Spray Distribution Research Articles

Horizontal Distribution of Liquid in an Over-Row Sprayer with a Secondary Air Blower

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of boom height above a crop stand and the spacing between nozzles and diffusers in an over-row sprayer on the uniformity of the horizontal spray distribution and the uniformity of the air velocity distribution. The experimental setup involved a prototype over-row sprayer equipped with a boom with a working width of 8 m and ten air diffusers with spray nozzles. Air diffusers were connected to one or two nozzles each, and they were installed on the boom at intervals of 60, 80, and 90 cm. Terminal airflow velocity at a canopy is determined by the height of a sprayer boom and the diffuser spacing, ranging from around 2 m s–1 to around 27 m s–1. The sprayer boom should be positioned at a height of 50 cm above a crop stand due to the difference between the minimum and maximum airflow velocities. The horizontal spray distribution was more uniform when the sprayer was equipped with hollow-cone nozzles instead of flat-fan nozzles; hollow-cone nozzles should be applied if the distance between nozzles needs to be adjusted to the row width and row spacing. The analyzed coefficients did not exceed 10% when the boom was positioned 50 cm above the crop stand and when the nozzles were spaced 80 cm apart, which suggests that, in this configuration, sprayers equipped with hollow-cone nozzles can also be applied to close-grown crops.

The Influence of Electrostatic Spraying with Waist-Shaped Charging Devices on the Distribution of Long-Range Air-Assisted Spray in Greenhouses

The Influence of Electrostatic Spraying with Waist-Shaped Charging Devices on the Distribution of Long-Range Air-Assisted Spray in Greenhouses

Two approaches for constructing multivariate injection models for prefilming airblast atomizers

More realistic droplet starting conditions for Euler–Lagrangian simulations enable e.g. more precise soot prediction in jet engines. Up to now, mainly the droplet size distribution of sprays is considered, but not the multivariate dependence structure of droplet size, starting position and initial velocity. A novel concept for extracting multivariate spray data efficiently from detailed simulations of the atomizing process into high fidelity Euler–Lagrangian simulations of spray combustion is presented in this paper. Therefore, simulations of a prefilming airblast atomizer using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method are considered. The multivariate dependence structure in the spray is identified using rank transformation. Two models of different nature are proposed which are able to reproduce the multivariate dependence structure. The first model follows a data-driven approach using vine copulas and marginal distributions. In contrast, the second model is based on human knowledge and assumptions enabling deeper insights into the atomization process. Both models demonstrated to reproduce the multivariate character of the spray data effectively. An assessment of their capabilities reveals that the first model might be more suitable for spray data of annular injectors.

Modeling of Spray Combustion and Heat Transfer of MMH/N2O4 in a Small Rocket Engine Using Different Mechanisms

Although various hypergolic propellants like MMH/N2O4 (monomethylhydrazine/dinitrogen tetroxide) are widely used in small rocket engines, there remains a lack of in-depth study conducted on their chemical reactions and spray combustion behaviors. To fill this research gap, a simplified chemical kinetic model that is suitable for three-dimensional simulation was proposed in this paper for MMH/N2O4. Then, numerical investigation was conducted using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model to explore the transient injection and atomization of MMH/N2O4 impinging jets in a small bipropellant thruster. Also, the instantaneous formation and evolution of the fan-shaped liquid film were analyzed. With the spray distribution determined, the proposed kinetic model and two existing mechanisms were applied to simulate spray combustion and heat transfer within the thruster, respectively, under the Euler–Lagrange framework. According to the research results, the liquid film covered nearly the entire chamber wall with a sawtooth pattern, which protected against the high temperatures of the engine wall. Notably, the two existing mechanisms showed significant errors in predicting temperature changes around the wall due to the excessively simplified reaction pathways. In contrast, the proposed model enabled the accurate prediction of the chamber pressure, wall temperature, and thrust with an error of less than 10%. Given the high accuracy achieved by the proposed numerical method, it provides a valuable reference for the development of advanced space engines.

