Spray-dried Powders Research Articles

Effects of maltodextrin concentration and inlet temperature on the physicochemical properties of spray-dried kuini powder

Kuini (Mangifera odorata) is known for its intense flavour, attractive colour, rich fibre content and antioxidant properties. However, its short shelf life (bruise within a week) limits the availability of this fruit. Hence, spray drying was proposed to transform this fruit into powder to increase its application. The maltodextrin concentration of 5–20% (w/w) and inlet temperatures of 140–180°C were applied to produce kuini powders. The effect of maltodextrin concentrations at constant inlet temperature (160°C) showed that a higher amount of maltodextrin (20% w/w) produced powder with a low water activity (0.16 ± 0.01 Aw), moisture content (2.16 ± 0.60%) and hygroscopicity (20.45 ± 0.60 g/100g) but the orange colour of the powder turned pale. The kuini powder was further spray dried at different inlet temperatures at constant optimal maltodextrin concentration (20% w/w). The kuini powder that was spray dried at 160°C had the optimal properties: low water activity (0.17 ± 0.01 Aw) and hygroscopicity (22.12 ± 0.09 g/100g) with high water solubility index, WSI (79.90 ± 1.85%) and wettability (279 ± 8 s), indicating the powder can be applied as a food ingredient with high solubility. The optimal spray-drying condition for the production of kuini powder was 20% (w/w) maltodextrin concentration at 160°C inlet temperature to have the highest yield of 43.08 ± 2.77%. Eventhough the reconstituted kuini powder had lower viscosity, colour and β-carotene content than kuini juice, this study showed the feasibility of production of kuini powder using spray drying operation which may broaden its application in the food industry.

Effect of Dextrose Equivalent on Maltodextrin/Whey Protein Spray-Dried Powder Microcapsules and Dynamic Release of Loaded Flavor during Storage and Powder Rehydration.

The preparation of powdered microcapsules of flavor substances should not only protect these substances from volatilization during storage but also improve their diffusion during use. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maltodextrin (MD) with different dextrose equivalent (DE) values on retention of flavor substances during storage, and the dynamic release of flavor substances during dissolution. MDs with three different DE values and whey protein isolate were mixed in a ratio of 4:1 as wall materials to encapsulate ethyl acetate, and powdered microcapsules were prepared by spray drying. It was proved that MD could reduce the diffusion of flavor substances under different relative humidity conditions through the interaction between core material and wall material. During dissolution, MD released flavor substances quickly owing to its superior solubility. The reconstituted emulsion formed after the powder dissolved in water recaptured flavor substances and made the system reach equilibrium. This study explored the mechanism of flavor release during the storage and dissolution of powder microcapsules and should help us understand the application of powder microcapsules in food systems.

Physicochemical analysis, microbial survivability, and shelf life study of spray‐dried synbiotic guava juice powder

In this work the survival of Lactobacillus plantarum in guava juice upon spray-drying process using maltodextrin (MD) and inulin (INU) as drying carriers was evaluated. The microbial viability, color, water activity (Aw), and rehydration time in spray-dried lacto-fermented guava juice powder were evaluated at room temperature (25°C) and refrigerated conditions (4°C) for 45 days. Spray drying was done at inlet temperature of drying air 120°C, feed flow rate 5 ml/min, hot air flow 3.0 m3/min, pressurized air flow 30 L/min, and outlet temperature at 75°C. Results indicated that the highest survival rates of 80% for 45 days and 85% up to 15 days were observed at 4°C and 25°C, respectively, for powders obtained using 10% MD + 10% INU blend. Highest yield and lowest rehydration time were obtained by 20% MD. Aw was maintained low and no color difference in the product was seen in any of the formulations. Practical Applications The practical applications of this research will help in catering the growing demand for functional foods with nondairy food matrix containing both prebiotics and probiotics (known as synbiotic). In the present work a source of prebiotic-guava and lactobacillus strain as a probiotic was used to formulate a, synbiotic beverage which was then spray dried in optimized method. Such unique combinations improve the nutritional attributes and bring forth health benefits of fruit juices, and delivers health potential from both sources (fruit juices and probiotics). This spray-dried synbiotic powder will be a preferred choice for lactose-intolerant people. The synbiotic not only help in immunomodulatory functions but also help in efficient functioning of gut microbiota which is scientifically related to many body vitals. The most critical practical challenge of preserving the needed microbial viability over shelf life is also dealt with in the present work. This consumer friendly form not only offers an ease of commercial transport but a closely packed form of deliverables for combating micronutrient deficiency.

