Sports Technique Research Articles

Současné vnímání sportu vysokoškolskou mládeží

We were looking for an answer for a question “How do students of a technical university perceive sports” in a short survey. To answer this question we used Likert scale with 11 levels (-5 to +5). To evaluate pros and cons of recreational and professional sports more closely in terms of quality – method of analysing personal documents were used. Documents considered in this case were free answers and non-bounded opinions of students to this topic. CTU students perceive sports in a very positive manner. Average ranking of +3.15 on the scale. They expressed 1342 statements concerning recreational and professional sports. It’s 9.2 statements per student in average. There were 449 positive to 185 negative statements addressing recreational sports. Students clearly declared all of the main positive aspects of recreational sports. Independency, freedom and time flexibility, fun, relaxation and maintaining physical condition. They also outlined some major disadvantages as financial and time demands and injury probabilities. Students found 340 positive and 368 negative features of professional sports. Some of the positive features were described as development of moral qualities, highly maintained physical condition, the possibility of high financial incomes and social experience. They are also fully aware of the main drawbacks – health problems, one and only main life focus, problematic moral and social aspects.

Biomechanical analyses of the performance of Paralympians

A biomechanical analysis of sports performance provides an objective method of determining performance of a particular sporting technique. In particular, it aims to add to the understanding of the mechanisms influencing performance, characterization of athletes and provide insights into injury predisposition. While the performance in sport of able-bodied athletes is well recognized in the literature, less information and understanding are known on the complexity, constraints and demands placed on the body of an individual with a disability. This article provides a dialogue that outlines scientific issues of the performance analysis of multi-level athletes with a disability, including Paralympians. Four integrated themes are explored, the first of which focuses on how biomechanics can contribute to the understanding of sports performance in athletes with a disability and how it may be used as an evidence-based tool. This latter point questions the potential for a possible cultural shift led by the emergence of user-friendly instruments. The second theme briefly discusses the role of reliability of sports performance and addresses the debate of two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses. The third theme addresses key biomechanical parameters and provides guidance to clinicians and coaches on the approaches adopted using the biomechanical/sports performance analysis for an athlete with a disability starting out, to the emerging and elite Paralympian. For completeness of this discourse, the final theme is based on the controversial issues on the role of assisted devices, and the inclusion of Paralympians into able-bodied sport. All combined, this dialogue highlights the intricate relationship between biomechanics and training of individuals with a disability. Furthermore, it illustrates the complexity of modern training of athletes, which can only lead to a better appreciation of the performances to be delivered in the London 2012 Paralympic Games.

Substance use among elite adolescent athletes: Findings from the GOAL Study

Elite athletes often find themselves in a dilemma between maintaining optimal health to be successful and accepting health risks by pushing their physical limits. For elite adolescent athletes, this dilemma becomes a trilemma as they are also confronted with developmental challenges typical for adolescence. As many adolescents encounter different substances during this critical period of development, we analyzed prevalence of substance use to identify determinants related to these behaviors and to compare the prevalences with nonelite athletes. Our main data were drawn from the German Young Olympic Athletes' Lifestyle and Health Management Study (GOAL Study) including 1138 elite adolescent athletes (14-18 years). For comparisons, the data were combined with data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Beside uni- and bivariate analyses, we conducted (conditional) logistic regression analyses. Eighty-six percent had consumed alcohol at least once. Binge drinking was performed by 24% during the last month. Alcohol consumption was positively associated with age, education, technical sports, lower squads, and attending boarding schools. Binge drinking was higher in males, older adolescents, and in technical sports. Smoking (3%) and marijuana use (3%) were less prevalent. Compared with nonelite athletes, they showed less risky behavior except for binge drinking. As we could identify risk groups, prevention and health promotion programs could be developed for this specific target group.