SIMULATION OF LIQUID FUEL SPRAY FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN A REACTING TURBULENT FLOW

The paper presentsthe computational experiments of the liquid fuels spray and its droplets distribution in a turbulent reacting flow. Primary and secondary atomization of two types of liquid fuel droplets (isooctane and dodecane) in the presence of combustion was described by the equations of continuity, momentum, internal energy, concentration of components of reacting substances and a two-parameter model for calculating turbulent flow. The study results of the spray, dispersion and combustion of droplets of hydrocarbon liquid fuels in a model combustion chamber when changing the injector injection angle were obtained. The injection angle values varied from 2 to 10 degrees. Based on the computational experiment temperature profiles and concentration characteristics of combustion products and gas in the combustion chamber at various times were obtained. Numerical calculations of the droplets’ Sauter mean diameter distributions have the same dispersion pattern for dodecane. This suggests that the accuracy and adequacy of developed complex model of the formation and distribution of spray in a reacting flow has been confirmed by its strong correlation and good agreement of the modeling results with experimental data from other researchers. This kind of modeling methods and the obtained computational experiments results from them are widely used not only in traditional thermal power engineering, but also in the study of technological processes in the new generation engines chambers, combustion of alternative types of fuels and optimization of their combustion.

Analysis of Avgas Fuel Spraying Schemes Using the ANSYS Application Approach

Avgas fuel consumption on Cessna trainer aircraft is very high. However, there has been little research regarding spray impacts in Cessna aircraft engines. The phenomenon of avgas spray colliding with the cylinder wall may occur during fuel injection, resulting in a changed spray radius and height, which will affect the mixing of fuel and air. In several aspects, this affects engine performance and exhaust emissions on Cessna aircraft. This research aims to determine and study the phenomenon of spray impact on avgas-fueled aircraft engines. The fuel spray in the study occurred in the combustion chamber using pressure from a fuel hand pump whose pressure was supplied from a compressor with a pressure adjusted to the original pressure on the aircraft, namely 2 Bar (30 Psi). The experiments in this research used a high-speed camera system to study the phenomenon of avgas spray on walls to get better spray distribution. The results of this research were processed using the CFD application. The result of this research is that the greater the pressure, the more concentrated the resulting jet will be on the jet wall so that the atomization of the fuel jet will be dispersed. When the burst occurs, a change of 3.80e+00 occurs compared to other burst pressures.

Wurster fluidised-bed coating: Coarse-graining technique within CFD-DEM in conjunction with heat and mass transfer

In this study, we use a combined CFD-Discrete Element Method to assess predictive capabilities and numerical implications of a coarse-graining technique in Wurster fluidised-bed coaters. We investigated both hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer and conducted simulations of a full three-phase system for the original and three coarse-grained systems, analysing velocity distributions, macroscopic solid stresses, moisture content and phase temperatures. We achieved a logarithmic simulation speed-up by aggregating up to 64 original particles into each coarse grain. This was accomplished while maintaining fidelity to the original CFD-DEM system in terms of reproducing with high accuracy macroscopic granular flow properties in different regions of a coater (drying, tube and bed regions). By integrating a liquid spray and humid air, we demonstrated that the phase temperatures were accurately predicted within the coarse-grained system, with a high capability of delivering liquid spray distributions with the same uniformity and drying. We also give arguments for choosing a certain degree of coarse-graining as a compromise between a desired reduction of computational costs and a trustworthy reproduction of granular-flow physics encountered in different regions of a Wurster bed. Our findings pave the way to using CFD-DEM to industrially-scaled Wurster-bed systems, which is currently unfeasible due to prohibitive computational costs.

Effects of Nozzle Retraction Elimination on Spray Distribution in Middle-Posterior Turbinate Regions: A Comparative Study.

The standard multi-dose nasal spray pump features an integrated actuator and nozzle, which inevitably causes a retraction of the nozzle tip during application. The retraction stroke is around 5.5 mm and drastically reduces the nozzle's insertion depth, which further affects the initial nasal spray deposition and subsequent translocation, potentially increasing drug wastes and dosimetry variability. To address this issue, we designed a new spray pump that separated the nozzle from the actuator and connected them with a flexible tube, thereby eliminating nozzle retraction during application. The objective of this study is to test the new device's performance in comparison to the conventional nasal pump in terms of spray generation, plume development, and dosimetry distribution. For both devices, the spray droplet size distribution was measured using a laser diffraction particle analyzer. Plume development was recorded with a high-definition camera. Nasal dosimetry was characterized in two transparent nasal cavity casts (normal and decongested) under two breathing conditions (breath-holding and constant inhalation). The nasal formulation was a 0.25% w/v methyl cellulose aqueous solution with a fluorescent dye. For each test case, the temporospatial spray translocation in the nasal cavity was recorded, and the final delivered doses were quantified in five nasal regions. The results indicate minor differences in droplet size distribution between the two devices. The nasal plume from the new device presents a narrower plume angle. The head orientation, the depth at which the nozzle is inserted into the nostril, and the administration angle play crucial roles in determining the initial deposition of nasal sprays as well as the subsequent translocation of the liquid film/droplets. Quantitative measurements of deposition distributions in the nasal models were augmented with visualization recordings to evaluate the delivery enhancements introduced by the new device. With an extension tube, the modified device produced a lower spray output and delivered lower doses in the front, middle, and back turbinate than the conventional nasal pump. However, sprays from the new device were observed to penetrate deeper into the nasal passages, predominantly through the middle-upper meatus. This resulted in consistently enhanced dosing in the middle-upper turbinate regions while at the cost of higher drug loss to the pharynx.