Physicochemical, techno-functional, and fat melting properties of spray-dried camel and bovine milk powders.

In this study, three skimmed and one whole-fat spray-dried camel milk powders were produced and their characteristics were compared to those of bovine milk powders. The physicochemical analysis of the produced powders indicated that camel milk powders (whether skimmed or not) presented higher ash and whey protein contents as compared to those of bovine milk powders. Our results indicated that the investigated camel and bovine milk powders exhibited a high solubility index (>99%) with poor dispersibility and wettability indexes due to their small particles size (d50 ≤ 12µm) and their narrow size distribution (span ≤ 2). In addition, although camel and bovine milk powders presented the same total fat content, lower free fat content was measured for camel milk powders. Besides, the whey protein nitrogen index and the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis underlined that camel and bovine milk proteins remained intact after drying with low denaturation extent. It is worth noticed that camel milk proteins were less denaturized due to the absence of the heat-sensitive β-lactoglobulin in camel milk. Moreover, the low denaturation extent participated in the enhancing of the foaming capacity and stability of camel and bovine milk powders. Finally, the calorimetric analysis showed that higher fat melting temperatures were recorded in whole-fat camel milk powder and in their anhydrous form as compared to those of bovine milk. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Camel milk powder is an emerging non-bovine dairy product. Understanding its rehydration ability and evaluating the impact of spray drying on its protein quality are promising approaches to obtain high-quality camel milk powder with high reconstitution ability. Findings of this study indicated that spray drying is a suitable technique to produce highly soluble camel milk powders with low denaturation extent. These results will benefit the research and development department of food industry (especially those producing camel milk powder) as well as the direct consumers.

In vitro glycemic index, physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of white bread incorporated with resistant starch powder prepared by a novel spray-drying based method

Spray-dried resistant starch powder (SD) containing 35% amylose-lipid complex and retrograded starch and having in vitro glycemic index (GI) of 63 was incorporated into white bread at either 20, 30 or 50% (w/w). Increased hardness and less porous structure of bread were noted as SD content increased. GI values of all bread samples containing SD were unexpectedly higher than that of the control white bread, either right after baking or after 1–4 days of storage; GI increased with increased SD content. X-ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that double-helix amylopectin in SD experienced complete gelatinization at the baking temperature and hence the higher GI values of bread samples containing SD. Higher content of digestible starch in SD (~65%) also contributed to the higher GI values. Native A-type starch from wheat flour, on the other hand, partially remained in the control white bread, resulting in the lower GI value.

Comparison of l-Carnitine and l-Carnitine HCL salt for targeted lung treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) as inhalation aerosols: Design, comprehensive characterization, in vitro 2D/3D cell cultures, and in vivo MCT-Rat model of PH

Disrupted l-Carnitine (L-Car) homeostasis has been implicated in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). L-Car has been administered orally and intravenously causing systemic side effects. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no reports using L-Car or L-Car HCl as an inhaled aerosol through the respiratory route in a targeted manner either from dry powder inhaler (DPI) or liquid delivery system. The purpose of the comprehensive and systematic comparative study between L-Car and L-Car HCl salt was to design and develop dry powder inhalers (DPIs) of each. This was followed by comprehensive physicochemical characterization, in vitro cell viability as a function of dose on 2D human pulmonary cell lines from different lung regions and in vitro cell viability on 3D small airway epithelia human primary cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI). In addition in vitro transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in air-interface culture (AIC) conditions on 2D human pulmonary cell line and 3D small airway epithelia human primary cells was carried out. In vitro aerosol dispersion performance using three FDA-approved human DPI devices with different device properties was also examined. Following advanced spray drying under various conditions, two spray drying pump rates (low and medium) were found to successfully produce spray-dried L-Car powders while four spray drying pump rates (low, medium, medium-high, and high) all resulted in the production of spray-dried L-Car HCl powders. Raw L-Car and L-Car HCl were found to be crystalline. All SD powders retained crystallinity following spray drying and polymorphic interconversion in the solid-state was identified as the mechanism for retaining crystallinity after the advanced spray drying process. All SD powders aerosolized readily with all three human DPI devices. However, the in vitro dispersion parameters for the SD powders was not conducive for in vivo administration to rats in DPIs due to hygroscopicity and nanoaggreation. In vivo rat studies were successfully accomplished using inhaled liquid aerosols. Safety was successfully demonstrated in vivo in healthy Sprague Dawley rats. Furthermore, therapeutic efficacy was successfully demonstrated in vivo in the monocrotaline (MCT)-rat model of PH after two weeks of daily L-Car inhalation aerosol treatment.

