Color Spots Research Articles

Selective chromatid segregation mechanism for Bruchus wings piebald color

The mechanisms of asymmetric organ development have been under intensive investigation for years, yet the proposed mechanisms remain controversial (1-3). The female Bruchus quadrimaculatus beetle insect develops two black-colored spots bilaterally located on each upper elytra wing by an unknown mechanism. Fifty percent of the P (for piebald, two colors) gene homozygous mutant insects, described in 1925, had a normal left elytrum (with two black spots) and an abnormal right elytrum (with two red spots) and the balance supported the converse lateralized pigment arrangement (4). Rather than supporting the conventional morphogen model for the wings pigmentation development, their biological origin is explained here with the somatic strand-specific epigenetic imprinting and selective sister chromatid segregation (SSIS) mechanism (5). We propose that the P gene product performs the selective sister chromatid segregation function to produce symmetric cell division of a specific cell during embryogenesis to result in the bilateral symmetric development of elytra black color spots and that the altered chromatid segregation pattern of the mutant causes asymmetric cell division to confer the piebald phenotype.

Selective chromatid segregation mechanism for Bruchus wings piebald color.

The mechanisms of asymmetric organ development have been under intensive investigation for years, yet the proposed mechanisms remain controversial (1-3). The female Bruchus quadrimaculatus beetle insect develops two black-colored spots bilaterally located on each upper elytra wing by an unknown mechanism. Fifty percent of the P (for piebald, two colors) gene homozygous mutant insects, described in 1925, had a normal left elytrum (with two black spots) and an abnormal right elytrum (with two red spots) and the balance supported the converse lateralized pigment arrangement (4). Rather than supporting the conventional morphogen model for the wings pigmentation development, their biological origin is explained here with the somatic strand-specific epigenetic imprinting and selective sister chromatid segregation (SSIS) mechanism (5). We propose that the P gene product performs the selective sister chromatid segregation function to produce symmetric cell division of a specific cell during embryogenesis to result in the bilateral symmetric development of elytra black color spots and that the altered chromatid segregation pattern of the mutant causes asymmetric cell division to confer the piebald phenotype.

Investigation to find out the Root Cause for Presence of Broken Tablet in the Marketed Blister Pack

The main objective of this study was to find out the root cause for broken tablet and black spots on tablets in primary pack of the marketed product containing Diclofenac sodium 50 mg and Paracetamol500 mg. In this study, we took tablets of same batch in which broken tablet (Batch A) was found and another batch (Batch B) from the same company was procured (for investigation) and they were evaluated for parameters like appearance, weight variation, hardness and friability. The results of (Batch A) and (Batch B) showed that weight variation, Friability was within limit according to Indian pharmacopeia, Hardness of both batcheswas found to be 9 kg.Based on the investigation, it was concluded that there was no formulation defect in the Batch-A tablets.Breakage of the tablet at the edge must be due to somephysical damage or some other reason. This wasconcluded from results of friability, weight variation andhardness tests. Appearance of black color spots on thetablet surface was not due to formulation problem. Itmay be due to instrumental problems like excessive useof oil- Based Lubricants etc. Finally to sum up, it isrecommended to carry out 100% tablet inspection beforeprimary packing activity which shall avoid defectivetablets getting packed into blister. Broken tablet found in the (Batch A) was due to some physical damage or any other reason during shipping and storage. Black colour spots found on the surface of the tablet may be due excessive usage of oil lubricants, more amount fines in the powder blend.

Dichromatism in the commensal shrimp Anchistus miersi (De Man, 1888)

We report the first observations of dichromatism found within a single population of commensal shrimps, Anchistus miersi, collected from a Tridacna clam (subfamily Tridacninae) in Singapore waters. The male shrimp possessed red spots, while the female had blue spots. Spot colours were further examined post-preservation, which revealed the presence of both blue and red pigments in the two specimens. These observations were then compared to existing information on colour patterns of A. miersi.

Characterisation of the n-colour printing process using the spot colour overprint model.