High-Speed Fluorescence Imaging Corroborates Biological Data on the Influence of Different Nozzle Types on Cell Spray Viability and Formation

Treating severe dermal disruptions often presents significant challenges. Recent advancements have explored biological cell sprays as a promising treatment, but their success hinges on efficient cell delivery and complete wound coverage. This requires a good spray distribution with a small droplet size, high particle number, and ample surface coverage. The type of nozzle used with the spray device can impact these parameters. To evaluate the influence of different nozzles on spray characteristics, we compared air-assisted and unassisted nozzles. The unassisted nozzle displayed small particle size, high particle number, good overall coverage, high cell viability, preserved cell metabolic activity, and low cytotoxicity. Air-assisted nozzles did not perform well regarding cell viability and metabolic activity. Flow visualization analysis comparing two different unassisted nozzles using high-speed imaging (100 kHz frame rate) revealed a tulip-shaped spray pattern, indicating optimal spray distribution. High-speed imaging showed differences between the unassisted nozzles. One unassisted nozzle displayed a bi-modal distribution of the droplet diameter while the other unassisted nozzle displayed a mono-modal distribution. These findings demonstrate the critical role of nozzle selection in successful cell delivery. A high-quality, certified nozzle manufactured for human application omits the need for an air-assisted nozzle and provides a simple system to use with similar or better performance characteristics than those of an air-assisted system.

A numerical study on multi-nozzle spray cooling of downward-facing heater surface

An experimental study on multi-nozzle spray cooling of a downward-facing heater surface has been carried out in the SPAYCOR facility at KTH, to provide data assessing the feasibility of spray cooling for in-vessel melt retention (IVR) in light water reactors. To help understand the characteristics and influential factors of the liquid film formed on the heater surface in spray, a numerical study on the dynamics of an isothermal liquid film on the heater surface has also been performed by adopting the OpenFOAM platform, and Eulerian and Lagrangian methods for liquid film and droplets, respectively. The present study is an extension of the previous modeling from hydrodynamics to thermal-hydraulics of the spray cooling problem, via adding heat flux of the heater and two convective heat transfer models between the heater wall and the liquid film. Moreover, droplets-film interaction model is modified. The SPAYCOR experiment is simulated by the numerical models, and the simulation results show a good agreement between the numerical and experimental data, in particular when the modified droplets-film interaction model is applied. After the validation of the numerical models against the SPAYCOR experiment, the numerical models are employed to investigate influential factors on heat transfer, such as mass flux, nozzle-to-surface distance, and nozzle matrix layout. The results indicate that heat transfer is enhanced by increasing mass flux and decreasing nozzle-to-surface distance, and the change of nozzle matrix from inline to staggered layout has little impact on heat removal capacity or temperature distribution of the multi-nozzle spray cooling.

摆式主被动悬架喷雾机喷杆稳定性试验研究

When a sprayer is operating in the field, the uneven ground excitation causes the spray boom to move irregularly, significantly affecting the spray distribution uniformity and reducing the effectiveness of pesticide application. Installing a suspension between the vehicle and the boom is a crucial method to improve the boom stability. In this paper, experimental research on the stability of a boom with an active and passive pendulum suspension was carried out. The results of the transient response test of the passive suspension demonstrate that an increase in the suspension rotation damping coefficient reduces the overshoot of the system but slows down the response speed. Conversely, an increase in the suspension rotation stiffness coefficient speeds up the response speed. The results of the dynamic response test of the active suspension indicate that a smaller adjustment threshold of the control system for the boom inclination angle results in higher control accuracy. However, when the threshold is less than 1cm, the boom becomes challenging to balance. The results of the combination experiments based on the response surface method reveal that the rotation stiffness coefficient, rotation damping coefficient, unit forward speed, and their interactions significantly impact the adjustment time of the boom and the variation coefficient of the boom inclination angle. Through contribution rate analysis, the influence order of each factor on the adjustment time and variation coefficient was obtained. Additionally, the analysis of variance results show that the established regression model fits the actual situation well, and has reference significance for the design and application of the suspension.

