bacteroidetes from different sources demonstrate varying colonization efficiencies.

The effect of oxidation on tribology behavior of nickel-graphite coated stainless steel SS420

The main solution to the challenge of maintaining maximum sealing in the compressor section of each gas turbine is the use of abradable coatings. These coatings have a double duty, including (a) maintaining the lagging and (b) protecting the tips of the rotor blades. Choosing the type of abradable coating primarily depends on the service temperature of the coating. Nickel-graphite (Ni-G) coating is a good choice for use up to 480 °C and, or steel/sub-alloy rotor blades. In this research, the Ni-G coating was applied by the flame spraying method of Ni-G powder with a thickness of about 250 μm on an SS420 stainless steel substrate. The effect of the composition of the bonding layer was also investigated using two compositions, Ni-5Al and NiCrAlY. Obtaining the knowledge of applying Ni-G coating by flame spraying, identifying the structural and compositional characteristics of the coating (through optical and electron metallography), and the effect that oxidation can have on the tribological behavior of the coating were among the goals of this project. The best conditions for spraying the Ni-G coating were achieved an oxygen gas pressure of 6 bar, oxygen flow rate of 18 L min−1, acetylene pressure of 1.5 bar, acetylene flow rate of 24 L min−1, and the distance between the gun head and the sample surface was 22 cm. The results showed that placing the coating in oxidizing conditions increases its coefficient of friction. The increase in the coefficient of friction was attributed to the formation of oxide shells on the surface of the coating after 500 h of exposure to oxidation conditions. Corresponding to the higher coefficient of friction, the oxidized coating showed a decrease in wear resistance as a result of oxidation. This result can show the decrease in abradable of this coating with increasing service time.

A review of recent advances and applications of inorganic coating for oil and gas pipe systems

The oil and gas pipe systems are a crucial part of the infrastructure. The structural integrity of pipes is diminishing as a result of environmental damage. In recent years, the oil and gas industry has witnessed significant advancements in the development and application of inorganic coatings for pipeline systems. These coatings are essential for enhancing the durability, safety, and efficiency of pipelines by providing superior resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and chemical attacks. This review paper delves into the latest fabrication strategies for API pipe coatings, with a focus on the electroless method, electrodeposition method, thermal spray method, thermochemical method, and other emerging techniques. Each method is evaluated in terms of its principles, advantages, limitations, and suitability for different operational environments. Among the coating methods, the electroless process is one of the most popular methods. The paper also highlights innovative approaches and materials that have the potential to revolutionize the field. By providing a comprehensive overview of current technologies and their applications, this review aims to guide future research and development efforts, promoting the adoption of advanced inorganic coatings in the oil and gas industry to ensure the longevity and integrity of critical infrastructure.

Anti-corrosion superhydrophobic micro-TiB2/nano-SiO2 based coating with “multi-scale hard particles-embedding-soft membrane” structure fabricated by spray deposition

Superhydrophobic surfaces with multifunctional merits show growing demands in real-world applications. However, the micro-nano textures make them highly susceptible to mechanical wear. Herein, a “multi-scale hard particles-embedding-soft membrane” strategy was proposed to fabricate a composite coating by embedding micro-TiB2/nano-SiO2 particles into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)@polyurethane (PU) via a single-step spraying method. The addition of micro-nano particles exerts two effects including “hard” micro-skeletons to overcome ductile issue of “soft” organic membrane and creation of wear-resistant bearing points. Simultaneously, “soft” membrane can absorb stress caused by external mechanical force. Furthermore, PDMS acts as a modifier to decrease surface energy and PU serves as an adhesive to enhance interfacial bonding strength. As a consequence, the proposed hybrid coating could achieve synergistic improvements in mechanical durability and versatility, breaking the undesirable “trade-off” restriction. The optimized superhydrophobic coating exhibits the highest water contact angle (WCA) of 163.21° ± 3.49°, the lowest sliding angle (SA) of 5.75° ± 0.90°, corrosion protection efficiency of 95.5 % in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, with outstanding multifunctionalities, among the top-level performances. The inherent properties of micro-TiB2/nano-SiO2 ceramics and their highly ordered arrangement in the superhydrophobic coating are expected to provide a reliable and convenient design proposal in corrosion protection engineering.

Using Environmental DNA to Detect and Identify Sweetpotato Whitefly Bemisia argentifolii and Twospotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae in Greenhouse‐Grown Tomato Plants

ABSTRACTEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) consists of genetic material shed by living organisms, including those that are deceased, offering a unique opportunity to detect and identify terrestrial insect pests without requiring visual identification. The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, are notorious for causing crop losses through virus transmission and direct feeding. Our study aimed to: (1) assess the effectiveness of B. argentifolii literature‐based PCR primers compared to newly developed primers for eDNA amplification, (2) evaluate the sensitivity of conventional PCR (cPCR) and real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detecting eDNA of B. argentifolii and T. urticae, (3) establish a rapid eDNA processing methodology using the LGC Biosearch Technologies QuickExtract DNA extraction kit and the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit, and (4) test the specificity of the developed primers against non‐target species. B. argentifolii and T. urticae were confined to tomato leaves (Solanum lycopersicum) using clip cages for 24 h, after which eDNA was collected from leaf surfaces using a water spray method, filtered, and processed for DNA amplification. While literature‐based primers showed sufficient sensitivity, their specificity for eDNA applications was inadequate, prompting the design of novel PCR primers for both pest species. Positive eDNA detection was achieved with both amplification methods, with qPCR proving more reliable than cPCR due to the latter's inconsistent performance with positive control samples. We also introduced a rapid eDNA processing approach using the QuickExtract DNA extraction kit, contrasting it with the more conventional Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit. We believe that our findings are the first step toward the practical use of eDNA as a highly sensitive, early detection technique.