This paper is aimed at reproducing the solid spot colours using the n-colour separation. A simplified numerical method, called as the spot colour overprint (SCOP) model, was used for characterising the n-colour printing process. This model was originally developed for estimating the spot colour overprints. It was extended to be used as a generic forward characterisation model for the n-colour printing process. The inverse printer model based on the look-up table was implemented to obtain the colour separation for n-colour printing process. Finally the real-world spot colours were reproduced using 7-colour separation on lithographic offset printing process. The colours printed with 7 inks were compared against the original spot colours to evaluate the accuracy. The results show good accuracy with the mean CIEDE2000 value between the target colours and the printed colours of 2.06. The proposed method can be used successfully to reproduce the spot colours, which can potentially save significant time and cost in the printing and packaging industry.

Mongolian spot

Colorful skin spots on a pediatric patient can easily be mistaken as signs of child abuse. Professionals should therefore gain knowledge about Mongolian spots; also known as Mongolian blue spots. These are flat, congenital and benign birthmarks, commonly located in sacro-coccygeal or lumbar area of an infant. Child abuse is a major public health problem across the world. The most common manifestations of physical child abuse are cutaneous, and their recognition and differential diagnosis are of great importance. Mongolian spots may appear as signs of child abuse; however, Mongolian spots are harmless.

Screening of Local and Introduced Varieties of <i>Pogostemon heyneanus</i> Benth. (Lamiaceae), for Superior Quality Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters

<i>Pogostemon heyneanus </i>Benth. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic, perfumery important, industrial crop widely cultivated in many Asian countries for its distinguished fragrance and other therapeutic purposes. However, commercial cultivation of <i>P. heyneanus</i> was hampered due to lack of high quality planting materials. Purpose of the present study is to explore superior quality <i>P. heyneanus</i> variety by means of physical (morphological), chemical (physico-chemical, phytochemical, essential oil content and composition) and biological [total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] parameters in order to establish commercial cultivation<i>. </i>Morphological,<i> </i>physico-chemical and phytochemical analysis were performed according to the methods described in WHO guidelines and other classical texts. The TAC was performed using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. Essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Out of 26 morphological characters assessed, 5 characters were <i>i.e.</i> plant height, leaf margin, leaf apex, and leaf base and leaf shape polymorphic. All phytochemicals tested were identical to both varieties. However, presence of a prominent spots at Rf<i> </i>0.12 (dark brown spot), 0.20 (rose colour spot), 0.45 (dark green spot) were characteristic for local variety. Significantly higher total ash content (12.32 %), oil content (0.52%), higher number of compounds in essential oil, patchouli alcohol content (57.0 %) and antioxidant capacity (108.53 ± 2.5 mg Trolox equivalent per g of extract) were reported in introduced variety. According to the results, introduced variety possesses superior quality physical, chemical and biological properties and therefore, introduced variety could be recommended for establishment of commercial cultivation.

Effects of tourism image and experiential value on revisit intention in tourism industry

Food, clothing, housing, transport and amusement are the necessities of a modern life, in which amusement is even a key element for modern people. Tourism, as the dynamic activity of amusement, allows people to experience a colorful life and tourist spots to acquire economic benefits. For this reason, the effects of Tourism Image and Experiential Value on Revisit Intention in tourism industry are studied. Aiming at the visitors to Yushan National Park, a total of 500 copies of questionnaires were distributed. Having deducted invalid and incomplete ones, 327 valid copies were retrieved, with the retrieval rate of 65%. The research results show the significant correlations between 1. Tourism Image and Experiential Value, 2. Experiential Value and Revisit Intention, and 3. Tourism Image and Revisit Intention and 4. Moderating effects of Experiential Value on the correlations between Tourism Image and Revisit Intention.

Barley Diseases Discrimination Based on Neural Network

First disease spot color and texture features were extracted from barley field images in Gansu, and the feature vectors were used as input vector to establish barley diseases classifier model. Then the neural network was applied to rain classified model with collected images as training set. Finally, two groups of random selected images as test sets were used to perform classified verification experiments. The experimental results show that the overall accuracy of barley dis-eases recognition model is above 86.7%. Therefore, Barley disease image recognition based on neural net-work provides a new technology for the classified treatment of barley diseases.

박형 디스플레이를 위한 도광판의 광학설계

In this paper, in order to achieve slim and light liquid crystal display, we examine the optical conditions that can obtain uniform light with higher optical efficiency over whole light guide plate (LGP) through simulation. Furthermore, to overcome the issues of hot spot in front of red, green, and blue light emitting diodes (RGB LEDs) source and non-uniform color mixing, we propose four shaped color mixing bars tied up with the LGP and check the optical characteristics of the LGP with them by simulation. Consequently, we could know the optical conditions of improving optical efficiency and optical uniformity in the LGP through the optical design. Also we confirmed that the issues of the hot spot and non-uniform color mixing in edge type LED could be solved by using the <TEX>${\bigwedge}$</TEX>-shaped window color mixing bar.