Murine double minute 2 inhibition alone or with cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia: Results from an idasanutlin phase 1/1b study⋆

The prognosis remains poor for patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) acute myeloid leukemia; thus, novel therapies are needed. We evaluated idasanutlin—a new, potent murine double minute 2 antagonist—alone or with cytarabine in patients with r/r acute myeloid leukemia, de novo untreated acute myeloid leukemia unsuitable for standard treatment or with adverse features, or secondary acute myeloid leukemia in a multicenter, open-label, phase 1/1b trial. Primary objectives were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose for expansion (RDE) and characterize the safety profile of idasanutlin monotherapy and combination therapy. Clinical activity and pharmacokinetics were secondary objectives. Two idasanutlin formulations were investigated: a microprecipitate bulk powder (MBP) and optimized spray-dried powder (SDP). Following dose escalation, patients (N = 122) received idasanutlin at the RDE in the extension cohorts. No formal MTD was identified. Idasanutlin was tolerable alone and in combination with cytarabine. The RDE was determined as 600 mg twice a day for the MBP formulation and 300 mg twice a day for the SDP formulation. Adverse events were mostly grade 1/2 (76.2 %). The most common any-grade adverse events were gastrointestinal (including diarrhea [90.2 %]). The early death rate across all patients was 14.8 %. Plasma idasanutlin exposure was dose related. In TP53 wild-type patients, composite complete remission rates were 18.9 % with monotherapy and 35.6 % with combination therapy. Based on these results, idasanutlin development continued with further investigation in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01773408.

Anti-caking Agent Effects on the Properties of Spray-dried ‘Cempedak’ Fruit Powder

‘Cempedak’ fruit, an aromatic fruit that has a short shelf life can be converted into powder through spray-drying process. However, the spray-dried powder that was obtained had a high tendency to cake. Hence, three different anti-caking agents (calcium silicate, silicon dioxide, and calcium phosphate) were added separately at a concentration of 1.5% (w/w). It was found that calcium phosphate (1.5% w/w) yielded ‘cempedak’ fruit powder with lowest moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, and caking (change in cake height ratio), with minimal color changes in its reconstituted form and low viscosity. Different calcium phosphate concentration (0-2.00% w/w) was then applied in the production of ‘spray-dried’ powder. With increase of calcium phosphate addition from 0 to 0.66%, the moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, cake height ratio of ‘cempedak’ powder decreased, with no significant decrease with further addition. Calcium phosphate (0.66 % w/w) yielded powder with the best properties: lowest moisture content (4.65%), water activity (0.18), hygroscopicity (22.0), and change in cake height ratio (0.17). In addition, there was a minimal change in color of its reconstituted powder, with a slight change in viscosity.

Efficient Spray-Drying of Lactobacillus rhamnosus PTCC 1637 Using Total CFU yield as the decision factor

A major challenge for functional foods containing probiotics is to provide a sufficient number of probiotic microorganisms to survive the harsh environments during processing and storage so that they can confer their health benefits. Extensive studies have been carried out on the spray-drying of probiotics based on enhancing their survivability after drying and during storage. However, in this study, the production of spray-dried powder of L. rhamnosus was investigated based on maximizing the total CFU yield, which is a combination of the yields of survivability, powder production, and stability. The results suggested that although enhancing additives such as tragacanth to skim milk could significantly increase the survival of the cells during drying, it may significantly decrease the powder yield which could result in a low total CFU yield. Furthermore, good stability of cells micro-encapsulated in skim milk + sucrose could not compensate for their low survival during the drying. It was determined that bacterial adaptation to sodium chloride, micro-encapsulation of cells in 20% skim milk, and suitable spray-drying conditions (inlet air temperature of 150 °C and feed flow rate of 8 ml/min) could lead to the highest total CFU yield compared to other conditions. Using the micro-encapsulated cells in yogurt showed a 5-fold stability enhancement in the viable cells compared to the fresh cells without excessive acid production during 20 days of storage. These results confirmed the positive effects of micro-encapsulation on the shelf-life of probiotics.

