SPP Group Research Articles

Sarcopenia and lower limb pain are additively related to motor function and a history of falls and fracture in community-dwelling elderly people

ObjectivesTo clarify the prevalence and characteristics of pain associated with sarcopenia and to verify the usefulness of evaluation of pain for sarcopenia. MethodsIn total, 759 community-dwelling people (aged 65–79 years) with or without sarcopenia and lower limb pain were classified into 4 groups (NSp, nonsarcopenia; NSpP, nonsarcopenia with pain; Sp, sarcopenia; and SpP, sarcopenia with pain). Body composition, motor function, history of fractures since age 50 years, and number of falls in the past 1 year were compared between the groups. ResultsParticipant proportions by group were: NSp, 53.9%; NSpP, 42.8%; Sp, 1.3%; and SpP, 2.0%. Participants with lower limb pain showed low single leg standing, walking speed, and 2-step value scores and high 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Functional Scale (GLFS-25) score after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and presence of sarcopenia. The SpP group showed lower functional reach test and higher GLFS-25 scores than the Sp group. Regarding the history of fractures since 50 years of age and falls in past 1 year, a high retention rate of fracture was noted in the NSpP group. They also experienced significantly more falls in the past 1 year than those in the NSp group. The SpP group noted more falls and fractures although it was insignificant. ConclusionsThe results indicate that participants with lower limb pain showed declining motor function and a high risk for falls and fractures. Sarcopenia could escalate this risk. Therefore, evaluating patients for both pain and sarcopenia may be useful for risk assessment and treatment.

Peranan Unit Pengelola Kegiatan PNPM Mandiri dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

In the community there are still many publik complaints in terms of the role of govrmment, which is still not well targeted by carrying out duties and responsibilities to the community should every govermment have the ability to further improve the quality of service. As determined by the governement agenciens in the districk pangururan Samosir districk is expected to improve the quality of the government’s more responsible performance as by the government in serving the community. In this case formulation of the formulation of the problem is how the role unit manager activities (upk) pnpm indendent in improving the welfare of society therough savings and loan lending as for the purpose of this study is to find out how UPK PNPM independent office in pangururan district samosir districk. The method in this research is qualitative by using technique of observation, interview and documentation based on the result is this study followed by analyzing the data obtained, then the result is the role of independent upk pnpm in improving the welfare of the community in the districk pangururan samosir districk can be said either. Seen from the progressof members of the spp group as well as, the role of independent UPK PNPM corres panding to the soup. RoleÂ

Association between Abdominal Obesity and Lumbar Bone Mineral Density According to the Postmenopausal Period in Korean Women.

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the association between abdominal obesity and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) according to the postmenopausal period of Korean women.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. Among the 1,923 women enrolled, 1,138 were included in the study; 785 women were excluded based on conditions that might have affected their bone density. Subjects were divided into short postmenopausal period (SPP, 0–5 years after menopause) and long postmenopausal period (LPP, 6–10 years after menopause). The association between abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥85 cm) and lumbar BMD according to postmenopausal period in Korean women was assessed.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, exercise amount, alcohol consumption, skeletal muscle mass, and body fat mass, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for osteoporosis in the group with abdominal obesity compared to the group without abdominal obesity was 0.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–0.88; P=0.023) in the SPP group. However, in the LPP and total groups, the adjusted ORs were not significant. The adjusted ORs for low bone mass showed no significance in the SPP, LPP, and total groups.ConclusionIn the SPP group, the risk of osteoporosis was lower in the group with abdominal obesity than in the group without abdominal obesity. However, in the LPP group, no significant difference was found. Therefore, the effect of abdominal obesity on lumbar BMD may be just for a short period after menopause (0–5 years).