A novel colorimetric sensor strip for the detection of glyphosate in water

This study presents the development of a novel first generation nanofiber based colorimetric sensor strip for the determination of glyphosate in water. The proposed method was validated with an optical color change of the poly (vinyl) alcohol (cd-PVA (copper doped poly (vinyl) alcohol)) nanofiber sensor strips from blue to yellow upon the injection of the dithiocarbamic acid sample. The sensor strip demonstrated advantageous characteristics including a low sample volume (30μl), a rapid response time (∼1–3s), good color spot stability (4h) and a low cross-reactivity to glyphosate structural analogs, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glycine. The cd-PVA sensor strips were characterized by a practical limit of detection of 0.1μg/ml and the sensor strip system was stable for up to 20 days at 23°C (dark conditions). Application of the sensor strip to an environmental water sample (no pre-treatment) indicated very good recovery of 100.9±8.7% at the mid-range (200μg/ml) concentration of glyphosate, however interfering effects were observed at a lower-range (60μg/ml) concentration with a recovery of 128.2±3.1% being observed. Interference studies confirmed the susceptibility of this system to compounds and ions commonly found in environmental waters; therefore pre-treatment of water samples would be required. This system shows great potential for on-site application for high-throughput screening for glyphosate in water.

Color Separation of an &lt;bold&gt;&lt;italic&gt;n&lt;/italic&gt;&lt;/bold&gt;-Color Printing Process Using Inverse Printer Models

Although the n-color printing process increases the color gamut, it creates a challenge in generating color separations. This article evaluates different methods of implementing the inverse printer model to obtain the color separation for n-color printing of discrete (spot) colors. The constrained optimization and lookup table based inversion methods were evaluated for n-color printing processes. The colorant space was divided into sectors of four inks and the inverse printer models were applied to each sector.The results were found to be adequate, with the mean CIEDE2000 values between the measured colors and the model predicted colors below 1.5 for most of the models. The lookup table based inversion was faster than the constrained optimization approach. The nine-level lookup table model gave accurate prediction without costing excessive processing time. It can be used to replace spot colored inks with the seven-color printing process in packaging printing to achieve significant cost savings.

Picnic by John Burningham (review)

Reviewed by: Picnic by John Burningham Jeannette Hulick Burningham, John Picnic; written and illus. by John Burningham. Candlewick, 2014 32p ISBN 978-0-7636-6945-4 $16.99 R 2-4 yrs Who knew having a picnic could be such a challenge? When Boy, Girl, Sheep, Pig, and Duck attempt an al fresco meal, they first encounter a bull and must hide out in the woods until the bull leaves. Then they chase down Sheep’s blown-away hat and search for Pig’s missing soccer ball and Duck’s lost scarf. Afterwards, the picnic proceeds, until it’s time to go home to Boy’s and Girl’s house for an impromptu sleepover. The simplicity of the short, streamlined text and the large, clear illustrations make it easy to successfully share this with little ones. Direct addresses to the reader increase the interactivity: when the kids and animals hide from the bull, for example, the text asks, “Can you find Boy, Girl, Pig, Sheep, and Duck?” Even toddlers will be able to respond with a confident “Yes!” because all the characters are mostly visible with only a small portion of each hidden behind the trees. The tale ends with the unseen narrator asking viewers to identify which character is in each bed, and then prompting, “Shall we see if we can find your bed?” Burning-ham’s trademark lively and unaffected painting style continues here, with squiggly outlines, spots of bright color, and slightly mottled backgrounds adding vigor to the clean, open compositions; the nattily attired pig is particularly winning. This isn’t at the classic level of Burningham’s Mr. Gumpy’s Outing (BCCB 1/72) and others, but it’s still cheerful and entertaining, and parents will appreciate the sly segue into bedtime. Share this at a picnic-themed story hour or use it to wind down after a summer day spent outdoors. Copyright © 2014 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The expression of pre- and postcopulatory sexually selected traits reflects levels of dietary stress in guppies.

