Spray Material Research Articles

Empowerment of Village Communities Through the Development of MSMES Based on Mosquito Spray Products

This research explores strategies for empowering village communities through the development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) with a focus on anti-mosquito spray products. The aim of this research is to increase the economic capacity and production skills of village communities through sustainable MSME initiatives. The methods used include technical training on making anti-mosquito spray, providing equipment and raw materials, as well as marketing support to expand market reach. It is hoped that the results of this program will increase the income and welfare of village communities, as well as provide solutions to health problems caused by mosquitoes. By empowering village communities through the development of MSMEs, it is hoped that economic independence will be created and a sustainable quality of life will be improved.

Evaluating the damage tolerant behavior of cold spray repaired aluminum alloys

Cold spray presents a promising solution for repair of damaged material within high-value components. However, before employing cold spray for component repair, it is crucial to assess its damage tolerance and durability. This study focuses on evaluating the fatigue behavior of helium-sprayed AA6061 applied to an A356-T6 cast substrate compared to the same specimen geometry made entirely of the A356-T6 material. Fatigue testing was conducted using a marker band schedule to analyze fatigue crack growth rates in the cold spray and substrate materials. To complement the fatigue testing, experimental uncertainties and variabilities were incorporated into a crack growth model using a Monte Carlo approach to probabilistically assess reliability. The results indicate that the AA6061 cold spray material exhibited faster crack growth, resulting in a ∼25% lower life compared to the baseline A356-T6 material. Given the cost effectiveness of the cold spray repair process, it appears to be a viable approach, with the caveats that the residual life is expected to be less than the pristine substrate material and the cold spray interface is prone to delamination during crack impingement.

Experimental study on condensation-free radiant cooling panel with low-temperature for local cooling in vehicles - Part 1: Design process and feasibility evaluation with performance test

Although radiant cooling has significant advantages (high efficiency and thermal comfort), insufficient cooling capacity and condensation risk limit the practical application. In this study, a novel condensation-free radiant cooling panel (RCP) with high cooling capacity is proposed. The performance of proposed RCP was experimentally evaluated at different operating conditions. The transparent cover and surface-painting spray materials of the RCP were examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze their transmittance and absorptivity. The total cooling heat flux of the proposed RCP ranged between 2019.5 and 3824.5 W m–2, which are significantly higher than those of previous studies (70–1457 W m–2), owing to low surface temperatures. The radiant heat flux decreased by 13.5% when the distance between the cooling surface and the heater increased from 10 cm to 20 cm, and decreased by 52% when evaporating temperature increased from –40 °C to –20 °C. However, the heater and ambient temperatures showed insignificant effect. The results of this study report feasibility of the proposed RCP and parameters that influence performance. The target application of the proposed RCP is local cooling systems in vehicles to enhance thermal comfort, which is given in succeeding research, Part 2: Demonstration with passengers for thermal comfort analysis.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation for Application of CoNiCrAlY Coatings by HVAF

AbstractA relatively small change in oxide content and microstructure in MCrAlY coatings (M = Co, Ni) can affect the functionality of the coating for oxidation protection or as a bond coat. The objective of this study is to fabricate a CoNiCrAlY coating with low porosity and low oxide content. The high velocity air-fuel (HVAF) process, with its relatively low process temperature, is particularly suitable for the deposition of spray materials that are susceptible to oxidation or degradation at high temperature. A CFD simulation model of HVAF process is developed to determine the process parameters for fabricating CoNiCrAlY coating. The simulation results are validated by particle diagnostics, thereby establishing a comprehensive understanding of the underlying process. To assess the coating microstructure, XRD and EDS analyses as well as observation of cross sections of the coatings are conducted. The results highlight the influence of various factors, such as the variation of carrier gas and particle size distribution, on the quality of the coatings. Consequently, the utilization of simulation-based process parameter development is well supported by the coating fabrications, offering valuable insights into the processes prior to implementation.