Physical, chemical, microbiological properties and shelf life kinetic of spray-dried cantaloupe juice powder during storage

Cantaloupe contains many bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid. Cantaloupe powder was produced by spray drying with gum arabic as the carrier agent, and stored for 180 days at ambient (25 ± 2 °C, 50–70% RH) and accelerated conditions (38 ± 2 °C, 90% RH). The effects of storage conditions on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of spray-dried cantaloupe powder were evaluated. In both storage conditions, the moisture content, water activity, and total color difference of the spray-dried cantaloupe powder increased with storage duration, while the hygroscopicity and total carotenoid content decreased with storage duration. The degradation of carotenoid content in the spray-dried cantaloupe powder followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives of cantaloupe powder stored in ambient and accelerated conditions were estimated as 28.41 and 25.11 days, respectively. Microbial results of spray-dried cantaloupe powder for 180 days of storage in both conditions were in acceptable limit.

On the particle formation of leucine in spray drying of inhalable microparticles

The particle formation of L-leucine, a dispersibility-enhancing amino acid used in the spray drying of inhalable pharmaceutical aerosols, was extensively studied using three experimental methods, and the results were interpreted with the aid of theory. A comparative-kinetics electrodynamic balance was used to study the shell formation behavior in single evaporating microdroplets containing leucine and trehalose. Different concentration thresholds of solidification and shell formation were determined for trehalose and leucine, which were then used in the particle formation model to predict the properties of spray-dried particles. Furthermore, a droplet chain instrument was used to study the particle morphologies and particle densities that were not accessible in the single particle experiments. Lab-scale spray drying was also used to produce powders typical for actual pharmaceutical applications. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that a glass former, such as trehalose, can inhibit the crystallization of leucine. The surface compositions of these spray-dried powders were analyzed via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The leucine surface coverage in a polydisperse powder was determined to be a function of the particle size or the initial droplet diameter of each respective particle. This observation confirms the important role of leucine crystallization kinetics in its shell-forming capabilities. A critical supersaturation ratio of 3.5 was also calculated for leucine, at which it is assumed to instantaneously nucleate out of solution. This ratio was used as the threshold for the initiation of crystallization. Crystallinity predictions for the leucine-trehalose particles based on this supersaturation ratio were in good agreement with the solid-state characterizations obtained by Raman spectroscopy. This study improves the fundamental understanding of the particle formation process of leucine-containing formulations, which can apply to other crystallizing systems and potentially facilitate the rational design of such formulations with reduced experimental effort.

Characterization of some physicochemical properties of spray‐dried and freeze‐dried sour cherry powders

The main goal of this study was to compare glass transition temperature (Tg)– aw relations, critical water activity (awc) values, particle morphology, moisture sorption behavior, total phenolic content, and stability of freeze-dried (FD) and spray-dried (SD) sour cherry powders. The Tg of the SD and FD powders decreased from 57°C to 14°C and from 47°C to 15°C, respectively, as the aw increased from 0.03 to 0.35. Higher Tg values were observed for SD powder compared to FD powder in the aw range (0.03–0.35) covered in this work. The awc was 0.29 for SD powder and 0.26 for FD powder. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that FD sour cherry powder exhibited a more porous morphology compared to SD powder. Total phenolic content of SD and FD powders was found to be similar (16.1 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g sour cherry dry matter). The results of this study suggest that physicochemical properties of spray-dried sour cherry powders are comparable to those obtained by freeze drying. Practical applications Stability of fruit-based powders is mostly determined by their Tg and awc values. Such data are scarce for sour cherry powders. The present study provides useful information on Tg and awc of sour-cherry powders produced with two drying methods. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that properties of spray-dried sour cherry powders compare favorably with those obtained by freeze drying. The findings of this study can be useful in determination of storage conditions for commercial sour cherry powders based on the awc values.

A new approach for drying of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) by spray-drying and using sodium chloride as the excipient

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are effective encapsulation systems for many lipophilic bioactive compounds. In this study, a new approach of creating spray-dried NLCs was developed by mixing them with salt prior to dehydration. A NLC/NaCl suspension was passed through a spray drier at an inlet temperature of either 110 or 180 °C, and at a feed flow rate of either 5 or 15 mL/min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the resulting powders indicated that they contained particles with different dimensions, morphologies, and aggregation states. For instance, hollow composite spheroids were obtained at a feed rate of 5 mL/min (110 and 180 °C), while agglomerated crystals (110 °C) or discrete fine crystals (180 °C) were obtained at a feed rate of 15 mL/min. The presence of the NLCs within the powder particles was assessed by ash analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and backscattered SEM analysis. Compared to the original samples, the particle sizes of the NLCs increased after redispersion of the spray-dried powders in water, but the mean diameters were still relatively low (<220 nm). Analysis of powder properties (Carr's compressibility index, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose) showed that the spray-dried NLC samples had good flowability. This study shows that powdered NLC systems can be successfully produced by spray-drying the lipid nanoparticles using NaCl as an excipient.