Environmental and ecological conditions can shape the evolution of life history traits in many animals. Among such factors, food or nutrition availability can play an important evolutionary role in moderating an animal's life history traits, particularly sexually selected traits. Here, we test whether diet quantity and/or composition in the form of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (here termed ‘n3LC’) influence the expression of pre- and postcopulatory traits in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a livebearing poeciliid fish. We assigned males haphazardly to one of two experimental diets supplemented with n3LC, and each of these diet treatments was further divided into two diet ‘quantity’ treatments. Our experimental design therefore explored the main and interacting effects of two factors (n3LC content and diet quantity) on the expression of precopulatory (sexual behaviour and sexual ornamentation, including the size, number and spectral properties of colour spots) and postcopulatory (the velocity, viability, number and length of sperm) sexually selected traits. Our study revealed that diet quantity had significant effects on most of the pre- and postcopulatory traits, while n3LC manipulation had a significant effect on sperm traits and in particular on sperm viability. Our analyses also revealed interacting effects of diet quantity and n3LC levels on courtship displays, and the area of orange and iridescent colour spots in the males’ colour patterns. We also confirmed that our dietary manipulations of n3LC resulted in the differential uptake of n3LC in body and testes tissues in the different n3LC groups. This study reveals the effects of diet quantity and n3LC on behavioural, ornamental and ejaculate traits in P. reticulata and underscores the likely role that diet plays in maintaining the high variability in these condition-dependent sexual traits.

A New Species of Wolf Snake (Serpentes: Colubridae: Lycodon ) from Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, India

A new species of the wolf snake is described from Odisha, India. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to Lycodon jara , but differs by its well defined collar. The collar is white in hatchlings and white with yellow blotches on the dorsal side in juvenules and adults. The snout is projected beyond the lower jaw (vs. not beyond in L. jara ). The post-oculars are one or two (vs. 2 always in L. jara ). Twin spots are present on each scale of the body except the 6 – 7 rows of scales in the collar region (vs. each scale in L. jara ). The color of twin spots is white in hatchlings and yellow in adults in the new species. The yellow tinges on the head shields are much less as compared to L. jara in the adults of the new species.

English

The crop of tomato is very often infected by a disease that leaves spots of brown, gray or off-white colors on the plant's leafs in winter. Scientifically, this disease is known as cercospora leaf spot or cercospora cruciferarum. It's a kind of fungus that often kills young seedlings. The fungus spreads by air and can also infect tomato plants. Therefore, it is important to monitor the leaf at regular intervals so as to keep track on quality of growing tomato crop. In the presented paper, a novel machine vision system has been proposed that visual inspects the leafs coming out of the soil and based on spots on leaves, it determines the nature of fungus and its depth into the tomato steam. The size of the fungus, color depth and location and locus of the fungus on leaves give an accurate determination of crop quality under the soil. In the presented thesis work, the image of the crop leaves are taken by a good quality color camera and processed for getting a gray colored and segmented image depending upon the nature and size of the fungus. A criterion is set for acceptable and rejects crop quality based on the fungus level.

The genetics of brown coat color and white spotting in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens).

Domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) exhibit two major coat color variations: a brown vs. wild-type black pigmentation and a white spotting vs. wild-type solid color pattern. The genetic basis for these variations in color and distribution remains largely unknown and may be complicated by a breeding history involving hybridization between yaks and cattle. Here, we investigated 92 domestic yaks from China using a candidate gene approach. Sequence variations in MC1R, PMEL and TYRP1 were surveyed in brown yaks; TYRP1 was unassociated with the coloration and excluded. Recessive mutations from MC1R, or p.Gln34*, p.Met73Leu and possibly p.Arg142Pro, are reported in bovids for the first time and accounted for approximately 40% of the brown yaks in this study. The remaining 60% of brown individuals correlated with a cattle-derived deletion mutation from PMEL (p.Leu18del) in a dominant manner. Degrees of white spotting found in yaks vary from color sidedness and white face, to completely white. After examining the candidate gene KIT, we suggest that color-sided and all-white yaks are caused by the serial translations of KIT (Cs6 or Cs29 ) as reported for cattle. The white-faced phenotype in yaks is associated with the KIT haplotype S(wf) . All KIT mutations underlying the serial phenotypes of white spotting in yaks are identical to those in cattle, indicating that cattle are the likely source of white spotting in yaks. Our results reveal the complex genetic origins of domestic yak coat color as either native in yaks through evolution and domestication or as introduced from cattle through interspecific hybridization.

