Sport Questionnaire Research Articles

Data mining for psychological profiling of track and field athletes and runners

Psychological factors in sports have been widely studied in scientific literature. However, only a few studies have used data mining techniques for athletic profile analysis. The main goal of this study was to analyze motivation, self-confidence, flow, and psychological skills in athletics to build differentiated profiles through clustering techniques. The sample size was 470 participants (ages 14–70 years old; M = 32.1; SD = 13.5). The Sports Motivation Scale (SMS), Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), Self-confidence in Sport Questionnaire (CACD), Flow Dispositional Scale-2 (FDS-2), and Psychological Inventory of Sport Performance (IPED) were used to analyze the psychological profile of the sample. A data clustering analysis was carried out to check the study’s purpose. Results show different behavior patterns according to specific profiles. Similarly, there have been differences between men and women, online and face-to-face participants, federated athletes and runners, categories, or sports disciplines. In conclusion, the understanding of each athlete’s psychological profile is essential to improve his/her performance. The results of this study could be used to implement changes and adjustments in athlete psychological training to run several intervention programs that focus on each group’s needs.

Sports behaviour and adherence to sports and exercise recommendations in patients with myocarditis

AimIn the clinical setting of acute myocarditis, existing guidelines recommend refraining from moderate-intensity to high-intensity sports for 3–6 months, yet the extent to which these recommendations are implemented by clinicians...

Development and Validation of the Well-Being in Sport Questionnaire and Sport Well-Being Enhancement Profile: Two Instruments to Measure and Promote Sport-Specific Well-Being.

Athletes' overall well-being (WB) often intertwines with their sport WB and vice versa. While holistic WB measures have been explored in nonsport contexts, researchers aim to understand competitive athletes' WB using psychometrically rigorous assessments. Consequently, two interrelated studies were conducted to develop and validate companion instruments: (a)the Well-Being in Sport Questionnaire to gauge outcome-related sport WB and (b)the Sport Well-Being Enhancement Profile to identify strategies for enhancing sport WB. Following contemporary instrument development recommendations, including item development, content, and factor validity, the instruments underwent exploratory factor analysis, exploratory structural covariance modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, and measurement invariance. By utilizing the Well-Being in Sport Questionnaire and Sport Well-Being Enhancement Profile, coaches, athletes, and practitioners can comprehensively understand athletes' WB, facilitating strategies for daily enhancement alongside peak sport performance.

Analyzing Parental Involvement in Youth Basketball.

Parental involvement in youth sports is increasingly relevant in scientific research since parents have gradually developed awareness regarding youngsters' sports experiences. This study aimed to (1) examine potential differences in athletes' and parents' perceptions of parental involvement practices in youth basketball, (2) verify whether these perceptions differ by sex, and (3) analyze the relationship between the different perceptions dimensions recorded. The analysis included a large sample of 423 Portuguese participants (151 youth basketball athletes and 272 parents) who completed the Parental Behaviors in Sports (PBSP) questionnaire. The PBSP comprises a version for parents and a version for athletes, composed of five dimensions: (1) sports support, (2) competition attendance, (3) technical influence, (4) performance pressure, and (5) sports expectations. No significant statistical differences regarding PBSP dimensions were observed between boys and girls in the athletes' group. However, in the parents' group, fathers scored significantly lower than mothers in sports expectations (p = 0.001). Differences between athletes' and parents' perceptions were evident in competition attendance (p = 0.023), technical influence (p ≤ 0.001), and sports expectations (p = 0.023). When analyzing the dyads of boys-fathers and girls-mothers, significant differences were found for technical influence (p = 0.035), performance pressure (p = 0.020), and sports expectations (p < 0.001) between boys and fathers. Among girls and mothers, differences were perceived exclusively for technical influence (p = 0.005). Finally, technical influence correlated significantly with performance pressure (r = 0.351, p < 0.001) and sports expectations (r = 0.367, p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate the crucial importance for sports researchers and practitioners to consider differences in perceptions based on sex and role (athlete or parent) when designing and implementing parental educational programs.

Excessive health behaviors in sports: links of orthorexia nervosa and exercise addiction with well-being, exercise activity in sports categories, and gender effects.