Under utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is challenging malaria elimination program in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundMalaria is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries including Ethiopia. Mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spray for high malaria risk groups are the major prevention measures in different countries. Achievement of the malaria elimination plan is highly determined by the level of effective utilization of intervention measures. However, there is scarce information showing the national level of insecticide-treated nets utilization.ObjectiveTo estimate the pooled prevalence of insecticide-treated nets utilization in Ethiopia, 2023.MethodA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis employed to assess the utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Ethiopia. Published articles were searched from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web Sciences, CINAHIL, EMBASE, and Scopus. The collected articles were screened for data extraction and further analysis using preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) flow chart. The quality of each study was assessed using the Jonna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA version 17.0 for analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of long-lasting insecticidal nets utilization was determined using a random effects model.ResultOut of 1657 articles reviewed, only 21 of them were eligible for final analysis. All of the included studies were used to estimate the pooled prevalence of long-lasting insecticidal net utilization. The point prevalence of LLIN utilization ranged from 14.23 to 91.9%. The Meta-analysis estimated that the overall pooled prevalence of insecticidal nets utilization among all study participants in Ethiopia was 56.26% (95%CI: 44.04–68.48%). Subgroup analysis revealed that insecticidal nets utilization was relatively highest in the Amhara region [63.0, 95%CI (37.0–89.0%)] and during 2020–2023 [61, 95% CI (53.0–69.0%)].ConclusionLong-lasting insecticidal nets utilization in Ethiopia is lower than the national target plan. Hence, it needs extra follow-up and intervention to enhance its utilization.

Experimental study on spray characteristics of aviation kerosene from a pressure-swirl nozzle in high-speed airflow with elevated temperatures

Spray characteristics of aviation kerosene are critical to the performance of gas turbine combustors. Actual gas turbine combustors are mainly operated at high temperatures and high-speed airflow environments, whereas almost all research on spray characteristics in high-speed airflow is limited to room temperature in the literature. In this paper, the spray characteristics of aviation kerosene from a pressure-swirl nozzle are investigated experimentally in the airflow temperature range of 313–500 K and the airflow speed range of 108–136 m/s. The information on spray characteristics such as droplet flux, velocity, and diameter was obtained by phase Doppler anemometry. Planar Mie scatter was performed to obtain the information on the concentration distribution of spray. The results show that the droplet flux, velocity, concentration, and Sauter mean diameter (D32) change significantly with airflow temperatures. In special, D32 in the center recirculation zone shows an increasing trend with increasing airflow temperature. The difference in the change of D32 along the propagation direction at elevated airflow temperatures is mainly due to the difference in evaporation processes. It was found that the evaporation models of a droplet that existed in literature do not predict well the D32 variation of spray in this experiment. A new spray evaporation model considering turbulence and fuel vapor fraction is proposed, which significantly reduces the prediction errors of variation in D32 in this experiment. This paper can provide experimental data and preliminary theoretical references for subsequent investigation of spray characteristics in high-speed airflow with elevated temperatures.

Transversal distribution of a spray drone applying different nozzles and measuring methods

In Switzerland, regulatory requirements mandated that spraying drones undergo a testing procedure, which included assessing their transversal spray distribution using a patternator. Various stakeholders have repeatedly expressed uncertainty as to whether these static measurements correctly reflect the real dynamic spray distribution or whether this type of measurement falsifies the spray pattern. Taking these uncertainties into account, the present study compared the static patternator method with dynamic field measurements using water-sensitive and filter paper. The three methods showed good agreement in the results. In contrast to the other two methods, the measurements on the patternator showed the lowest variability, which shows that hovering at the same point probably causes some compensation in the distribution. Different nozzles (flat fan, hollow cone, air induction nozzles) produce quite similar distribution patterns in all three measurement methods, whereby the injector nozzle with the largest droplets produced the best transverse distribution with a coefficient of variation of less than 10 %.