Effects of different drying methods on the physicochemical and antioxidant content of “cempedak” ( Artocarpus Integer L.) powder

“Cempedak” is an aromatic fruit, which can be converted into powder with a longer shelf life. The effects of different drying methods (spray-drying, freeze-drying, convection oven-drying, and vacuum-drying) on “cempedak” powders produced were evaluated in their physicochemical properties (moisture content, water activity, wettability, flowability, water solubility index, hygroscopicity, and degree of caking). In addition, the color and antioxidant content (carotenoid and DPPH scavenging activity) of “cempedak” powder were determined as well. The process yield of convection oven-dried “cempedak” powders is higher (62.98%) as compared to spray-dried powder (25.08%). On the contrary, the total color change for freeze-dried powder is lesser (12.31) compared to other drying methods. The scavenging activity of freeze-dried powder had the greatest antioxidant effect, which is 52.12% at 50 μg/ml, while the carotenoid content of freeze-dried powder is 15.83 mg/g. Freeze-drying can produce higher quality “cempedak” powder as compared to spray-drying, convection oven-drying, and vacuum-drying. Practical applications “Cempedak” is an aromatic fruit that is rich in vitamin A. However, due to the short harvesting season, it can be converted into powder for better stability and longer product shelf life. With the different drying methods available, the powder produced defers in its physicochemical properties. This research compares the “cempedak” powders produced with spray-dryer, freeze-dryer, convection oven, and vacuum oven. With the understanding of the different quality of powders obtained, the food industry will be benefited as to which production method to choose for their powder with the desirable specification. The powder can be used as a functional ingredient.

Contribution of Idasanutlin Exposure to Safety, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Response of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Idasanutlin + Cytarabine in Phase I and III Studies

