Color Spots Research Articles

Study on the Lightfastness of Ink Based on Visible and Infrared Spectral Analysis

A method based on visible reflection and infrared absorption spectroscopy is proposed to elucidate the colour variation law and mechanism of gravure ink in daylight. Three kinds of gravure spot colour ink, blue, red and cyan, are used for a xenon arc ageing experiment. The spectral reflectance of the samples is collected every 2 hours to analyse the variation in the chromaticity. A polynomial regression model of the colour difference and ageing time is established by the nonlinear least squares method. The coloration composition of the inks is analysed according to the infrared spectrum of the samples. The results show that in a 36-hour experiment with an illumination intensity of 550 W/m2, the lightfastness of the different colours of gravure spot ink is significant. The integrated value of the differential reflectance spectrum analysis shows that blue ink exhibits the largest change in chromaticity, followed by the red and cyan inks. The maximal colour differences of the three samples are 12.37, 4.78 and 1.34, respectively. A third-degree polynomial regression of the colour difference of the ink and ageing time achieves a good fitting result, with regression coefficients of 0.9700, 0.9980, and 0.9646, respectively. The infrared spectroscopy results show that the change in the chromaticity corresponds to changes in the molecular composition and absorption intensity of the pigments. The blue ink, with the largest change in chromaticity, exhibits the largest change in the absorption spectrum. The cyan ink, with inconspicuous changes in the chromaticity, exhibits the smallest change in the absorption spectrum. This research provides a more accurate theoretical basis for an analysis of the colour variation law and mechanism of gravure ink in daylight and provides a reference for lightfastness analysis of textiles, dyes and coatings.

Vinblastine production by the endophytic fungus Curvularia verruculosa from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus and its in vitro cytotoxicity against HeLa cell line

The current study was to isolate endophytic fungi producing high yields of indole alkaloids such as vinblastine analogous to their host Cathranthus roseus. Endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of C. roseus, identified as Curvularia verruculosa by molecular techniques, and the sequence was deposited in NCBI (MK995628). Vinblastine producing endophytic fungus was grown in 1L Vinca medium for 21 days. The extract was examined for vinblastine by chromatographic techniques. TLC plates showed purple colour spot co-migrated with authentic vinblastine and Rf was calculated by HPTLC (Vin 1 vinblastine −0.75; authentic vinblastine-0.78), these results confirmed vinblastine presence in the Vin1 extract. Further, the TLC purified fungal extract was examined by LC-MS, which revealed the exact mass of vinblastine ([M + H]+m/z 811.51). The most important of the study is high yield production of vinblastine; hence, the extract analysed by HPLC revealed 182 μg/L vinblastine. The TLC purified fungal vinblastine was analysed for the cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cell line and it depicted a higher activity with IC50-8.5 μg/mL and apoptotic morphological changes were analysed. All the results revealed that the endophytic fungus Curvularia verruculosa produced vinblastine and for the first time in a surplus amount compared to other fungi.

Quantification of Colorimetric Data for Paper-Based Analytical Devices.

Colorimetric measurements by image analysis, giving RGB or HSV data, have become commonplace with optical indicator-based assays and as a readout for paper-based analytical devices (PADs). Yet, most works on PADs tend to ignore the quantitative relationship between color data and concentration, which may hamper their establishment as analytical devices and make it difficult to properly understand chemical or biological reactions on the paper substrate. This Perspective Article discusses how image color data are computed into colorimetric absorbance values that correlate linearly to dye concentration and compare well to traditional spectrophotometry. Thioflavin T (ThT), Neutral Red (NR), and Orange IV are used here as model systems. Absorbance measurements in solution correlate well to image data (and Beer's law) from the color channel of relevance if the gamma correction normally used to render the picture more natural to the human eye is removed. This approach also allows one to correct for color cast and variable background color, which may otherwise limit quantitation in field measurements. Reflectance measurements on paper color spots are equally found to correlate quantitatively between spectroscopy and imaging devices. In this way, deviations from Beer's law are identified that are explained with dye interactions on the paper substrate.