A sensitive, rapid and inexpensive method to assess aluminium(III) ions in technetium eluates

The aim of the study was to validate a semiquantitative analytical method to identify the aluminium(III) [Al(III)] concentration in 99Mo/99mTc generator eluates to check the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) requirement (<5 μg/ml). Three different solutions measuring 20 ml - 0.2% 1,10-phenanthroline, 0.05% chrome azurol S and 20% hexamethylenetetramine - were prepared. A cellulose filter paper was subsequently immersed in them, dried overnight at room temperature and cut into rectangles. A volume of 5 μl of first eluates of various 99Mo/99mTc generators was placed onto a reagent paper and the spot colour was compared with a standard aluminium solutions scale (0-100 μg/ml). A cyan/magenta/yellow/key (CMYK) model analysis was adapted to quantify the intensity of colour on the paper, and the presence of aluminium in the eluates was detected by a spectrophotometer. Small changes in standard solution pH (4.1-5.2) and chrome azurol S concentration did not affect the analysis. The cyan channel image analysis was proportional to the Al3+ solution concentration (y=25 019x+1489, R2=0.9554 within 2.5-8 μg/ml). The detection limit for aluminium by the visual test method is about 1 μg/ml, and fading is absent. The cyan channel image analysis method is independent of the observer and is applicable for the evaluation of the chemical purity of 99Mo/99mTc generator eluates. Our colorimetric 'spot test' is advantageous for the visual evaluation of Al pertechnetate concentrations as required by Ph. Eur. showing a sensitivity and a limit of detection superior to that of commercially available spot systems.

Number One Sam by Greg Pizzoli (review)

Reviewed by: Number One Sam by Greg Pizzoli Thaddeus Andracki Pizzoli, Greg. Number One Sam; written and illus. by Greg Pizzoli. Disney Hyperion, 2014. [34p] ISBN 978-1-4231-7111-9 $16.99 Reviewed from galleys R 4-6 yrs. Sam is definitely used to being number one: the pointy-nosed pup and his zippy red rodster win every race. One day, though, his friend Maggie the elephant beats him out in a flash finish, leaving Sam unsure of himself and nervous for the next race. He breaks ahead quickly but—oh no! Five bespectacled chicks are in the track! Sam stops to usher the interlopers to safety, and the other racers—including a cleverly placed cameo of the croc from Pizzoli’s breakout hit The Watermelon Seed (BCCB 6/13)—fly by, only to cheer his heroism when he reaches the finish line last. The lesson that there’s more to life than winning is perhaps more trite here than in Manceau’s recent The Race (BCCB 5/14), but it is effectively conveyed in spare and approachable prose and sweetens the peppy racecar plot for a pleasant readaloud. Pizzoli’s screen-printed illustrations in vivid spot colors of aqua, gold, and cherry create a groovy ’50s colorway—complemented with design details like starbursts and eye-popping background washes—will be equally enjoyed far away in a storytime audience or up close and personal. These retro elements combine with the animals’ fuzzy outlines and wide-eyed naïveté recall a slightly blockier P. D. Eastman, and the simple text recalls those easy readers as well. With its appeal to both racecar enthusiasts and fans of quiet heroism, this will zoom off shelves, so be sure to stock up. [End Page 589] Copyright © 2014 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The Quality Standards Study of Hedyotis Diffusa

The research provided the reliable quality control methods for Hedyotis diffusa Willd, including identification (thin-layer identification), inspection (moisture, ash and extraction) and content determination. In thin-layer identification, samples showed same color spot as standard Hedyotis diffusa in same location; The moisture, ash, acid-insoluble ash and extraction of herb were respectively 5.9%~8.2%, 7.4%~13.4%, 1.2%~6.4% and 5.6%~11.7%. So we suggested that the moisture should lower than 13.0%, the ash should lower than 15.0% and the acid-insoluble ash should lower than 9.0% and the extraction should more than 5.0%. The content determination of p-coumaric acid ranges from 0.08 to 0.17 (%, g/g) and the suggested p-coumaric acid on the dried should not less than 0.06%. The suggestion could provide the reference to establish the quality standard of Hedyotis diffusa Willd.