A quick one‐tube nested PCR‐protocol for EPO transgene detection

The practice of doping threatens fair competition in sports. With the very recent reports on successful gene therapies for several diseases, the likelihood for abuse of gene transfer techniques in elite sports is rapidly increasing. It is therefore very important to develop valid detection techniques for transgenic DNA (tDNA) with ultimate sensitivity and specificity. To date, three slightly different procedures have been reported to reliably detect tDNA with sufficiently high sensitivity. Two utilize a real-time PCR-based approach and one uses a primer-internal, intron-spanning PCR approach (spiPCR). The specificity and sensitivity of these techniques, however, is still a matter of debate. Based on spiPCR, here we present a novel one-tube nested PCR approach that minimizes the chances for cross-contamination and shows increased sensitivity compared to non-nested PCR techniques. To further reduce the occurrence of false-positives based on cross-contamination, a multi-functional 19bp extended erythropoietin standard (EPO) was cloned which can be easily differentiated from transgenic EPO DNA (tEPO) and can be used as an internal or external positive control in PCR-based applications. We found that one-tube nested PCR is superior in terms of sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional PCR, and shows similar sensitivity compared to real-time based PCR assays. Although it did not reach sensitivity of spiPCR, the one-tube nested PCR technique described here is less laborious, less expensive and much faster than spiPCR. This technique might therefore be useful as a pre-screening tool for gene doping in the future.

The idea of physical education: a memetic perspective

Background: Despite dire predictions of its demise, physical education continues to survive across most countries of the world. Moreover, the form of its survival is remarkably similar across cultures. Why has physical education survived as a cultural practice and why is its form so similar given the marked differences that exist between many cultures? Purpose: This paper pursues this question through a consideration of physical education as a ‘meme’. A meme, a term first coined by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in his book The selfish gene, is the cultural equivalent of a gene and is claimed to be the unit of cultural transmission. Memes are selected in a process not unlike biological selection. Some memes thrive and others die off or become unused. If we consider physical education to be a meme, then what is it about physical education that has been so successful in reproducing itself? Although far from uncontroversial, the study of memes, called memetics, might have the potential to be rather more than merely polemic or playful for understanding the future survival of physical education. Research design: In particular this paper provides a memetic analysis of Kirk's claim that there has only been one major shift in the idea of the idea of physical education since its inception as a school subject; namely from physical education as gymnastics to physical education as sport techniques. Conclusions: This paper concludes by suggesting that the next shift in idea of the idea of physical education might be oriented around obesity prevention rather than sport.

The application of principal component analysis to quantify technique in sports

Analyzing an athlete's "technique," sport scientists often focus on preselected variables that quantify important aspects of movement. In contrast, coaches and practitioners typically describe movements in terms of basic postures and movement components using subjective and qualitative features. A challenge for sport scientists is finding an appropriate quantitative methodology that incorporates the holistic perspective of human observers. Using alpine ski racing as an example, this study explores principal component analysis (PCA) as a mathematical method to decompose a complex movement pattern into its main movement components. Ski racing movements were recorded by determining the three-dimensional coordinates of 26 points on each skier which were subsequently interpreted as a 78-dimensional posture vector at each time point. PCA was then used to determine the mean posture and principal movements (PMk ) carried out by the athletes. The first four PMk contained 95.5 ± 0.5% of the variance in the posture vectors which quantified changes in body inclination, vertical or fore-aft movement of the trunk, and distance between skis. In summary, calculating PMk offered a data-driven, quantitative, and objective method of analyzing human movement that is similar to how human observers such as coaches or ski instructors would describe the movement.

The Analysis on Sports Starting Technology Based on Biomechanical Analysis Method

At modern science and technology information-based society medium, at various athletics science in, according to living creature technical sport biomechanics technique at modern athletics technique in, for raise the athlete's performance at and sport technique, and excellent turn to exercise an equipments to develop an important function.Therefore, best sport analysis can provide the best sport carriage and sport technical ability, thus the training result of the exaltation athlete of science.The textual purpose is to run a technique according to the biomechanics research athletics, train the theory of providing science for the athlete's science basis, promote the development of athletics business thus.

The Roll of Sensations, Perceptions and Representations in Learning Dance Sport

The role of sensations, perceptions, representations, thought, memory and imagination is obvious in the capture stage, recording and processing of information divided into: sensory information stage, perception and representation of dance action to be executed; understanding the technical execution to be made; the memorizing of the necessary data for the right training habit. Their means of action is necessary in order to understand their role and specific action methodology, so as to learn the technique as correctly as possible. Learning dance sport technique is a complex neuro-motor process that deserves to be investigated in detail, to act accordingly. The analysis of the learning steps and its neuro-psychiatric involvement are fundamental skills into training for specific dance sport movement. In the present study this facet of formation, memorizing and logical technical movement imagination for standard and latin dances is being analyzed.