Evaluation of a Novel LC-MS/MS Based Analytical Method for the Risk Assessment of Nitrosamines in Pharmaceutical Products and Packaging Materials

The detection of nitrosamine impurities, particularly small dialkyl types, which are frequently known to be potent mutagenic carcinogens, in some Sartan group active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished drug products caused global regulatory organizations to have concerns. Accordingly, Registration Holders/Applicants, API manufacturers, and their raw material suppliers are required to check the presence of nitrosamines in their products and carry out risk assessments using the quality risk management principles specified in the ICH Q9 guide. In this context, a new LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of NDMA, NDEA, NMBA, NDIPA, NEIPA, NDBA, and MeNP nitrosamine compounds in API and finished products as well as in primary packaging materials, one of the risk sources. This validated method was applied to check the nitrosamine content may occur from canister, blister, printed aluminum foil, nasal spray, and eye drop packaging materials as part of the Extractables & Leachables studies arising from interactions between the product and the primary packaging. For the determination and quality control of nitrosamines in sartan group pharmaceutical products and packaging materials, the developed LC-MS/MS analytical method offers highly reliable, fast, high accuracy, good sensitivity and simultaneous detection even at low concentrations.

A magnetically controlled microstructured surface for three-dimensional droplet manipulation

The smart manipulation of droplets has received widespread attention due to its potential applications in many fields. However, it is still challenging to realize robust multidimensional, versatile liquid manipulation using magnetically responsive surfaces. Here, a magnetically controlled surface with a dense array of cone-shaped microstructures is developed by the spray self-assembly method using soft nontoxic materials. The effects of the spray volume and material concentrations on the surface morphology and wettability are systematically investigated. The wettability and adhesion properties of the developed surface can be reversibly switched in the presence of an on/off magnetic field. In situ observation indicated that the driving force acted on the droplet is derived from localized deformation of the microstructures. Moreover, theoretical models of droplet manipulation are proposed to demonstrate the underlying mechanism. Under the actuation of the moving magnetic field, the surface can transport droplets of 1–14 μl in the vertical direction, and the modified superhydrophobic surface can transport droplets of 3–30 μl in the horizontal direction and achieve against-gravity droplet climbing with a volume of 10 μl at a climbing angle of 25°. The environmentally friendly and facilely manufacturable surface presents promising applications in liquid microreactors and the transportation of mixed fluids in biological and chemical research.

Application of Roadway Spray Material to Fire Prevention in Goaf Excavation

Application of Roadway Spray Material to Fire Prevention in Goaf Excavation

Enhancing cathodic protection and barrier properties of zinc-rich epoxy coatings with mesoporous Ti4O7 additive

Searching for an optimal material additive that can enhance both the cathodic protection and barrier properties of zinc-rich epoxy coatings (ZRE) simultaneously remains a significant challenge nowadays. In this study, mesoporous Ti4O7 particles with high conductivity and chemical inertness were synthesised via the thermal reduction method and added to ZRE coating. The impact of different Ti4O7 filler contents on the corrosion resistance of ZRE coating containing 70 wt% zinc was assessed by electrochemical analysis, water uptake measurements, salt spray test and material characterisation techniques. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of mesoporous Ti4O7 significantly enhances the initial cathodic protection and long-term barrier properties of ZRE. The primary mechanism involves the conductive Ti4O7 ameliorating the Zn isolation caused by non-conductive Zn corrosion products and fostering a more efficient network for conductive penetration between zinc particles to improve cathodic protection efficacy. Moreover, mesoporous Ti4O7 promotes the uniform deposition and growth of ZnO/Zn(OH)2 by adsorption and anchoring of Zn(OH)42− and changes the shape of the corrosion product (columnar), thus improving the barrier performance of ZRE coating.

Simulation Evaluation of a Novel Ice-Melting Sprinkling Technique for Blade

The blades of some airborne equipment are prone to icing under supercooled cloud conditions. In this paper, we propose an anti-deicing spray method to prevent blades from icing at low temperatures. Using computational fluid dynamics modeling and orthogonal experimental methods, we investigated the effects of the blade angle of attack, inlet wind speed, and nozzle mass flow rate on the thickness and coverage of the liquid layer of spray material and examined the use of deflectors in this study. We found the magnitude and change rule of the influence of the previously mentioned parameters on the liquid film thickness and coverage of sprayed material to be the nozzle mass flow rate is greater than the blade angle of attack and greater than the inlet wind speed. Under the optimal combination of conditions of α = 30°, u0 = 6 m/s, and Q = 0.003 kg/s, the liquid film thickness was maximized, and the liquid film thickness was 0.037 mm; under the optimal combination of conditions of α = 60°, u0 = 6 m/s, and Q = 0.003 kg/s, the liquid film coverage was maximized, and the liquid film coverage was 99.81%. The anti-deicer spraying method proposed herein for use on blades is effective when considered from a number of perspectives. It provides an innovative and feasible solution to the wind turbine blade freezing problem. However, the method must be explored and modified to maximize its chances of general application, and other factors must also be considered to fully optimize the sprinkler de-icing technique to improve the performance and reliability of blades.