ANALISIS EKONOMI USAHA TANI ANGGOTA SIMPAN PINJAM KELOMPOK PEREMPUAN PROGAM NASIONAL PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MANDIRI PERDESAAN DI KECAMATAN SELOREJO KABUPATEN BLITAR

This study aimed to analyze the differences bothincomeand yieldin Farmer’s SPP group before and after receiving PNPM-MPdcredit. Primary data obtained from 50 respondents which were selected by purposive sampling.This research was conducted by qualitative research design by means descriptive.Thedata selected fromincome and yield before and after receiving PNPM-MPdcredit.While the data were processed by using a different test analysis paired sample mean.Analyzes result indicated that there was a mean differential both income and outcome production on Farmer’s SPP group before and after the PNPM-MPd received credit. Evenly, the outcome production is about 8,28 Kw before receiving the credit and it was about 10,12 Kw after receiving the credit. However, the income had indicated about Rp 3.043.000 before the PNPM-MPd received credit and the outcome had indicated about Rp 5.160.000 after receiving thecredit. From the yield, it showed a more superior in income. This affected by cost factor through the rise.

Influence of Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcus on Gut Microbiota in the First Month of Life.

The effect of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) for group B Streptococcus (GBS) on bacterial colonization of the infant's gut has not been investigated extensively. We aimed to evaluate the effect of IAP on gut microbiota in healthy term infants, also exploring the influence of type of feeding. Healthy term infants, whose mothers had been screened for GBS in late gestation, were divided into 2 groups: infants born to GBS-positive mothers who had received IAP versus controls. Neonatal fecal samples were collected at 7 and 30 days of life; DNA was extracted, and quantification of selected microbial groups (Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp, and Bacteroides fragilis group) was performed by real-time PCR. A total of 84 infant-mother pairs were recruited. Bifidobacteria count was significantly lower in the IAP group at 7 days of life (median [interquartile range] 6.01 Log colony-forming unit per gram [5.51-6.98] vs 7.80 [6.61-8.26], P = 0.000). No differences in Bifidobacteria count at 30 days or in Lactobacilli and B fragilis counts at any time point were documented. Furthermore, at 7 days of life, infants who had not received IAP and were exclusively human milk-fed had higher counts of Bifidobacteria. Regardless of IAP treatment, infants fed exclusively human milk had higher Lactobacillus spp counts both at 7 and 30 days of life. IAP alters gut microflora by reducing the count of Bifidobacteria, which is further affected in infants receiving formula feeding. Whether these alterations could have long-term consequences on health and disease requires further investigation.

Effects of sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning on activity of NF-κB during lung ischemia-reperfusion in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning on the activity of NF-κB during lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Fifty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 300-350 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =18 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),I/R group and sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning group (SPP group).Lung I/R was induced by clamping the left pulmonary hilum for 45 min followed by 120 min reperfusion in I/R and SP groups.The left pulmonary hilum was only isolated but not ligated in group S.In group SP,2.1％ sevoflurane was inhaled for 30 min followed by 10 min washout,the left pulmonary hilum was then ligated for 45 min,and 2.1％ sevoflurane was inhaled for 30 min again starting from onset of reperfusion.Six rats were chosen at 30,60 and 120 min of reperfusion and sacrificed in each group,lungs were removed for determination of wet/dry lung weight (W/D) ratio and content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (by ELISA) and expression of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) p65 of nuclear protein (by Western blot) and for microscopic examination of the pathologic changes of lungs (with light microscope).Results Compared with S group,W/D ratio,TNF-α content and nuclear protein NF-κB p65 expression in lung tissues were significantly increased at each time point of reperfusion in I/R and SPP groups.Compared with I/R group,W/D ratio,TNF-α content and nuclear protein NF-κB p65 expression in lung tissues were significantly increased at each time point of reperfusion,and the pathological changes of lungs were attenuated in SPP group.Conclusion Sevoflurane preconditioning combined with postconditioning can reduce the lung I/R injury in rats through inhibiting NF-κB activity in lung tissues. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation; Ischemic preconditioning; Reperfusion injury; Lung; NF-kappa B; Ischemic postconditioning