Professional golf coaches’ perceptions of the key technical parameters in the golf swing

Assessing a coach's technical knowledge of a sporting technique can reveal measureable biomechanical parameters associated with successful performance. This assessment can provide new insights into technique, enhance a coach's technical knowledge or assist in optimising performance. Despite numerous golf instructional books, no scientific study has assessed a golf coach's technical knowledge of the golf swing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the key technical parameters that professional golf coaches associate with a top level golf swing; with the intention of using the results to guide future golf biomechanics research and coaching technologies. Initially, sixteen professional golf coaches were individually observed coaching a highly skilled golfer after which they participated in a semi-structured interview regarding their technical analysis of the golf swing. QSR-NVivo analysis software was used to inductively analyse the data using the grounded theory approach. Line-by-line coding was followed by comparison of ‘meaning units’ to form a coding hierarchy with several key technical parameters identified. A successful golf swing was defined through three elements, with “body motion” affecting “club motion” and resulting “ball flight”. Several terms described these parameters including “consistent”, “powerful”, “accurate”, “simple” and “controlled” with the most prevalent being “repeatable”. “Body motion” was influenced by five intrinsically linked key technical parameters: “posture”, “body rotation”, “sequential movement”, “hand and arm action” and “club parameters” which were further sub categorised. To conclude, the key technical parameters have been identified which will be used to support future biomechanical research in this area and to be used to direct new technologies to aid golf coaching.

Clinical Biomechanics: Contributions to the Medical Treatment of Physical Abnormalities

Biomechanics is defined as the application of the laws of mechanics to the study or structure and function of movement. It is a relatively new subdiscipline to the domain of kinesiology. Biomechanics was initially closely associated with the study of sports technique. However, over the years, biomechanics has taken on a much more diverse field of study. In this paper, we will describe the contributions that biomechanics has made to the area of clinical biomechanics research in terms of clinical assessment and outcomes and the design of clinical apparatus. The first example examines a clinical assessment of a cerebral palsy child. The goals of such a clinical assessment are 1) to determine the primary problems with the locomotion capabilities of the individual, 2) to recommend treatment options, and 3) to evaluate treatment outcomes. In the second example, a procedure is described for designing braces for scoliosis patients. For this example, a three-dimensional digital twin is developed using a scanning technique. This example illustrates the research conducted on developing a technique to noninvasively and safely determine the torso deformities resulting from scoliosis. While these examples are but two of a wide variety of examples that could be used, they illustrate the contribution of biomechanics to the clinical world.

Biomechanical Criterions to Estimate Round-Off Tucked Performance Among Acrobats Aged 10-11

Biomechanical Criterions to Estimate Round-Off Tucked Performance Among Acrobats Aged 10-11 Introduction. The aim of the study was to carry out a biomechanical analysis of performing key elements of sports technique of the round-off tucked back somersault by acrobats aged 10-11. Material and methods. Thirty male acrobats participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). Training experiment (specially designed training program applied in the experimental group), experts' evaluation and film analysis were the methods used to evaluate effects of experiment. Results. The results of the experimental group were statistically significantly better than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion. Training program based on teaching and improving key elements of technique may be recommended as one of the effective ways of teaching and improving the technique of selected acrobatic exercises of a coordinationally complex movement structure.

Kinematics and Kinetics of Taekwon-do Side Kick

The aim of the paper is to present an analysis of the influence of selected kinematic factors on the side kick technique. This issue is especially important in the traditional version of taekwon-do, in which a single strike may reveal the winner. Six taekwon-do (International Taekwon-do Federation) athletes were asked to participate in this case study. Generally accepted criteria of sports technique biomechanical analysis were adhered to. The athletes executed a side kick three times (in Taekwon-do terminology referred to as yop chagi) in a way which they use the kick in board breaking. The obtained data were used to determine the mean velocity changes in the function of relative extension length of the kicking leg. The maximum knee and foot velocities in the Cartesian coordinate system were determined. The leg lifting time and the duration of kick execution as well as the maximum force which the standing foot exerted on the ground were also determined. On the basis of the obtained values, mean values and standard deviations were calculated. The correlation dependence (r=0.72) shows that greater knee velocity affects the velocity which the foot develops as well as the fact that the total time of kick execution depends on the velocity which the knee (r = −0.59) and the foot (r = − 0.86) develop in the leg lifting phase. The average maximum speed was obtained at the length of the leg equal to 82% of the maximum length of the fully extended leg. This length can be considered the optimum value for achieving the maximum dynamics of the kick.