Advanced Analyses of Heating Elements Manufactured by an Optimized Arc Spraying Process

Heating elements in the automotive industry are currently produced by several thermal spray processes and materials. However, simpler spraying technologies such as arc spraying are investigated regarding technological suitability as a cost-effective alternative to plasma spraying in the production process of these components. Thus, several mixtures and combinations of alternative pressurizing gases and further modifications of an arc spray process were examined in this study. Consequently, coatings based on NiCr were produced, since this alloy is typical for heating elements. Coating properties were investigated by SEM, EDS, and resistivity measurements. The results demonstrate reduced oxygen content and improved morphology compared with the industrially used plasma-sprayed coatings. Additionally, the improved microstructure affects the surface quality and specific resistivity of the coatings positively. This allowed for laser texturing the arc-sprayed coatings successfully. It must be considered a drawback, though, that cracks partially appeared in the underlying coatings. In contrast, the temperature coefficients of resistance and the resistivities of the heating elements were superior to the conventional coatings, which can lay the foundation for a future industrial application. To further investigate this and to minimize the influence of potential sample preparation issues on the analysis results, different methods of cross-sectioning, i.e., in detail hot mounting, cold mounting, and ion beam polishing, were evaluated.

A custom-made vitreoretinal surgical simulator using a silicone mold

PurposeWe constructed a custom-made vitreoretinal surgical simulator using a silicone mold and described its practicality.MethodsWe obtained spherical silicone molds, mannequins, and spray material from an internet-based vendor and combined them with expired surgical instruments to complete the simulator. Vitreoretinal experts confirmed the practicality of the simulator after simulated vitrectomy, and the results of the questionnaires were confirmed by nonvitreoretinal experts.ResultsVitreoretinal experts observed that the simulated eyeball and the actual eyeball were similar in size and rigidity and that the intraocular practice swing seemed to be useful for the prevention of complications. The semitransparency and open-sky structure of the silicone material ensured visibility. The simulated membrane, which was spray glue, provided an excellent peeling sensation. In the results of the nonvitreoretinal experts’ questionnaires, the average scores of all items were generally high, which supported the claims of the simulator’s usefulness.ConclusionThis report describes the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of our custom-made simulator and its contribution in creating an ideal training environment that does not necessitate travel to special facilities that offer a large number of pig eyes and vitreous surgical machines. The simple shape seems to allow many possibilities, and further verification at multiple facilities is necessary.

Pear psylla and natural enemy thresholds for successful integrated pest management in pears.

Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster), is the most economically challenging pest of commercial pears in Washington and Oregon, the top producers of pears in the United States. The objective of this study was to quantify economic injury levels and thresholds for pear psylla. We used the relationship between pear psylla adult and nymph densities, and fruit downgraded due to psylla honeydew marking to identify injury levels. We calculated economic injury levels using the cost of downgraded fruit and average management costs (spray materials and labor). Using economic injury levels, we determined economic thresholds for pear psylla, which include predicted pest population growth, natural enemy predation, and anticipated delays between when pest populations are measured and when managers apply interventions. Economic thresholds generated by this study were 0.1-0.3 second-generation nymphs per leaf and 0.2-0.8 third-generation nymphs per leaf depending on predicted price and yield for insecticide applications at 1,300 pear psylla degree days in the second generation and 2,600 pear psylla degree days in the third generation. Natural enemy inaction thresholds identified by this study were 6 Deraeocoris brevis or 3 Campylomma verbasci immatures per 30 trays or 2 earwigs per trap for third-generation optional insecticide applications.

Study on nanocrystalline coating prepared by electro-spraying 316L metal wire and its corrosion performance

Abstract In this work, we study the corrosion performance of coatings prepared by electrical explosion spraying of metal wires. 316L metal wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm is used as spray material, and the coating is prepared on the 45# steel substrate by electrical explosion spraying. The oil–water corrosion experiment of the coating is carried out in a constant temperature water bath of 60°C for 168 h. The scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy results of the experimental samples have shown that some metal oxides are found inside the coating, most of which are distributed at the grain boundaries with a size range of 30–50 nm. The corrosion rate of the coating is measured by weight loss method with a corrosion rate of 0.079 mm/annum. XRD results show that the corrosion generates CaCO3, Fe3O4, and MgFe2O4. Coating corrosion is mainly caused by the formation of electrochemical corrosion between oxides and non-oxides in the coating, and pitting corrosion and intergranular corrosion in the presence of chloride ions.