The influence of selective pulmonary perfusion on the inflammatory response and clinical outcome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery presenting with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a higher 30-day mortality risk. In these patients, pulmonary dysfunction linked to an inflammatory response is frequent after cardiac operations using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which causes pulmonary hypoperfusion. We hypothesize that selective pulmonary perfusion (sPP) of the lungs leads to a reduction of pulmonary inflammation and a better clinical outcome. Fifty-nine COPD patients (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/vital capacity <70%) undergoing cardiac surgery procedures (coronary artery bypass grafting 64%, valve 14%) were block-randomized to sPP (venous blood, temperature 2°C, 4 l) or standard CPB (28/28). The primary end-point of the study was to evaluate the effect of pulmonary perfusion on gas exchange by measuring alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. The surrogate end-points were inflammatory response, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, time on respirator (TOR) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. A cytokine assay for interleukin-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and polymorphonuclear elastase was performed with peripheral blood at different time-points [(t1) pre-CPB, (t2) end of CPB, (t3) 3 h, (t4) 24 h, (t5) 48 h postoperatively]. Repeated-measure analysis of variance and non-parametric statistics were used to assess the between-group and during time differences. The two groups proved comparable for perioperative variables. Serum cytokines were not different in the two groups throughout the study (P > 0.05 at single time-points), but as a function of time, the markers of the inflammatory response increased after CBP (P < 0.05 pre-CPB to 24 h). Clinical end-points were statistically comparable in both groups, but with a trend towards a shorter TOR (72 ± 159 h/106 ± 193 h) and ICU stay (3.9 ± 7.2 days/5.5 ± 9.2 days) in the sPP group despite a slightly longer time on extracorporeal circulation (120 vs 158 min). These results indicate a non-significant trend that repeated hypothermic lung perfusion with venous blood during CPB may have a protective effect on the lungs. A multicentre study design and larger cohort seem necessary to demonstrate the benefits of sPP more clearly.

Low vs Standard Pneumoperitoneum Pressure During Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: Prospective Randomized Trial

Study ObjectiveTo compare the use of low pneumoperitoneum pressure (LPP; 8 mm Hg) vs standard pneumoperitoneum pressure (SPP; 12 mm Hg) during mini-laparoscopic hysterectomy (MLH). DesignRandomized controlled trial (Canadian Task Force classification I). SettingTertiary care center. PatientsForty-two consecutive women scheduled to undergo MLH to treat benign uterine disease. InterventionsWomen were randomly selected to undergo MLH using LPP (n = 20) or SPP (n = 22). MLH was performed via 3-mm ancillary ports. Measurements and Main ResultsThe primary outcome was to evaluate changes in abdominal and shoulder-tip pain via a 100-mm visual analog scale at 1, 3, and 24 hours postoperatively. All procedures were completed via mini-laparoscopy without the need to increase intra-abdominal pressure or convert to conventional laparoscopy or open surgery. Intraoperatively, 1 episode of severe bradycardia occurred in the LPP group, whereas no intraoperative complications were recorded in the SPP group (p = .47). No postoperative complications were recorded (p > .99). Abdominal pain was similar between groups at each time point. Incidence and intensity of shoulder-tip pain at 1 and 3 hours postoperatively was lower in the LPP group than in the SPP group (p < .05), whereas no between-group differences were observed at 24 hours (p > .05). Rescue analgesic requirement did not differ statistically between the LPP and SPP groups (20% vs 41%, respectively; p = .19; odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–11.08). ConclusionIn experienced hands, use of LPP is safe and feasible. During performance of MLH, compared with SPP, LPP is a simple method that offers advantages of less shoulder-tip pain.

Identification of microbial diversity in caecal content of broiler chicken

The intestinal microbiota plays a major role in growth as well as maintenance of the health of animals. Traditionally, the microorganisms present in the intestine of animals were identified by bacteriological culture methods. In this study, the microbial community of caecal content of chicken was identified by sequencing genomic material directly from the caecum.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted directly from the caecal microbial content of broiler chicken. 16S recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence is a hyper-variable region which is conserved in almost all prokaryotes. Using universal primers, the 16S rDNA sequence was amplified, cloned into PCR(4) TOPO vector and transformed in Escherichia coli DH5 α cells, the plasmid from clones containing target 16S rDNA sequence was sequenced. All the sequences were subjected to BLAST search against prokaryote genomic database to identify similar sequences. Cloned sequences exhibited high level of sequence similarity (> 95%) with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (strain D1, AUX077, CCF00024, 776), uncultured bacterium P4D1-70, 87% with uncultured eubacterium clone GL178.1, S. maltophilia (strain HB, B2A, 776), Nanobacterium spp. nanoU, 94% with S. maltophilia(strain D1, AUX077), uncultured bacterium clone P4D7-617. Based on the similarity search and phylogenetic tree construction it was identified that the bacterial community present in the caecal content of broiler chicken belongs to Bacillus spp group and it exhibits the evolutionary relationship with Nanobacterium spp, Stenotrophomonas spp and unculturable microorganism. Key words: 16S rDNA, cecal content, broiler chicken, universal primers.