Orthorexia nervosa (OrNe), the obsessive fixation on healthy eating, and exercise addiction (ExAdd) have been discussed as correlated excessive health behaviors with potential mental health implications. The role of gender-and sports-specific differences remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the links of ExAdd, OrNe, and the non-pathological interest in healthy eating (healthy orthorexia; HeOr) with well-being and exercise activity in various sports, considering gender effects. Data from two cross-sectional online surveys were combined (N = 1,064, 73.5% women, age = 28.23 ± 11.09), measuring ExAdd (Exercise Addiction Inventory Revised), OrNe and HeOr (Teruel Orthorexia Scale), well-being (WHO-5 Well-Being Index), exercise activity and sports (Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport Questionnaire). Well-being correlated with OrNe among women (r = -0.291) and not meaningfully with ExAdd and HeOr among men. Gender differences were not significant, except for the higher correlation of ExAdd with exercise activity in resistance and fitness sports among men. Regression analyses revealed that exercise activity, especially in health, resistance and fitness sports, was linked to HeOr, but not to OrNe. ExAdd was associated with exercise activity in endurance, resistance and fitness, ball and team, antigravitation, technical, aesthetic sports, and martial arts. Men's well-being may slightly benefit from ExAdd and an interest in healthy eating, while obsessive healthy eating may reduce women's well-being. Although exercise activity is associated with ExAdd in a wide variety of sports, it does not explain the link between ExAdd and OrNe. Preventive measures should consider gender-specific risks in excessive health behaviors.

A087: A Study of Parents' Attitudes Toward Their Children's Participation in Extracurricular Sports Activities

Background/Purpose: Parental attitudes help to stimulate children's interest in sports and shape a positive and healthy attitude toward life. Based on the three dimensions of cognitive appraisal, affective experience, and behavioral intention of attitude theory, this paper conducted a multidimensional analysis of parental attitudes and analyzed the influence of different demographic characteristics on them. Method: This study used Wang Yang to prepare the Parents' Attitude Toward Sports Questionnaire. A total of 328 questionnaires were distributed and 312 questionnaires were collected. Demographic variables such as parents' different occupations, past sports experience, and education level were analyzed, and the data were processed with SPSS 26.0 to calculate the correlation between each dimension and parents' demographic characteristics. Results: There were significant differences in the attitudes of parents with different occupations and different sports experiences toward their children's sports participation (P &lt; 0.05); in terms of cognitive appraisal and affective experience, there were significant differences in parents with different education levels toward their children's sports participation (P = 0.003, P = 0.013); and in terms of affective experience and behavioral intention, there was a significant difference in the attitudes of parents toward their children's children sports participation by gender (P &lt; 0.05). Sports participation was significantly different (P &lt; 0.01); in terms of cognitive evaluation, parents' evaluation of their children's sports participation in different grades was significantly different (P = 0.01); in terms of behavioral intention, parents' intention for their children's participation was significantly different by monthly income (P = 0.02); and whether or not they were an only child did not make a difference in parental attitudes. Conclusion/Discussion: Physicians and parents with sports experience were more agreeable to their children's participation in sports. Parents with higher education levels were more supportive of their children's participation in sports activities. Pressure to go to higher education affected the level of parental support. Parents were more supportive of boys' participation in sports. This indicates that parents' occupation, past sports experience, and education level influence parents' attitudes toward their children's sports participation. This study and previous studies demonstrated the important role of parental attitudes in their children's participation in extracurricular sports activities. Due to the limitations of the sample size of this paper, there are still shortcomings, and follow-up studies should expand the sample size and continue to analyze the influencing factors of parental attitudes.

Eating Disorders in Taekwondo Athletes: The Contribution of Coach Behavior, Body Satisfaction, and Goal Orientation.

Taekwondo is a weight-classified combat sport. Taekwondo athletes often resort to restrictive eating behaviors and weight reduction, especially just before competitions, which, in the long run, endanger their physical and mental health. This study aimed to determine the incidence of eating disorder (ED) symptoms regarding sex, age, and competitive level categories and examine the correlation and contribution of coach behavior, body satisfaction, and goal orientation to the development of ED symptoms in different subgroups. A total of 335 active Croatian taekwondo athletes, with a mean age of 14.7 years, among whom were 132 males and 203 females (range 10-26 yrs, SD = 3.06), completed the Croatian version of the Eating Attitude Test, Figure Rating Scale, Croatian Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, Negative Coach Behavior Questionnaire, and a questionnaire related to taekwondo practice. The results showed that ED symptoms were more present in female than male athletes (p < 0.001), while there was no statistically significant difference among the age and competitive level categories between elite and non-elite athletes. The risk of ED was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with taekwondo athletes' body dissatisfaction, coach pressure, and task goal orientation. In general, regression analyses showed that athletes' body image dissatisfaction (β = 0.310; p < 0.001), coach pressure on diet and weight (β = 0.156; p < 0.005), and athletes' task goal orientation (β = 0.120; p < 0.032) are statistically significant predictors that explain the variance in ED symptoms in Croatian taekwondo athletes. The culture of taekwondo sports represents a risk factor for ED development.