Background: Myelosuppression, and especially severe and prolonged neutropenia, can make patients (pts) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) susceptible to fatal infections. Idasanutlin (idasa), a MDM2 antagonist promoting p53 tumor suppressor activity, showed tolerable safety and preliminary clinical activity alone and in combination with cytarabine (C) in pts with AML in a Phase I/Ib study (NCT01773408; NP28679). In the Phase III MIRROS study (NCT02545283; WO29519) comparing idasa + cytarabine (idasa-C) to placebo-C in pts with relapsed or refractory (r/r) AML, idasa-C did not improve overall survival (OS) in TP53-wild type pts (Konopleva, EHA 2020). The proportion of pts with composite complete remission (CR) at end of induction (EoI) was higher with idasa-C vs placebo-C; however, response at EoI did not translate into OS benefit. Longer and more pronounced neutropenia was observed with idasa-C. Here we investigated the contribution of idasa exposure variability to those findings, in particular, the relationship between exposure and toxicity and efficacy in pts with AML. Methods: MIRROS and NP28679 have been previously described (Montesinos, Future Oncol, 2020; Martinelli, EHA 2016). Plasma idasa concentrations were collected during induction and consolidation in 407 pts with AML (MIRROS: 285 with r/r AML; NP28679: 122 with AML), and a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was completed. For each pt, predicted average concentrations values (Cav) were computed, as the ratio of cumulative area under the curve over the duration of the induction treatment period (5 days). Tertiles of Cav (low, medium, high) were used to reflect variability in exposure among pts. Logistic regression models assessed correlations between the probability of occurrence of adverse events (serious AEs [SAEs], febrile neutropenia), the probability of being responders at EoI and idasa exposure. These PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses were restricted to pts treated with the idasa spray-dried powder formulation. In addition, the relationships between concentrations of the p53 target macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1) and idasa exposure was characterized using an indirect PK/PD model developed in 245 pts with solid tumors (NCT01462175; NP27872), AML (NP28679) or polycythemia vera (NCT03287245; NP39761). Results: Idasa exposure was highly variable with lower exposure mainly associated with higher body weight and male sex. In addition, pts with vomiting during treatment had reduced exposure. However, a large part of the interpatient variability remains mostly unexplained. The exposure-response analysis, conducted in 316 pts with AML, showed a higher risk of SAEs with higher idasa exposure (Cav) during induction (p=0.03). There was also an association between idasa exposure and occurrence of febrile neutropenia (p=0.022; Figure 1). However, due to exposure variability, reducing the dose from 300 mg twice daily to 300 mg daily would result in a similar risk of febrile neutropenia at the median exposures (approximately 40%). No association between idasa exposure and complete remission rates at EoI was observed (N=295, p=0.622; Figure 2). Dose-exposure related increases in MIC-1 were observed at all idasa doses investigated, starting at the 100 mg total daily dose. Pts with AML in the lower tertile of exposure (Cav: 2503-5797 ng/mL) showed lower maximum MIC-1 release from baseline, contrary to pts from the highest tertile (7981-14651 ng/mL). MIC-1 release is present regardless of TP53 mutational status, suggesting a systemic rather than tumor derived induction. No difference was seen between responders and non-responders at EoI. Conclusions: Combined clinical pharmacology data in pts with AML receiving idasa revealed 1) Variability in idasa exposure does not correlate with clinical outcomes in pts treated with idasa-C. 2) p53 engagement (i.e., MIC-1 biomarker release) is seen at all dose levels investigated; however, MIC-1 release does not correlate with clinical response at EoI or TP53 mutational status. 3) The risk of SAEs is higher in pts with greater idasa exposure. 4) Data do not support lowering the dose of idasa to mitigate the risk of febrile neutropenia while sustaining clinical efficacy at idasa-C doses investigated. Disclosures Jamois: Roche: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: Roche: Support of parent study and funding of editorial support. Anders:Roche: Current Employment, Other: Support of parent study and funding of editorial support. Beckermann:Roche: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: Support of parent study and funding of editorial support; Novartis: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Genevray:Roche: Current Employment, Other: Support of parent study and funding of editorial support. Mundt:Swissmedic (starting September 2020): Current Employment; Roche: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: Support of parent study and funding of editorial support. Petry:Roche: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: Support of parent study and funding of editorial support. Yang:Certara: Current Employment; Roche: Other: Support of parent study and funding of editorial support. Kassir:Certara: Current Employment; Roche: Other: Support of parent study and funding of editorial support. Schmitt:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.

Influence of maltodextrin on the physical attributes of microencapsulated avocado (Persea americana Mill.) powder obtained through co-current spray drier

Spray drying is the highly accepted and widely followed technique for encapsulation of bioactive compounds. The efficiency of encapsulation is highly dependent on the encapsulating agent. This experiment was conducted in a view to check the suitability of different levels of maltodextrin as an encapsulating agent in spray drying of avocado powder. Spray drying at different maltodextrin levels i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were performed to evaluate the physical attributes of spray-dried avocado powder. Results showed that higher levels of maltodextrin favoured in achieving stability by minimizing the residual moisture levels and water Activity. Moreover, it significantly induced the free-flowing attributes of spray-dried powder.

INVESTIGATION OF TOXICITY, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND COUGH TREATMENT OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED FROM Pouzolzia zeylanica PLANTS GROWING IN VIETNAM

Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn is one of the medicinal plants that possess a lot of bioactive compounds with potential for therapeutics. These plants have usually been consumed in traditional way despite its efficacy and safety proven. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the toxic and pharmacological effects of concentrated and spray-dried extract of Pouzolzia zeylanica. The plant is popular for its auxiliary substances in the treatment of cough; however, the information about the safety of their usage need to be explored. In the study, the antibacterial ability of respiratory, acute oral toxicity, effects of reducing sputa and cough symptom were evaluated. The antibacterial ability of the test product was assessed on 5 strains of respiratory tract pathogenic bacteria by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The acute oral toxicity, effect to reduce sputum and cough treatment was tested in mice through capsaicin model following standardized methods. It was observed that both products were not causing acute oral toxicity. Pouzolzia zeylanica spray-dried powder had antibacterial activity on Streptococcus pyogenes with MIC of 50 mg/mL. Dose, which used (6 g/day converted in humans) showed effect on reducing sputa and cough symptom due to stimulation of cough model with capsaicin. In contrast, the concentrated product did not show antimicrobial activity in tested bacterial strains. Dose at 4 g/day converted in humans showed effect on reducing sputa in experimental mice that were affected with capsaicin. Nevertheless, the effect of it on cough symptoms caused by the capsaicin model was not typical in comparison with spray dried powder. Result showed that spray-dried powder did not exhibit acute oral toxicity, had antibacterial properties, reduced sputum and treated cough. This promises that it can be developed into a convenient instant tea product, supporting good health for consumers in preventing diseases.