Cefotaxime resistance and outcome of Klebsiella spp bloodstream infection

We attempt to describe the epidemiology and outcome associated with cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) Klebsiella spp bacteraemia. Klebsiella spp bloodstream infection episodes prospectively collected through a blood culture surveillance programme from January 1991 to December 2008 in a single institution were analysed. A total of 910 monomicrobial episodes of Klebsiella spp bacteraemia were identified during the study period. The most important sources were from urinary tract infection, unknown sources, billiary focus and catheter related infection. There were 112 (12%) CTX-R isolates. Out of 112 isolates, 98 were CTX-R by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase production. Shock on presentation and mortality were significantly more frequent in CTX-R than in CTX susceptible isolates. Inappropriate empirical therapy was received in 50 (45%) cases in the CTX-R Klebsiella spp group (13 cases of death, 26%). Predictive factors associated with CTX-R Klebsiella spp isolate were: previous β-lactam therapy (OR = 4.16), nosocomial acquired bacteraemia (OR = 1.93), solid organ trasplantation (OR = 2.09) and shock (OR = 1.90). Independent risk factors associated with mortality in Klebsiella spp bacteraemia were: age (OR = 1.03), liver cirrhosis (OR = 2.63), ultimately or rapidly fatal prognosis of underlying disease (OR = 2.44), shock (OR = 8.60), pneumonia (OR = 4.96) or intraabdominal (OR = 3.85) source of bacteraemia and CTX-R isolate (OR = 4.63). Klebsiella spp is an important cause of bloodstream infection. CTX-R isolates have been increasing since 2000. CTX-R is an independent factor associated with mortality in Klebsiella spp bacteraemia.

Reducing Blood Culture Contamination in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Blood cultures (BCs) are used to diagnose bacteremia in febrile children. False-positive BCs increase costs because of further testing, longer hospital stays, and unnecessary antibiotic therapy. Data from a study at our hospital showed the emergency department consistently exceeded established guidelines of 2% to 4%. A phlebotomy policy change was made whereby BC had to be obtained by a second venipuncture and no longer obtained during insertion of intravenous catheters. A descriptive study compared preintervention and postintervention blood culture contamination (BCC) rates. A BC was considered contaminated if a single culture grew coagulase-negative staphylococci, diphtheroids, Micrococcus spp, Bacillus spp, or viridans group streptococci. Patients with indwelling central lines or who grew pathogenic bacteria were excluded. Preintervention BCC was 120 (6.7% [SD, 2.3%]) of 1796. Postintervention BCC was 29 (2.3%, [SD, 0.8]) of 1229 with odds ratio of 2.96 (confidence interval, 1.96-4.57; P = 0.001). The most common contaminant was coagulase-negative staphylococcus, 21 (72%) of 120, followed by viridans streptococcus, 3 (10%) of 29, which was not significantly different between intervention periods. Before intervention, 44 patients were called back to the emergency department, and 25 were admitted because of BCC. After intervention, a total of 9 patients were called back, and 5 were admitted. The decrease in unnecessary hospitalization was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The new policy significantly reduced BCC rates, thereby decreasing unnecessary testing and hospitalizations. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and viridans streptococci remain the most common BC contaminants. Further research should focus on additional interventions to reduce BCC.