Efficacy of Different Approaches to Control Litchi Fruit Borer

Litchi is affected by number of pests, among them litchi fruit borer (LFB), Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is serious one which causes considerable yield loss. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different options for the management of LFB. The research work was conducted in an orchard at Gopalpur under Tangail district of Bangladesh consecutively for two seasons to manage LFB using mosquito net, two types of bags, three botanicals and five synthetic insecticides as spray material to find out the most efficient one based on the highest reduction of fruit infestation (RFI) over control along with benefit cost ratio (BCR). White butter paper bagging showed highest RFI (100%) with 51.66% increase of fresh fruit (FF) over control and BCR 7.47:1. Neem oil was significantly effective in RFI over control (78.73%) with BCR 8.67:1. Novastar 56 EC (Bifenthrin+ Abamectin) was the most effective among the chemical treatments recording 98.08 % RFI with increase of 51.18 % FF over control and BCR 6.06:1. Based on BCR, performance of different treatments could be ranked as Neem oil > Paper bagging > Novastar. So, Paper bagging as safe technique, Neem oil at the rate of 6 ml/L of water as an eco-friendly tactic and Novastar 56 EC @ 1 ml/L of water as least harmful approach could be recommended to protect litchi from the attack of LFB and ensure higher number of fresh fruits.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 46(2): 143-151, June 2021

Structurally characterized aluminum alkoxide derivatives for aerosol spray materials production

The synthesis of a family of aluminum alkoxides was undertaken via the reaction of trimethyl aluminum (Al(CH3)3) using a series of sterically varied ortho-substituted phenols (H-OAr), including: 2-methyl phenol (H-oMP), 2-isopropyl phenol (H-oPP), 2-phenyl phenol (H-oPhP), 2,6-di-methyl phenol (H-DMP), 2,6-di-isopropyl phenol (H-DIP), and 2,6-di-phenyl phenol (H-DPhP). The products isolated using the least sterically encumbered phenoxides proved to generate the homoleptic compounds: [(oMP)Al((μ-oMP)2Al(oMP)2)2] (1), and [Al(μ-oPP)(oPP)2]2 (2), [Al(μ-oPP)(oPP)2(THF)]2 (2-THF), and [Al(μ-oPhP)(oPhP)2]2 (3). As the steric bulk was increased only partial substitution was achieved forming the alkyl, alkoxide compounds: [Al(μ-OAr)(CH3)(OAr)]2 (OAr = trans-DMP (4a), cis-DIP (5a), trans-DPhP (6a)). Sub-stoichiometric metathesis reactions for the smaller OAr ligands were undertaken to produce a series of [Al(CH3)3-x(OAr)x]2 where × = 2: OAr = trans-oMP (1a); x = 1, OAr = oMP (1b), and DMP (4b). Alternatively, the use of neo-pentanol (H-ONep) led to the homoleptic species [(ONep)Al((μ-ONep)2Al(ONep)2)2] (7) and heteroleptic [Al(μ-ONep)(CH3)2]2 (7b). Efforts to generate 7 from [Al(OPri)3]4 resulted in the production of the mixed ligated species [Al4(μ-OPri)6(ONep)6] (8). The compounds were fully characterized using a variety of analytical tools as well as multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 27Al) spectroscopy. Select species were used for aerosol spray pyrolysis for the anticipated production of alumina (Al2O3) materials. The final products from 1, 1b, 7, and 7b proved to generate amorphous mesoparticles of size 2.1(0.1), 2.6(0.2), 2.7(0.2), and 2.5(0.2) μm, respectively as determined by SEM and pXRD analyses. Data collected using Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (SPAMS) revealed that Al0 particles had been produced instead of the expected Al2O3 ceramic materials.