Preparation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Superfine CL-20/TNT Cocrystal Based on the Opposite Spray Method.

In view of the current problems of slow crystallization rate, varying grain sizes, complex process conditions, and low safety in the preparation of CL-20/TNT cocrystal explosives in the laboratory, an opposite spray crystallization method is provided to quickly prepare ultrafine explosive cocrystal particles. CL-20/TNT cocrystal explosive was prepared using this method, and the obtained cocrystal samples were characterized by electron microscopy morphology, differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effects of spray temperature, feed ratio, and preparation method on the formation of explosive cocrystal were studied, and the process conditions of the pneumatic atomization spray crystallization method were optimized. The crystal plane binding energy and molecular interaction forces between CL-20 and TNT were obtained through molecular dynamic simulation, and the optimal binding crystal plane and cocrystal mechanism were analyzed. The theoretical calculation temperature of the binding energy was preliminarily explored in relation to the preparation process temperature of cocrystal explosives. The mechanical sensitivity of ultrafine CL-20/TNT cocrystal samples was tested. The results showed that choosing acetone as the cosolvent, a spraying temperature of 30 °C, and a feeding ratio of 1:1 was beneficial for the formation and growth of cocrystal. The prepared CL-20/TNT cocrystal has a particle size of approximately 10 μm. The grain size is small, and the crystallization rate is fast. The impact and friction sensitivity of ultrafine CL-20/TNT cocrystal samples were significantly reduced. The experimental process conditions are simple and easy to control, and the safety of the preparation process is high, providing certain technical support for the preparation of high-quality cocrystal explosives.

Facile fabrication of robust, multi-functional and superhydrophobic coatings with corrosion resistance and anti-icing performance

In this paper, a series of superhydrophobic coatings with varying n-SiO2 content were prepared using a simple one-step spray method. The coatings were characterized with SEM, XPS, electrochemical workstation, AFM, etc. The influence of n-SiO2 content on the micro-nanostructure of the coatings was investigated, as well as the elemental composition, the wettability, mechanical stability, chemical stability, and anti-icing performance. The results showed that as the n-SiO2 content increased, the wettability and anti-icing time of the coatings initially increased and then decreased. The optimal performance was achieved at an n-SiO2 content of 4.16 wt%, with a contact angle of 162.62°, a sliding angle of 4.17°, and an anti-icing time of 1095 s. Mechanical stability was improved with increasing n-SiO2 content, and the coatings lasted for 40 sandpaper abrasion cycles, 55 tape peeling cycles, and 31 icing/deicing cycles at 4.88 wt% of n-SiO2. The coatings demonstrated good chemical stability in neutral and acidic environments but failed in strongly alkaline conditions. Electrochemical tests revealed that the superhydrophobic coatings provided excellent protection, with the corrosion inhibition efficiency (η) of Q235 carbon steel reaching 99.99 % after coating compared to uncoated Q235 carbon steel.

Verification of real-time measurement accuracy of spraying thickness using LIDAR in greening foundation spraying method

Verification of real-time measurement accuracy of spraying thickness using LIDAR in greening foundation spraying method

Preparation and Characterization Studies of CU2SnS3 Thin Film using Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Technique for Solar Cell Application

Low-cost ternary chalcogenide is produced using technologies like ultrasonic pyrolysis spray method. A thin film of Cu2SnS3 which is doused with the substrate of glass temperature by altering the temperature from 330 C to 550 C. As the temperature increases, the amorphous phase of the thin layer of Cu2SnS3 crystal structure is discovered to shift to tetragonal phase. Using this above technique Cu2SnS3 chalcogenide thin film were deposited at temperature of substrate, varying from 300 C to 550 C in increment of 50 C, utilizing affordable, computerized pyrolysis using ultrasonic spray processes. When films are generated at 500 C for the substrate the The tetragonal phase of Cu2SnS3 is produced in highly crystalline films. Higher temperature of substrate results in the develop the binary phase SnS2.650.4 nm is discovered to be the typical film thickness. So, by using pyrolysis technique the attributes of the thin-film Cu2SnS3 is studied in solar cell.

The important factors for structure and mechanical properties in the repair of iron base metal component by thermal spray and welding processes

Cast iron is widely used in the manufacturing industry due to its high strength and wear resistance properties. However, cast iron's brittle nature results in frequent failure of cracks during formation or use. Among the repair methods that can be used are thermal spray and the welding process. Even though both welding and thermal spray have been implemented for various metal repairs processes, however very limited technical reports as well as scientific papers are found for this topic. Therefore, the optimum condition of metal repair by both processes is still needed to be explored. The present works focus on the comparison between thermal spray and welding method for cast iron repairs purposes. In the experiment of thermal spray process focus has been given in optimizing spraying distance on microstructure and hardness properties. On the other hand, in the welding experimental works focus has been given on the influence of groove design on microstructure and hardness. Each research variable is carried out to obtain optimal crack repair results. It was observed that thermal spray process produces less Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) area compared to the welding process therefore having less critical area. The highest hardness value of thermal spray method is 101.33 shown by 30 cm spraying distance. Meanwhile, the highest hardness value of HAZ area of welding method is 600 HV shown by specimen A. It was obtained that from the present experimental works, thermal spray process produces better results than welding process. However, the value of the specimen hardness produced by the welding and thermal spray method depends on the type of coating material used