A new proposal for automatic identification of multiple soybean diseases

This work proposes a combination of digital image processing techniques consisting of color moments, local binary patterns (LBP) and bag of visual words (BoVW) model for automatic detection of soybean diseases based on the analysis of color, texture and local characteristics of spots on affected leaves. The characteristics extracted after data collection and the application of the cited techniques are grouped and used as input to the support vector machine (SVM) for the purpose of disease classification. The images used in the development and validation of the proposed identification system were obtained from Digipathos, a database provided by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Agency (Embrapa), consisting of 354 images related to 8 typical soybean diseases, namely, bacterial blight, soybean rust, copper phytotoxicity, soybean mosaic, target spot, downy mildew, powdery mildew and Septoria brown spot. Performance analyses are presented separately for the techniques used in several stages of data processing and for the overall system consisting of the combination of these techniques and the SVM classifier. The proposed system achieves an success rate of 75.8%, representing an improvement of approximately 17% over results of methods in the existing literature.

Printing with light: daylight–fluorescent inks for large-gamut multi-color printing

With printing technologies continuously reaching ever higher degrees of performance and quality, the need for novelty and impact and also keeps increasing. Specialty inks have always played an important role here, albeit not without challenges. Often the use of such materials involved dedicated solutions that deal with these inks outside of the constraints of normal pipelines and workflows, which constrains their application and results in limited use. This is so since specialty inks, such as fluorescents, behave differently to traditional dye or pigment-based ones. So much so that most applications use specialty inks as spot colors, explicitly determining (by means of a separate layer in the input) where they are to be used for given content. For example, for materials such as fluorescents or quantum dots, the possibility of presenting more light at a given wavelength than is incident at that wavelength, breaks some of the basic assumptions of current processes, from how they are measured to how they can be used in building color separations all the way to how color management deals with them. In this paper we describe first experiments of using fluorescent inks that are activated by visible – instead of the more customary UV – radiation, showing performance of spectrophotometer measurement with a dedicated model to handle the specific properties of these inks, as well as results of the impact such inks can have on extending color gamuts that go significantly beyond current printing gamuts and therefore also pose new challenges.

The extraction algorithm of color disease spot image based on Otsu and watershed

In this paper, an extraction algorithm of color disease spot image based on Otsu and watershed is proposed to overcome the problem of excessive segmentation in the traditional watershed algorithm. The proposed algorithm converts the color space of the color spot image to calculate the component gradient that is not interfered by the reflected light in the new color space. Then, final gradient image is obtained from the gradient image reconstructed by open and close operation under the different-sized structural elements. The label from the final gradient image is extracted by Otsu algorithm, and then, the H-minima transform is used to modify the labeled image. The modified gradient image is transformed with a label by the watershed algorithm. Finally, the extraction of the disease spot is implemented. The experimental results show that the proposed approach obtains accurate and continuous target contour and reaches the requirement of human visual characteristics. Compared with other similar algorithms, the proposed algorithm can effectively suppress the impact of reflected light, optimize the extraction results of disease spot, better maintain the information of disease spot image, and improve the robustness and the applicability.

The influence of printing, lamination and high pressure processing on spot color characterisation

The food industry has recognized the important role that multi-layered, flexible packaging materials play and it uses them extensively within the packaging processes. Trends within food processing and packaging continuously encourage manufacturers to develop new technologies which extend a product’s shelf-life. The samples that were the subject of research described in this paper are retort stand-up pouches made of multi-layered flexible material, the layers of which have been bonded with a laminating process that aims to both extend a product’s shelf-life and stability, permitting the final processing of the finished product under aggressive regimes. It is intended that packaging, when subjected to graphic reproduction and high pressure processing, shall remain unchanged in all aspects, in particular the visual aspect that is the subject of the research. The samples were printed on polyester film (PET) using a rotogravure printing technique and laminated on aluminum (Al), oriented polyamide (OPA) and finally on inner polypropylene (PP) layers. The sample was monitored for the Vegeta Blue spot colorimetric difference in the CIE L*a*b* space throughout the individual graphic reproduction phases and the final high pressure processing (HPP) of the finished product. The goal is to determine the size of the spot color colorimetric difference (Δ????????∗) in relation to the defined formula and the established standard. On the basis of measured results, guidelines and recommendations for the correction and quality assessment of spot color reproduction throughout the entire process were defined, with the goal to minimize any deviation to the lowest possible level.