Motivation Profiles, Perceived Motivational Climate, Coping Perceptions and Anxiety Among Elite Young Ice Hockey Players

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sports motivation and several sports psychological variables (Perceived Motivational Climate, Coping Perceptions and Anxiety). The data were collected from Hungarian ice hockey players (n = 293) playing in the Hungarian hockey academy system, using the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) and the Athletic Coping Skill Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) of Smith et al. (1995) and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) of Martens et al. (1990). The analysis revealed four significantly different individual sports motivation profiles, and these differed significantly in terms of athletes’ anxiety, coping, and perceived motivational climate. In addition, the research highlighted the importance of diagnosing and addressing amotivation to improve overall sports performance, self-confidence, and coping skills when facing adversity. Limitations and further research directions are also considered.

Impact of goal orientation on moral competence development in youth

The study had two aims. The first was to investigate correlation between specific types of goal orientation as a predictor of prosocial and antisocial functioning and level of moral competences. The second, was to verify whether goal orientation has an impact on the development of moral competences of students participating in a pedagogical intervention based on non-linear pedagogy. Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire and Moral Competence Test were used to assess 468 secondary school students aged 15 in goal orientation and moral competences level. There was no correlation between the level of task and ego orientation and the level of moral competence. Under the influence of pedagogical experiment students with high level of task orientation achieved a statistically significantly higher change in the level of moral competences (η2 = 0.04). Study suggests that high level of task orientation is more susceptible to the development of moral competencies. Also, employing a non-linear pedagogy model in physical education, provides a conducive environment for the development of moral competences and should be implemented in the training of future physical education teachers.

Return to sports activities following posterior scoliosis correction and instrumented fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and its correlation to Lenke classification

Introduction: There is a paucity of information or guidelines regarding return to sports activities after posterior scoliosis surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Research Question: Review the rate of return to sports and correlation to Lenke type following surgery for AIS in a tertiary center for pediatric spinal deformity. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients were identified to have undergone surgery for AIS from 2016 to 2017 and were sent a return to sport questionnaire. Sixty-six responses were received and analyzed. For comparison, Lenke classification was divided into Subgroup 1 (Lenke type 1 and 2), Subgroup 2 (Lenke type 3 and 4), and Subgroup 3 (Lenke type 5 and 6). Results: The average age at the time of surgery was 14.81 (11–18) years. There were Lenke 1 (31), Lenke 2 (7), Lenke 3 (12), Lenke 4 (8), Lenke 5 (7), and Lenke 6 (1). The average number of levels fused was 10.27 (7–16). 89.3% of patients returned to school between 1 and 3 months. 19.6% of patients returned to physical education (PE) within 7–12 months, while 31.8% returned to running within 4–6 months. 7.5% of patients did not do PE and 18.2% never ran after surgery. 63.6% of patients returned to contact sports after surgery, majority within 7–12 months. 91% of patients felt that they were able to achieve their preoperative performance level. Comparing the subgroups, 92% of Subgroup 1 returned to school within 2 months, while majority of them returned to PE and running within 6 months. 60% of them returned to the same level of contact/noncontact sports level prior to surgery and 40% within 6 months. Patients in Subgroup 2 and 3 returned later to school. Patients in Subgroup 2 and 3 returned later to school, PE and running with less patients returning to contact/noncontact sports. Conclusion: This study was able to identify Lenke classification as an important predictor of patients returning to school, PE, and running earlier along with return to preoperative levels of contact/noncontact sports.

The reROOT Coaching Program: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Its Impact on Coaching Style and Athlete Sports Development

The reROOT program teaches coaches 40 behaviors belonging to a need-supportive coaching style (including structure, involvement, and autonomy support), as defined by self-determination theory. This pilot randomized controlled trial, conducted during the COVID-19-related lockdown, evaluated the impact of this 18-hr program on coaching style (e.g., Problems in Sports Questionnaire) and on athlete motivation (Motivation Underlying Achievement Goals Questionnaire), performance (tactical, technical, physical, and psychological skills), and well-being (Satisfaction with Life Scale; Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). Twenty-three sports teams from two universities were randomized in the experimental or the wait-list control condition. Coaches in the experimental condition evaluated autonomy-supportive coaching styles more favorably than those in the control condition at the 1-year follow-up, but not 2 months after the end of the program. Athletes whose coaches participated in the program did not rate them as having a higher need-supportive coaching style, but experienced greater autonomous motivation and (potentially) performance, and under certain circumstances greater well-being and less controlled motivation 2 months after the end of the program compared with the wait-list condition. These findings suggest that the reROOT program could potentially improve readiness to rely on more autonomy-supportive skills and promote some aspects of sports development in athletes.