Experimental investigation on the impact of air flow rates and back pressures on kerosene microscopic spray characteristics discharged from an air-assisted pressure-swirl atomizer

The air-assisted pressure swirl atomizer has attracted considerable interest owing to its exceptional capacity to generate fine droplets and precisely regulate spray characteristics. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the impact of auxiliary air flow rate, orifice diameter, and ambient back pressure on the kerosene spray cone angle, droplet size and distribution. The results indicate that employing a nozzle with a smaller orifice size leads to a larger spray cone angle. The spray cone angles of the other two orifice sizes exhibit an increasing trend as the auxiliary air flow rate increases. Also, increasing the auxiliary air flow rate effectively reduces the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). Additionally, as the auxiliary air flow rate gradually increases, the peak of the particle size distribution shifts towards smaller diameters. Furthermore, as the environmental back pressure increases, there is a noticeable decrease in the SMD. With an increase in ambient backpressure, there is a consistent shift of the peak particle size towards smaller diameters. At an elevated ambient pressure of 1.4 MPa, an increase in the axial distance from the nozzle results in a decrease in the volume percentage of the peak diameter, while simultaneously causing the particle size distribution range to broaden.

Assessing Nasal Epithelial Dynamics: Impact of the Natural Nasal Cycle on Intranasal Spray Deposition.

This study investigated the intricate dynamics of intranasal spray deposition within nasal models, considering variations in head orientation and stages of the nasal cycle. Employing controlled delivery conditions, we compared the deposition patterns of saline nasal sprays in models representing congestion (N1), normal (N0), and decongestion (P1, P2) during one nasal cycle. The results highlighted the impact of the nasal cycle on spray distribution, with congestion leading to confined deposition and decongestion allowing for broader dispersion of spray droplets and increased sedimentation towards the posterior turbinate. In particular, the progressive nasal dilation from N1 to P2 decreased the spray deposition in the middle turbinate. The head angle, in conjunction with the nasal cycle, significantly influenced the nasal spray deposition distribution, affecting targeted drug delivery within the nasal cavity. Despite controlled parameters, a notable variance in deposition was observed, emphasizing the complex interplay of gravity, flow shear, nasal cycle, and nasal morphology. The magnitude of variance increased as the head tilt angle increased backward from upright to 22.5° to 45° due to increasing gravity and liquid film destabilization, especially under decongestion conditions (P1, P2). This study's findings underscore the importance of considering both natural physiological variations and head orientation in optimizing intranasal drug delivery.

Spray Drift, Operator Exposure, Crop Residue and Efficacy: Early Indications for Equivalency of Uncrewed Aerial Spray Systems with Conventional Application Techniques

Highlights Initial data shows UASS spray drift is greater than ground, less than aerial, and similar to an airblast application. Operator exposure with UASS is less than that of a backpack sprayer. No current data shows that residues on crops from UASS applications would be different than conventional applications. UASS applications generally have similar efficacy as their conventional counterparts. Abstract. Uncrewed Aerial Spray Systems (UASS) are being adopted at a rapid pace in agricultural applications of crop protection products. The data required to effectively regulate their use must be gathered to position UASS in terms of equivalency with other conventional practices. In Fall 2021, the CropLife America Drones Working Group initiated an effort to collect published information on establishing the equivalency of UASS applications with conventional application types as it relates to spray drift, operator exposure, crop residue, and efficacy. Based on the published literature, our comparison demonstrated that UASS spray drift is lower than aerial, higher than ground boom, and similar to orchard airblast applications. However, this comparison is based on limited data and needs further confirmation. Individual use cases and other application variables will need to be considered to determine if this generalization applies (e.g., adjuvant use, rotor and nozzle configuration, etc.). For operator exposure, this work supported the current consensus that applications with UASS have less potential for exposure in some respects (e.g., compared to backpack applications), but for other job steps that are unique to UASS (such as mixing and loading) more information is needed. With respect to crop residue, UASS applicators follow the label for conventional application techniques with the same directions for use (i.e., application rate, pre-harvest interval, and number of applications), but there is no evidence that pesticide residues resulting from a UASS application are any different to conventional application techniques. In terms of efficacy, applications with UASS tend to be equivalent to conventional methods; however, more information is needed, especially where good coverage is a requirement. The assessment of published literature on UASS demonstrates potential equivalency in certain key areas and supports the responsible use of this emerging technology, while more information on spray distribution within the target zone, off-target droplet movement, operator and bystander exposure, and pesticidal efficacy continues to be generated. Keywords: Drone, Efficacy, Emerging technology, Operator exposure, Pesticide, Residue, Spray drift, UASS.