Mucoid Pseudomonads in Patients With Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis

To the Editor: Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa is isolated in up to 40% of noncystic fibrosis patients with chronic bronchitis and other obstructive lung diseases.1 Apart from P. aeruginosa, mucoid strains of other species of pseudomonads are infrequently discussed; and in most of the laboratories that lack automated systems, their identification is not attempted and is reported as "Pseudomonas species not aeruginosa." Mucoid pseudomonads are lung colonizers in patients with bronchiectasis and frequently cause secondary infections leading to increased mortality and morbidity.2 In this study, we have characterized and determined the antimicrobial susceptibility of mucoid pseudomonads strains, isolated from sputum of adult patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis using simple biochemical tests, which are routinely available in a microbiology laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and metallo-β-lactamase production were done using standard methods.3 A total of 97 strains were isolated from 871 sputum samples during the study period. Among them, P. aeruginosa (n = 49, 50.5%) was the commonest isolate, followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (n = 15), Pseudomonas putida (n = 8), Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes (n = 5), Brevundimonas vesicularis (n = 5), CDC group Vb-3 (n = 4), Pseudomonas spp group 1(n = 3), Pseudomonas mendocina (n = 2), Burkholderia cepacia complex (n = 2), Ralstonia pickettii (n = 2), Pseudomonas luteola (n = 1), and Brevundimonas diminuta (n = 1). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern showed that majority of isolates were multidrug resistant, and polymyxin B was found to be most effective antibiotic. Metallo-β-lactamase production was determined in 19 meropenem resistant strains, and 12 (63%) of 19 isolates were metallo-β-lactamase positive (Table 1).TABLE 1: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of the Common Mucoid Pseudomonads IsolatesAmong pseudomonads, P. aeruginosa is the most common human pathogen. The first report of mucoid P. aeruginosa isolation came in 1927 from a patient with a fistulating abscess of the gallbladder.2 In the first detailed study, Elston and Hoffman4 reported an incidence of mucoid forms as 1.7%, and Fujita et al5 were the first worker to report mucoid P. putida causing pulmonary infection in an immunocompetent host. Generally, "Pseudomonas non-aeruginosa" species are considered as environment contaminant; however, results of this study indicate that Pseudomonas non-aeruginosa constituted 49.5% of mucoid pseudomonal isolates in patients with bronchiectasis and are an emerging cause of respiratory infections in patients with bronchiectasis. Antimicrobial resistance among them is of increasing concern as not only P. aeruginosa but also other pseudomonads were also found to be multidrug resistant, and these probably demonstrate the changing pattern of antimicrobial resistance in pseudomonads. Further large-scale studies are required to look for epidemiological distribution of mucoid strains and study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Atul Garg, MD, DNB S. Sujatha, MD Jaya Garg, MD, DNB Nasreen H., MSc S. C. Parija, MD, FRCPath Department of Microbiology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Pondicherry, India [email protected]

Subtle bacterial endocarditis due to Kingella kingae in an infant: a case report

A 9-month-old infant presented with fever, dyspnoea, and a murmur. Echocardiography showed a mitral vegetation with significant regurgitation. Mitral valve plasty was performed on day 6, and was polymerase chain reaction positive for Kingella kingae. The cardiac outcome was favourable. This case illustrates a subtle presentation of K. kingae mitral valve infective endocarditis in a normal-cardaic infant, treated with early surgery, and the agent belonged to the HACEK (Haemophilus spp Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga spp, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae) group.

Implementing a standard protocol to decrease the incidence of surgical site infections in rectal cancer surgery

To evaluate the effectiveness of our surgical site infection (SSI) preventive strategies for rectal cancer patients. We compared the incidences and risk factors for SSI before (1990-1999) and after the implementation of our SSI prevention policies (2002-2006). A total of 250 patients who underwent surgery for rectal cancer were enrolled in this study. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained perioperatively to measure the circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The incidence of SSI was significantly lower after the introduction of SSI prevention policies [SPP(+)] than before [SPP(-)], at 13.1% vs 32.0%, respectively (P = 0.0004). Even with the infection control programs, abdominoperineal resection (APR) was an independent factor predictor of SSI after rectal cancer surgery. The consumption of postoperative interleukin (IL)-6 soluble receptor was much higher in the APR patients than in the non-APR patients. The exaggeration of postoperative IL-6 response was more pronounced in the APR patients in the SPP(+) group than in those in the SPP(-) group, although preoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy might have influenced the inflammatory response. These findings suggest that the introduction of SPP helped reduce the incidence of SSI, especially in the non-APR patients.