Mapping Detection of Marine Data Based on Space Remote Sensing Technology

Chen, Y.; Ma, Q.; Liu, C., and Shu, Q., 2019. Mapping detection of marine data based on space remote sensing technology. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 717–722. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In order to improve the ability of marine data cartographic detection and map reconstruction, a method of marine data cartographic detection based on spatial remote sensing technology is proposed. A cartographic detection technology of marine data based on space remote sensing technology is proposed. Spatial remote sensing technology is used to remove the non-significant interference of ocean surface information in the color spots of ocean currents and monsoon. The square grid is divided into square grid in the space of marine data cartographic detection feature distribution, the remote sensing information features of marine data mapping are calculated, and the random logarithmic fluctuation error vector is selected to obtain the regular size fluctuation integer vector of marine data cartography. The spatial remote sensing image segmentation method based on topological theory calculates the regular size information of marine data cartography, and preserves the stability of Harris corner detection algorithm. The algorithm combines the scale invariance of SURF algorithm and improves the accuracy and efficiency of feature matching in cartographic detection of marine data. The simulation results show that the marine data cartographic detection technology based on spatial remote sensing technology has strong anti-interference performance, accurate calibration of marine data map feature points, less repetition points, good robustness to scale, wave fluctuation and noise, and improves the accuracy and rate of ocean data mapping detection.

Molecular phylogeny of Clibanarius Dana, 1852 from the Indo-West Pacific: evolution of pereopod colour pattern and habitat adaptation

Abstract Species of hermit crabs in the genus Clibanarius Dana, 1852 have adapted to various environments in the intertidal areas, including hard substrates and soft sediments. These species often bear a close morphological resemblance to each other, therefore, the colouration on the pereopods can be one of the reliable characteristics to distinguish the species. However, the evolutionary relationships among species with different colour patterns and relationships between colour patterns and habitat adaptation have not previously been investigated. Therefore, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among 19 species of Clibanarius based on mitochondrial [12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I] and nuclear [histone H3] DNA markers. The results suggest that the striped and solid colour elements have evolved multiple times independently, with the ancestral colour pattern potentially being scattered, bright colour spots with a bright colour band. Our findings also suggest that evolutionary adaptation from hard substrates to mudflats and soft sediments may have occurred at least twice.

Unknown Unknowns in Map Preparation for Historical Atlases

Unknown Unknowns in Map Preparation for Historical Atlases

The technology of improving industrial processing quality of mango puree

This paper aims at improving the industrial processing quality and studying on the processing method of decreasing high spot rate and choosing optimal Hainan mango cultivars for the processing of mango puree. Mango cultivars of the 'Jinhuang', 'Parthenon', 'Ivory' and 'Imperial concubine' were selected to research raw material processing suitability from three aspects including the puree yield rate, nutrient content and temperature sensitivity. The processing technology was improved by using wet ultrafine treatment evaluated from taste, color and heterochromatic spots, etc. Results showed that the 'Imperial concubine' was optimal for processing of mango puree. Mango protoplasmic delicate degree increased significantly and the spot rate dropped more than 90% by adopting the colloid mill and homogenizer joint processing.

First Report of Kiwifruit Brown Leaf Spot Caused by <i>Fusarium tricinctum</i> in South Korea

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) is an economically important horticultural crop. This study reports a new pathogen of brown leaf spot disease in kiwifruit. Brown leaf spot symptoms were observed on the leaves of cv. Redvita in Jeju, South Korea. The leaf spot diseases appeared as extensive, angular, brown, yellow, white or fused color spots on the leaves. Fungi were isolated and identified as Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with mycelium and the conidia inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from the artificially developed symptoms, and identified as F. tricinctum as Koch’s postulates were confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the brown leaf spot caused by F. tricinctum on kiwifruit.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the eye pigmentation gene white leads to alterations in colour of head spots in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis.