Application of Subjectivity Education Theory in Sports Teaching in University

Subjectivity education means that the teacher creates democratic, harmonious and loose teaching scenes through guiding and enlightening the students’ internal activity demands, and purposefully organizes and specifies all kinds of teaching activities in a planned way to cultivate the students to be the subject who can recognize and practice autonomously, actively and creatively. The subjectivity education applied in teaching sports technique class to some extent can stimulate students’ initiative and activity and improve their academic performance. In teaching sports technique class, should teacher implement subjectivity teaching strategy, enlighten and cultivate students’ subject consciousness, establish democratic and harmonious teaching scenes and carry out the teaching thought of subjective participation, respect for differences, cooperative learning and successful experience. This essay studies on the disadvantages in conventional teaching to enrich and develop sports teaching theories and methods.

Video analysis of the mechanisms of shoulder dislocation in four elite rugby players

BackgroundShoulder injuries are common in rugby, with the most severe match injury being shoulder dislocation and instability. A limitation of epidemiological studies is that the injury information is based on player interviews after the injury or reports from the medical staff. The objective of this study is to describe the specific injury mechanisms for shoulder dislocation using video recordings in a consecutive series of 4 elite male rugby players who sustained an episode of shoulder dislocation during an official match. MethodsVideotapes were reviewed to identify the mechanism of the injury. The incidents, including the play leading up to each incident, were analysed. A shoulder dislocation mechanism score was developed to describe the injury mechanism and the events leading up to the injury. ResultsFor all the athletes, player-to-player contact was responsible for the shoulder dislocation. Three of the four injuries resulted from trauma with the elbow in an extended position forcing the shoulder to exceed the limits of the normal range of motion, causing anterior shoulder dislocation. One injury resulted from trauma with the elbow in a flexed position and the direction of the injuring force along the longitudinal axis of the humerus causing posterior shoulder dislocation. ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that thorough video analysis can provide detailed information about the mechanisms of shoulder dislocation in elite rugby players. Knowledge of the common mechanisms of injuries in these athletes may potentially lead to improved sports technique to attempt to reduce the occurrence of shoulder dislocations. Further studies with a larger number of patients are required to better clarify the exact mechanism of shoulder dislocation in rugby players, and how these results may be applied in training and matches to prevent shoulder dislocation in elite rugby players.

Motivation and Sports Games in the Physical Education Sports Lesson a Student from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”

Problem statement: At the behavioral manifestation of acts of physica l education class at university is motivation. Purpose: Modeling the characteristics of personality and motivation of medical student's development following the establi shment of an appropriate methodology to act in university physical education lessons by developing and implementing a strategic program included in organization, management and conduct training pr ocess-education, the means of action game- specific sports: Basketball, handball and volleybal l. Approach: Study method bibliographic information, teaching observation, investigation me thod and experimental method, statistical and mathematical method. In different situations create d by practicing sports games shows a different reactivity of the students. Motivation explains why a behavioral act may have a special significance for a student, while the other has a meaning very w eak, sometimes absent altogether. The mechanisms regulating behavior of students who practice sports games have motivation that makes important link meaning actions of regulatory system s. One can say that motivation as a key feature of competition, combining dynamic factor activity v arious elements that go to most intimate corners of the human being. The dimensions of motivation in clude: goal setting, pulse power, perseverance, hope of success, fear of failure, independence and status oriented. Results and Conclusions: Following testing of the AMI at endpoint for experi ment group compared with control group was found to increase motivation of following variables : competitive orientation (4.19), fearlessness (3.39), safety success (3.29) preference for diffic ulty (3.21), self-control and self-discipline (3.05 ). Fundamental components of the game sports (technique, tactics, individual and collective actions) are a complex structure means that it acts on motor ic behavior, psycho-motor and the task-oriented motivation towards achieving goals, motivation to e lement of time and self-determination of students. Recommendations: Experimenting new curricula to the educational proc ess of physical education students of medical, dental and pharmacy, adapting its content according to themes, can lead to the sample improvements in parameters teste d experimentally.