Socially Prescribed and Self-Oriented Perfectionism as Predictors of Depressive Diagnosis in Preadolescents

Perfectionism has been shown to be related to depressive symptomatology in both adult and child populations. However, there are no known studies of levels of socially prescribed (SPP) and self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) in nonclinical children versus those with a clinically diagnosed depressive disorder. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine SPP and SOP as predictors of depressive diagnoses in a sample of 10- to 11-year-old children. Seven hundred and eighty-six children (390 boys, 396 girls) from primary schools in low socio-economic metropolitan areas completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS) as part of a larger study. Children who scored above the clinical cut-off for the CDI also completed part of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents–IV. Fifty children met criteria for a diagnosis of a depressive disorder. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to predict diagnostic status from SPP, SOP, gender, and intervention group. SPP was the only significant predictor of diagnostic status. Implications for the treatment and prevention of childhood depression are discussed.

Microbiology of Intracranial Abscesses Associated with Sinusitis of Odontogenic Origin

The unique microbiology of sinusitis of dental origin that is associated with intracranial abscesses (IAs) and the correlation between the organisms at the two sites has not been reported before. This report describes the author's experience during a 30-year period in studying the microbiology of 8 IAs and their corresponding sinusitis of dental origin. Aspirates of pus from 8 infected sinuses associated with odontogenic infections and their corresponding IAs were studied for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Polymicrobial flora was found in all 8 sinuses and 7 IAs, and the number of isolates varied from 1 to 5. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from all sinuses and IAs. A total of 28 isolates (3.5 isolates per site; 25 strict anaerobic, 1 aerobic or facultative, and 2 microaerophilic) were recovered from the sinuses, and 20 isolates (2.5 isolates per site; 16 strict anaerobic, 1 aerobic or facultative, and 3 microaerophilic) were found in the IAs. The bacterial isolates were Fusobacterium spp (14), Prevotella spp (11), Peptostreptococcus spp (13), microaerophilic streptococci (5), Veillonella parvula (3), and beta-hemolytic streptococci group F(2). Concordance in the microbiological findings between the sinus and the IA was found in all instances; however, certain organisms were only present at one site. These data illustrate the concordance in the organisms recovered from sinusitis of dental origin and their associated IAs and confirm the importance of anaerobic bacteria in sinusitis and IAs of dental origin.

Influence of Bacillus spp culture supplementation through feed or drinking water on the performance of layer chiken

Three thousands 65 weeks old layers were used and divided into 3 groups of 1000 birds, and further divided into 4 sum group (250 birds/group) as treatment replicates, and distributed randomly.Layer in group 1 were fed a basal diet + antibiotic (AB), group 2 were fed a basal diet + 10^9 CFU Bacillus spp culture (PB-M) and group 3 were fed a basal diet and Bacillus spp culture was supplemented in their drinking water (10^9 CFU/litre) (PB-A). The trial was conducted for 14 weeks (2 weeks adaptation period, 10 weeks the feeding treatments, and 2 weeks post treatment, where the AB group continues supplemented with antibiotic, while the PB-M and PB-A group, the Bacillus spp culture supplementation was withdrawned. During the treatment period,% HD production and its FCR of the bird supplemented with Bacillus spp culture were highly significant (P<0.001) better than the one receiving antibiotic. There was no significant different between the PB-M and the PB-A groups. Prosentage HD production and its FCR during post treatment, the birds previously supplemented with Bacillus spp culture were remained significantly better than the one recieving antibiotic. The birds which were previously supplemented with Bacillus spp culture in the feed had significantly (P<0.01) better % HD production and FCR.It is concluded that Bacillus spp culture, could be used to replace antibiotics as a growth promotor, it even gave better results. Key words: Antibiotic, Bacillus spp , layer