The intensely studied white gene is widely used as a genetic marker in Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we cloned and characterized the white gene in an important pest of the fruit industry, Bactrocera dorsalis, to understand its functional role in pigmentation. We obtained BdWhite knockout strains, based on the wild-type strain, using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system, and found that mutants lost pigmentation in the compound eye and their black head spots. We then examined differences in the expression levels of genes associated with melanin pigmentation between mutants and the wild-type strain using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. We found that transcription levels of the Bd-yellow1 were lower in the head of mutants than in the wild-type strain, and there were no significant differences in expression of the other six genes between mutants and the wild type. Since yellow is critical for melanin biosynthesis (Heinze et al., Scientific Reports. 2017;7:4582), the lower levels of expression of Bd-yellow1 in mutants led to reduced dark pigmentation in head spots. Our results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that white may play a functional role in cuticle pigmentation by affecting the expression of yellow.

Efficacy of microbotulinum toxin A combined with intense pulsed light on facial rejuvenation

Objective To investigate the efficacy of micro botulinum toxin A (BTX) combined with intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment in facial rejuvenation patients. Methods A total of thirty patients (1 male, 29 females, aged 35 to 55 years with average age of 45.56 years) with facial photoaging in the Department of Medical Cosmetology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from Jan. to Sept. 2018 were enrolled as out-patients. Thirty patients were recruited in the study and randomly assigned averagely to the combination group and control group. All received standard IPL treatment every month for a total of 3 sessions. Patients in combined group received microinjections of diluted BTX on cheeks after the first IPL. VISIA CR images were analyzed before, 1 month and 3 months after treatment. Dermatologists assessed the improvement of color spots, wrinkles, texture, pore, and erythema improvement. The patient satisfaction survey was analyzed. Results The effective rate of the combined group was better than that of the intense pulsed light group one month after treatment (χ2=6.208, P=0.045), but there was no significant difference between the two groups three months after treatmen (χ2=1.077, P=0.584t). The patient satisfaction survey showed that there was no statistical difference between the two groups. Slight erythema and bruising were observed but disappeared at the end of the treatment (P>0.05). Conclusions The adjunctive use of MicroBTX can enhance treatment efficacy of IPL alone. It is a highly effective and safe treatment method for facial antiaging. Key words: Botulinum toxins, Type A; Injections; Micro injection; Intense pulsed light; Facial rejuvenation

Comparisons of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Eggs Obtained using Hens Reared in Deep Litter and Free-Range Systems

This study was designed to compare the physical and chemical qualities of eggs obtained using hens reared in free-range and deep-litter systems. A total of 300 Lohmann Brown hens (150 for each housing system) were used. In the free-range system, 4 m2 grazing area was allocated for each hen. The hens were taken into layer house at 16 weeks of age. Hen egg production reached up to 50%, produced eggs were randomly sampled once every 4 weeks until 52 weeks of age and physical characteristics of eggs from each housing system were measured. Results revealed that there was no significant difference in egg shell color, egg weight, breaking strength, shell thickness, shape index, specific gravity, yolk color, albumen index, haugh unit, meat and blood spots of eggs from two housing systems. However, there was a significant difference in yolk index. It was determined that housing systems effected the chemical content of the egg and the eggs obtained from free-range system were significantly richer in essential amino acids, vitamin D3 and biotin.

Petrocosmea qiruniae (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Guizhou, China with supplementary data and revised description of P. leiandra

Petrocosmea qiruniae M.Q.Han, Li Bing Zhang & Yan Liu (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated. It is most similar to P. leiandra (W.T.Wang) Z.J.Qiu in leaf blade shape and corolla type, especially in the colour of corolla throat and spots, indumentum of the stamens and the anther and ovary morphology. It was found on humid cliffs in an enormous limestone cave called the Qingxu Cave. In addition, Petrocosmea leiandra, based on P. martini H.Lev. var. leiandra W.T.Wang, originally published with very few descriptive data, is supplemented with more morphological data and a revised description.