The Comparative Study on Characteristics of Antagonistic Event-Group Athletes’ Competitive Ability

This paper is based on the athlete’s competitive ability theory model, chosing seven antagonistic events to study. By mathematical dealing with every event’s competitive ability factors and comparing the weight number of each factor within and between sub event-groups to get the different or same characteristics in these events. The result is that the weight numbers in different events are different, which reflects the imbalance development of competitive ability. Specials’ competitive ability characteristics focus on the consistent weight numbers of condition ability, sport tactics and sport intellect and the difference of weight numbers of body shape, body function and sport technique.

Realizing Technical Synthesis and Digital Reproduction of the Swimming Movements Based on OpenGL Technology

Sports technique analysis refers to the technical diagnosis on the athletes’ movements in order to enhance the scientificalness and rationality of the actions of sport skills. In this paper, the methods of its application into swimming events with different purposes and in different environments are given. After the athletes’ abovewater and underwater kinematic parameters are obtained, first of all, the OpenGL technology is used to separate the athlete's movement technique from their sports environment and to digitally reproduce the technical movement synthesis, and then the key paddling route of the swimming athlete’s “paddling” motion technique is drawn.

Effects of Peer Mediated Instruction with Task Cards on Motor Skill Acquisition in Tennis

This study compared the motor skill effects of a peer teaching format by means of task cards with a teacher-centered format. Tennis performance of eighth grade students (n = 55) was measured before and after a four week intervention period in a regular physical education program. Results show that peer mediated learning with task cards accomplishes motor goals almost as well as a teacher-centered format in a technical sport like tennis. In addition, it is discussed that peer mediated learning settings with task cards could offer a powerful learning environment, emphasizing social as well as motor goals in physical education.

Kinematická analýza vybraného přeskoku „Cukahara“ ve sportovní gymnastice (případová studie)

This paper is concerned with kinematics analysis of sport technique of two young female gymnasts, members of Czech Republic junior team. Aim of the study was to compare kinematic variables that governed success of the “Tsukahara” picked vault performed by two young female gymnasts with early studies. Filming was conducted using a 2D digital camera Panasonic NV-MX500EG. Shutter speed was set to 1/500s. Position of camera was perpendicular to vaulting table. Data was digitized using the SIMI MOTION soft - ware. Cohen´s coeffi cient d was used to compare changes in mean of each analyzed variables. Results of study enable to determined errors in chosen kinematics variables and sport technique. Sport biomechanics could improve sport technique, training and minimize injuries.

Efficacy of a 3 month training program on the jump-landing technique in jump-landing sports. Design of a cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundWith the relatively high rate of injuries to the lower extremity due to jump-landing movement patterns and the accompanied high costs, there is need for determining potential preventive programs. A program on the intervention of jump-landing technique is possibly an important preventative measure since it appeared to reduce the incidence of lower extremity injuries. In real life situations, amateur sports lack the infrastructure and funds to have a sports physician or therapist permanently supervising such a program. Therefore the current prevention program is designed so that it could be implemented by coaches alone.ObjectiveThe objective of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effect of a coach supervised intervention program targeting jump-landing technique on the incidence of lower extremity injuries.MethodsOf the 110 Flemish teams of the elite division, 24 teams are included and equally randomized to two study groups. An equal selection of female and male teams with allocation to intervention and control group is obtained. The program is a modification of other prevention programs previously proven to be effective. All exercises in the current program are adjusted so that a more progressive development in the exercise is presented. Both the control and intervention group continue with their normal training routine, while the intervention group carries out the program on jump-landing technique. The full intervention program has a duration of three months and is performed 2 times a week during warm-up (5-10 min). Injuries are registered during the entire season.DiscussionThe results of this study can give valuable information on the effect of a coach supervised intervention program on jump-landing technique and injury occurrence. Results will become available in 2011.Trial registrationTrial registration number: NTR2560