Effect of maltodextrin and gum arabic on antioxidant activity and phytochemical profiles of spray-dried powders of sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruit juice

This research work has an objective to analyze the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity in the spray-dried powders of sapota fruit using encapsulating agents of maltodextrin and gum Arabic. The phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of rehydrated dried powders of sapota using maltodextrin, gum Arabic and a mixture of these compounds were determined by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays. The retention of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in the rehydrated dried powders, when compared to fresh sapota juice, was due to the use of gum Arabic which was very efficient in protecting the sapota fruit and to avoid its oxidation.

Effects of different drying methods on the structures and functional properties of phosphorylated Antarctic krill protein

Antarctic krill protein (AKP) was extracted from Antarctic krill by an alkali dissolution-isoelectric precipitation method and then it was phosphorylated with sodium tripolyphosphate. The phosphorylated Antarctic krill protein (P-AKP) powder was obtained by spray-drying (SD), freeze-drying (FD), and hot-air drying (AD), and the effects of these drying methods on the structures and functional properties of proteins were investigated. The P-AKP powder dried by SD had the best sensory performance, and its particle size was much smaller than that of FD and AD. Scanning electron microscope displayed a uniform particle size of SD powder and the particles were uniformly dispersed. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a higher crystallinity of SD sample than AD and FD. Differential scanning calorimeter analysis revealed that SD sample had the best thermal stability and less protein denaturation (ΔH = 210.80 J/g), followed by FD (ΔH = 80.48 J/g) and AD (ΔH = 73.94 J/g; P <0.05). Fourier transform infrared showed that SD sample contained more protein secondary structure. Compared with SD, the phosphorylated group-related chemical bonds in FD and AD samples were partially destroyed. SD sample had the highest protein solubility, oil absorption capacity, emulsifying, and foaming activities than FD and AD (P <0.05). Although FD had the highest water absorption capacity, sample prepared with AD had the worst functional performance. Therefore, different drying methods used for preparation of the P-AKP can affect its physicochemical and associated functional properties, and SD could be an appropriate drying method for the industrial mass production of P-AKP powders with better functionalities. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The optimal drying method for preparing the phosphorylated Antarctic krill protein (P-AKP) powder was proved to be spray-drying (SD), because the physicochemical and functional properties were better for P-AKP dried by SD than the other drying methods. Hence, SD was recommended for the industrial mass production of P-AKP powders with better functionalities. This research can provide theoretical guidance for the further processing and utilization of P-AKP, and offer technical reference for food processing and preservation.

Spray drying lactose from organic solvent suspensions for aerosol delivery to the lungs.

Lactose is widely used as an approved excipient for dry powder inhaler (DPI) products. Spray drying technique is a rapid method for converting a liquid feed into inhalable dried particles. However, spray-dried (SD) lactose powders produced from solutions are mostly amorphous and particularly unstable when exposed to moisture. In the present study, we explored the use of spray drying suspensions containing crystalline lactose particles in an organic solvent, and investigated the physicochemical properties of the resulting powders. The solution formulation was spray dried as a control. Two conditioned crystalline lactose samples were used for suspension formulations: Lactohale (LH) 300 lactose and jet-milled (JM) lactose micronized from LH300. The suspension formulations each contained 12mg/ml suspended crystalline lactose particles (either LH300 or JM lactose) in isopropyl alcohol. The solution formulation contained 60mg/ml lactose in water. The SD powders were stored under 25°C/60% RH and 40°C/75% RH for 3months. The particulate properties and in vitro dispersion performance were examined at various time points. The SD lactose obtained from solution recrystallized and was no longer dispersible after 1-day storage at both storage conditions. The suspension SD JM lactose powder showed deterioration in the particulate properties and dispersibility over time, but more gradually. In contrast, the SD LH300 powder was stable, with its particulate properties and dispersion performance (FPF: ~12%) remaining the same after 3-months storage at 25°C/60% RH. The SD LH300 stored at 40°C/75% RH showed no change in particulate properties, but the FPF decreased over 3months. Overall, SD lactose powders obtained from suspension demonstrated superior stability performance compared to SD lactose obtained from solution.