Social support and achievement motivation: Can they alleviate burnout in swimming athletes?

Background and Study Aim. In the world of sport, boredom is detrimental because it can affect performance and decrease achievement. Coaches and athletes should pay attention to boredom as an early potential warning signal to potentially become more severe. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of social support and achievement motivation in alleviating burnout in swimming athletes. Materials and Methods. This quantitative research employs an ex post facto approach. The participants in this study were members of the Sleman Regency swimming club in Yogyakarta, totaling 73 athletes (43 males, 30 females). The social support instrument used was The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire (PASSQ), the motivation instrument used was The Sports Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ), and the burnout instrument used was the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). The analysis was performed using regression techniques in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 software. Results. The results showed that social support (t = ‑2.773, p = 0.007) and achievement motivation (t = ‑2.777, p = 0.007) had a negative and significant effect on burnout in swimming athletes. Conclusions. It can be concluded that social support and achievement motivation can alleviate burnout in swimming athletes, with an influence of 31.20%.

The Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire: Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version

Social support research in sports has attracted considerable attention in recent years. There are limited sport-specific support perception measurements to measure Turkish athletes' support perceptions. The present study was conducted to adapt the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire developed by Freeman et al. (2011) into Turkish and examine the measurement's psychometric properties. A total of 300 athletes aged between 18-22 years were included in the study. The factor structure of the measurement was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The obtained data revealed significant factor loadings and produced acceptable fit indices. Both internal consistency and composite reliability values were found to be high, thus supporting the validity and reliability of the measurement. The results show that the measurement retains its original structure consisting of 4 dimensions (esteem support, emotional support, information support, and tangible support) and 16 items, each containing four items. Accordingly, it was concluded that the Perceived Accessible Support in Sport Questionnaire is a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish athletes.

Untangling the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction: a cross-sectional study on aesthetic and non-aesthetic female and male athletes aged 10 to 22 years

ObjectivesTo explore the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction among young athletes in one aesthetic sport (gymnastics) and one non-aesthetic sport (basketball)....

Validation of the Coach Behavior in Sports Questionnaire: Towards dynamic assessments using the circumplex model for coach behavior

The development of the circumplex model for coach behavior recently provided researchers an integrative model to assess coach behavior. While the circumplex model has currently only been deployed in cross-sectional research designs using the Situations in Sports questionnaire (SISQ), it has clear potential within research on dynamics of coach behavior. However, the SISQ consists of vignette-based situations and is too extensive for such frequent administrations. Within the present study we therefore developed the Coach Behavior in Sports Questionnaire (CBSQ), a 32-item alternative for the SISQ which consists of general items rather than vignette-based situations. First, content validity of 54 initial pilot CBSQ items was tested in a sample of 34 expert coaches. Second, construct validity, predictive validity, and reliability of the 32-item CBSQ was tested in a sample of 689 athletes and 420 coaches. Third, within-person variability of coach behavior was longitudinally assessed using the 32-item CBSQ during a five-week training and game period in a sample of 31 coach-athlete dyads. The 32-item CBSQ showed to be a valid and reliable alternative for the SISQ. Also, coach behavior showed considerable within-person variability over the five-week period in all coaching styles and approaches. Additionally, a 24, 16, and 12-item version were tested to provide even shorter alternatives. The CBSQ opens new horizons for future longitudinal research and coach reflection programs based on the circumplex model for coach behavior.

La violence interpersonnelle à l’encontre des jeunes sportifs européens : prévalence et gravité de la situation en Suisse romande

IntroductionCurrent data on sport-related interpersonal violence do not always reflect the severity of the acts reported. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to provide an accurate picture of experiences of interpersonal violence (IV) among French-speaking Swiss athletes and to identify potential risk factors such as gender, type of sport and performance level. MethodIn total, 287 respondents who had participated in organized sport before the age of 18 completed a French version of the Interpersonal Violence in Sport questionnaire. ResultsResults revealed that 87.5% of respondents reported psychological violence (15% serious psychological violence such as being often criticized about one's appearance), 37.7% physical violence (26% serious violence such as being hit at least once) and 32.8% sexual violence (7% serious violence such as being kissed against one's will). Perpetrators of psychological and sexual violence were mainly teammates (65%). In addition, female athletes appeared to be more likely to experience psychological and sexual violence, while male athletes were more likely to experience physical violence. Finally, team sport seemed to increase the risk of psychological and physical violence. ConclusionWith a view to the strict regulation of Swiss sport and the protection of participants, discussions on sport-related violence and how to prevent it should be generalized so that all actors become aware of the extent of this problem.