Strip‐based nano‐silver biocomposite construct for rapid screening of aqueous mercury

A simple, rapid and a cost-effective colorimetric method for detection of Hg2+ in an aqueous system using silver nanoparticle (AgNP) has been developed in the present study. AgNPs were synthesised using gum kondagogu (GK), a natural biopolymer that acts as both reducing and stabilising agent. The stability of GK-AgNPs composites was determined by zeta potential and was observed to be −30.43 mV. The yellow colour spot on the nitrocellulose membrane turned colourless at Hg2+ concentration of 20 ppm in aqueous solution, which can be observed visually. By using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, it was observed that as the concentration of Hg2+ increases the Ag concentration decreased. Further, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to confirm the morphological changes on membrane before and after treating with Hg2 +. The interference of other metal ions was also studied to validate Hg2+ specificity. This method was successfully employed to screen Hg2+ in industrial effluents. In summary, this study entails the development of a nitrocellulose membrane based mercury sensor that has practical applicability for on-site screening of Hg2+ contamination in the aqueous system.

Interspecific hybridization between Iris dichotoma and Iris domestica

Interspecific hybridization is an important way to acquire new traits in the breeding of Iris. Iris dichotoma and Iris domestica are closely related species but have divergent trait values for ornamental traits, such as floral color, flower opening and closing time controlled by circadian clock. Besides, hybrids between the two species are highly fertile. Consequently, interspecific hybridization between I. dichotoma and I. domestica makes great contribution to investigating the genetic rules of important ornamental traits, and favors the breeding of new cultivars. There is no progamous barrier between I. dichotoma and I. domestica. I. dichotoma plays larger roles in floral color and color of floral spots of hybrids than I. domestica, and floral color and color of floral spots are controlled by different genes. Flower opening and closing times within a day of hybrids between I. dichotoma and I. domestica are controlled by different polygenes, opening in the early morning is partial dominant to opening in the afternoon and flower closure at dusk is dominant to closure in the evening. Different flowering time within a day plays an important role in the premating reproductive isolation between I. dichotoma and I. domestica.

A Rapid Method for Measurement of Nickel and Chromium at Trace Level in Aqueous Samples

A rapid, simple and portable technique to measure Ni(II) and Cr(VI) at trace level in aqueous samples has been proposed. Colored spots were developed by interacting micro-liter drops of metal solutions with suitable reagents on TLC plates. Soon after, TLC having spots was scanned to import the image into the computer. Color densities of spots were calculated with the help of homemade software. Simple regression was practiced on calibration between standards’ concentrations and their color densities. For both metals, correlation coefficients were approaching to one, which pointed out a good correlation between color densities and corresponding analyte concentrations. Real samples from electroplating unit were analyzed with the present and conventional spectrophotometric method (employed as reference), and the results were compared to evaluate the pertinence of the proposed technique in the real analysis.

Diversity in Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. isolates and characterization of host response in different oilseed Brassica species

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., a necrotrophic fungus devastating oilseed Brassica crops in India, causes up to 47% reduction in seed yield. So the study is conducting to develop the knowledge about the variability of A. brassicae in terms of cultural, morphological, pathogenic characters and their effects on different Brassica species of rapeseed mustard, for minimizing the losses caused by A. brassicae and help to stabilize the rapeseed mustard production. In variability study, all the isolates showed cultural, morphological variability. Average conidial length was maximum in isolate Ab2 (21.7μ) followed by Ab4 (20.7μ) and minimum in Ab8 (15.6μ). Septation in conidia, both horizontal and vertical also showed variation in different isolates. Finally it was revealed that smallest size of conidia in isolates Ab8 and longest size of conidia in isolates Ab4 were observed. On solid medium, maximum sporulation was observed in Ab7 followed while minimum sporulation recorded in Ab8. On liquid medium, maximum sporulation was observed in Ab7 while minimum sporulation recorded in Ab8. All the isolates showed the variability in qualitative characters i.e. spot colour, presence or absence of central point, concentric rings and yellow halo and as well as in quantitative characters i.e. incubation period and Percent Disease Index.