Comparative efficacy of bio-agents and botanical extracts against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) crop

Efficacy of bio-agents and botanical extracts against H. armigera was assessed in the field during the 2020-2021 Rabi Season, with three replications of the Randomize Block Design. When compared to the control, all of the bio-agents and botanical extracts tested were found to be effective in suppressing the gram pod borer infestation. Beauveria bassiana was shown to be the most effective in reducing H. armigera 14.18 percent pod damage, followed by Metarhizium anisopliae -15.37 percent pod damage, among all the spray materials studied. Pod infestation was lowest in the Beauveria bassiana test plots and highest in the control plots. Similarly, the Beauveria bassiana treated plot yielded the most (14.48 q/ha), while the control plot produced the least (8. q/ha). Beauveria bassiana was found to be the most effective in controlling Gram pod borer infestation, resulting in the least amount of pod damage and thus increased Chickpea yield. However, the Chemical and synthetic insecticide was extremely toxic. Furthermore, Metarhizium anisopliae, EPN, Custard apple leaf extract, Sweet flag rhizome oil and clove oil extract also showed better results than control in term of pest reduction and were comparatively safe to the environment. Hence these botanicals and bio-agents should be included in IPM program for the suitable management of H. armigera associated with Chickpea crop.

Current Implementation Status of Cold Spray Technology: A Short Review.

In recent years, cold spray technology has attracted more and more attentions. After more than 30 years of rapid development, research focus of cold spray technology is gradually shifting from fundamental and theoretical studies to application developments, some of which have been industrialized and mass-produced. In this paper, the characteristics of cold spray technology, cold spray materials perspectives and cold spray system developments were briefly introduced. Besides, the recent developments of cold spray applications in different fields including aerospace, biomedical, energy, electronics, semiconductor fields were discussed. Although cold spray technology is in the early stages of implementation, it has demonstrated a great potential to reduce costs and improve performance. World-wide awareness of ongoing and planned cold spray programs is critical to expand its applications and benefits.

Cover Picture: Materials and Corrosion. 2/2022

Cover:Multi‐material systems made of carbon fibre reinforced plastic and aluminium are important for e. g. the automotive industry. These two materials have very different electrochemical properties and as systems are sensitive to corrosive stress. Depending on the surface pretreatment by laser or solvent, we were able to show that the occurring contact and crevice corrosion can be specifically controlled and adjusted.More detailed information can be found in:Jochen Schanz, Sara Nester, Dieter Meinhard, Timo Pott, Harald Riegel, Anjali K. M. De Silva, David K. Harrison, Volker Knoblauch, Adhesively Bonded CFRP/Al‐Joints: Influence of the Surface Pretreatment on Corrosion During Salt Spray Test, Materials and Corrosion 2022, 73, 158.

The Design of Intelligent Spray Painting System for Ship Panel Based on UAV

This paper proposes a new form of using UAVs to carry spray painting process equipment to spray outer plates of ships, which solves the paining points of poor practicality, poor versatility and low intelligence of existing robotic spray painting and has received wide attention from experts in the industry. It includes two types of hardware equipment and three software systems, among which the hardware equipment includes intelligent spray painting platform and material supply platform, and the software system includes intelligent planning system of spray painting path, intelligent spray painting stability control system and “double platform” dynamic joint control system. Through experimental verification, the intelligent spray painting system of ship outer plate based on UAV proposed in this paper realizes intelligent spray painting of ship outer plate, improves safety, economy and efficiency of ship outer plate spray painting, and further promotes intelligent transformation of ship construction and high-quality development of ship industry.

Improvement on compactibility of the alcoholic extract of Zingiberis Rhizoma by co-spray drying with HPMC

Aiming to solve the poor compactibility of the alcoholic extract of Zingiberis Rhizoma(ZR), this study explored the feasibility of its physical modification using co-spray drying with a small amount of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose(HPMC). Based on the univariate analysis, the influence of two independent variables(the HPMC content in the product and the solid content of spray material) on the powder properties and tablet properties of the dried product was investigated by the central composite design. With the tensile strength and disintegration time of the tablets as the evaluation indexes, the optimal prescription was determined as follows: the HPMC content was 15% and the solid content of spray material was 25.6%. The accuracy of the regression model established for predicting tensile strength and disintegration time of tablets was verified, and the results revealed that the measured values were close to the predicted ones with deviations of 0.47% and-8.2%, indicating good prediction and reproducibility of the model. The tensile strength(4.24 MPa) of tablets prepared with the optimal prescription was 3.59 times that(1.18 MPa, far lower than the baseline of 2 MPa for qualified tablets) with the spray-dried powder of the ZR. On the other hand, due to the addition of HPMC, the disintegration time of tablets increased from 7.3 min to 24.6 min. On the whole, this study provided a new strategy to solve the common problem of poor compactibility of raw Chinese medicinal materials, which facilitated the successful preparation of Chinese medicinal tablets with high drug loads.