Perceptions of parental involvement in youth handball players, the effects of sport participation stage and sports injury.

Globally, from the age of 14, the dropout rate of young athletes is high in all sports games in Hungary. The reasons for dropping out are complex, however parental support is critical to succeed or continue, especially after failure or injury. The present study explored the main effects of sports injury and sport participation stage on parental involvement in sports. 1,174 parents and 690 athletes completed our questionnaire, which contains questions on young players' sport participation, injury background and Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire. Parents' self-perceived level of involvement differed from the parental involvement perceived by their children. The significant predictors were the person who completed, the parent/athlete, the athlete's previous sports injury and the child's current stage of sport participation. In Directive Behavior, the main effect of stages is only seen in parents whose child has been injured. In the sample of injured athletes, the rate of perceived parental Praise and Understanding tends to be lower in the specializing stage. Our findings suggest that these two behaviors could be part of the same parenting style, which requires further investigation. The results expand the existing knowledge of the complexity of parents' involvement in children's sports careers. These findings have implications beyond parental psychoeducation impacting the work of coaches, sports physicians and rehabilitation experts.

Validity evidence of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire (PASS-Q) in young Brazilian athletes

Validity evidence of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire (PASS-Q) in young Brazilian athletes

Mental Preparedness of Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study on the Training of Thai National Team for the 19th Asian Games

This research aimed to study and establish the mental preparedness model of Thai athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic in preparation for the 19th Asian Games. This study employed a mixed methods approach, involving 409 participants (217 males and 192 females) selected through a lottery system, ensuring equitable representation across the 19 types of sports. Additionally, six participants were included for qualitative data gathering. The research designed a comprehensive questionnaire to collect data, which included the Sports Stress Management Skills in Thai Questionnaire, Questionnaire on Mental Readiness for Competition, 'Motivation to Participate in Sports Activities in Thai' Questionnaire, Self-Confidence Questionnaire, Mental Toughness Questionnaire in Thai, and the Mindfulness in Sports Questionnaire in Thai Version. Data was collected using a traditional questionnaire and an online questionnaire accessed via QR codes. Structural Equation Modeling was employed for data analysis. Qualitative data were gathered through interviews. The study's results revealed the development of a mental preparation model for Thai national team athletes during the COVID-19 outbreak. This model emphasizes the significance of mindfulness as a crucial factor directly influencing psychological readiness. Furthermore, mindfulness exerts an indirect influence through four intermediary variables: motivation, stress management skills, confidence, and mental toughness. Significantly, qualitative data highlighted adaptive mental resilience and mindfulness as key factors in fostering mental readiness among athletes, especially during challenging periods like the COVID-19 outbreak. These factors encompass effective stress management, balanced motivation, self-confidence, professional guidance, adaptive mindset, support systems, and long-term planning. This model integrates various elements of mental preparation, with mindfulness positioned as the central pillar.

Personality determinants of goal orientation in elite long-distance and mountain runners

Background and Study Aim. The achievement theory points to two motivational orientations that represent different views on an individual's perception of success. In sports, these aspects are closely associated with various individual characteristics and athletic achievements. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between personality traits and aspects of goal orientation among long-distance and mountain runners of both genders. Material and Methods. The study involved 9 women aged 26 to 34 and 13 men aged 26 to 38 who were members of the national long-distance and mountain running teams (medallists at the Polish and European Championships in their disciplines). Among the participants there were graduate students. The Polish adaptation of Costa and McCrae’s NEO Five-Factor Inventory questionnaire was used to examine the level of personality traits. The level of goal orientation dimensions was determined using the Polish adaptation of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 13 software. Results. In the studied group of male athletic competitors, three significant relationships were observed: a negative correlation between ego orientation and both neuroticism and openness to experience; a negative correlation between the overall level of goal orientation and neuroticism. These results are explained by the relationship that occurs between emotional balance and resilience to criticism and the desire to compare oneself to others and the tendency to demonstrate superior skills in front of others. Conclusions. The findings underscore the importance of considering individual characteristics in athletic competition. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of assessing personality traits and goal orientation dimensions among student and competitive long-distance and mountain runners of both genders. Additionally, the significance of these factors in predicting sporting achievement is highlighted, suggesting avenues for further research and practical application.