Analysis of sea spray generation and distribution characteristics in vessels with different bow shapes

The expansion of cold region shipping routes has gradually increased the navigation activities of various vessel types in these maritime areas. Vessels navigating through the cold region seas are prone to ice accretion due to the dual impact of low temperatures and marine environments, with atmospheric icing and sea spray icing being the primary types of ice accretion, and the latter accounting for 90%. The process of sea spray icing encompasses several stages, including the generation, flow, distribution, and heat transfer of sea spray. This study focuses on the conditions after the interaction of waves with different vessel bodies, analyzing the generation and distribution characteristics of sea spray. Employing the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method to simulate the force analysis of vessel bodies with different bow shapes interacting with waves, the generation form of sea spray is analyzed, exploring its generation height, inlet velocity, distribution characteristics, and flow rate. The research results reveal the rules of sea spray generation and distribution based on different vessel forms, providing valuable references for vessel design and ice forecasting. Furthermore, this research holds significant practical importance for anti-icing issues of vessel bodies and the safe operation of cold region shipping routes, contributing to the sustainable development of cold region routes.

DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION VARIATION OF PENDENT FIRE SPRINKLER SPRAY DEPENDING ON THE MEASUREMENT LOCATION

Droplet size of sprinkler sprays is related to the rate of evaporation and penetration of a fire plume. However, sprinkler sprays have various droplet sizes even at one location. Therefore, it is essential to examine the droplet size distribution depending on the location to predict the fire suppression performance of the sprinkler spray. To examine the droplet size distribution of spray from a pendent sprinkler head, acrylic plates were installed around the sprinkler head and a gap was made on one side of the wall. A charge-coupled device camera was installed to capture the droplet images both on a plane parallel to the sprinkler frame arm and on a plane perpendicular to the frame arm. Droplet information was obtained by deriving the image from the brightness and gradient images extracted from the original image. Large droplets, exceeding 1.5 mm in diameter, were observed in the mainstream of the spray. The probability of observing small droplets decreased as the droplets moved downstream. Spherical droplets were observed in the mainstream of the frame arm direction, while nonspherical droplets were observed in the perpendicular direction to the frame arm because of high velocity. The number-based cumulative distribution function (CDFs) fitted using the Rosin-Rammler distribution function provided the best fitting results. The volume CDFs fitted using the Rosin-Rammler distribution function yielded acceptable adjusted R<sup>2</sup> values. In this case, the coefficient m related to D<sub>v50</sub> and the coefficient n related to the width of the distribution increased with increasing radial and vertical locations.

Hydraulic Characterization of the External Flow Field of a Pressure-Self-Controlled Water-Pesticide Integrated Sprinkler

Highlights A pressure-self-controlled water-pesticide integrated sprinkler was developed for trellis crops. The dual-flow channel design integrates both water and pesticides and allows simultaneous downward irrigation of grape roots and upward spraying of grape branches and leaves. The comprehensive scoring method was employed to evaluate the spraying performance of the water-pesticide integrated sprinkler for both irrigation and spraying modes. Abstract. To ensure optimal growth of plants, including for trellis-style grape cultivation, it is essential to provide water to plant roots, branches, and leaves. Unfortunately, existing sprinkler systems are not designed to accommodate irrigation and spraying at the same time. To address this issue, a pressure-self-controlled water-pesticide integrated sprinkler was developed for trellis crops in this research. To assess the performances of irrigation and spraying modes, several factors, including the droplet diameter, droplet velocity, droplet striking kinetic energy, spray uniformity, and velocity distribution, were evaluated. Advanced measurement tools such as a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) and a particle image velocimeter (PIV) were employed to experimentally study the hydraulic features of different working modes. This study provides precise working parameters, including pressure and installation height, for the sprinkler system under different conditions. These parameters offer valuable engineering guidance. Notably, during irrigation, the sprinkler dispersed water toward the ground to irrigate the roots. Furthermore, the spray droplet diameter and velocity decreased with increasing pressure. Based on an analysis of the parameters affecting the droplet striking kinetic energy, the recommended optimal working pressure is 250 kPa. The high-pressure water produced by the sprinkler in the spraying mode effectively covered the crop leaves at an optimal working pressure of 400 kPa, as determined by the spray distribution pattern at different heights. In this study, for the water-pesticide integrated sprinkler, we recommend an installation height of 1.4 m for optimal operation. These findings could promote the practical application of this system. Keywords: Hydraulic performance, Spray characteristics, Spraying, Sprinkler irrigation, Water-pesticide integrated systems.