Korea Sports Research Articles

Study on the Trend of Sports Marketing Focusing on the Study of Watching Sports in Korea

Study on the Trend of Sports Marketing Focusing on the Study of Watching Sports in Korea

Examining User Recognition of a Sport-Centered OTT Service Using Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis Focusing on the SPOTV Now App

PURPOSE Recently, the need to improve service quality to provide an ideal viewing experience for sport OTT service users has increased. This study aimed to analyze user reviews of the SPOTV Now app, an OTT service specializing in sports in South Korea, to identify major perceptions of viewers and suggest measures for improvement.METHODS Review data (8,512) recorded on the SPOTV Now app were collected from November 21, 2017 to November 30, 2023. LDA-based topic modeling analysis was conducted along with a series of data preprocessing processes. Sentiment analysis was carried out through machine learning logistic regression analysis and odds ratio scores were calculated.RESULTS A total of five topics were derived, including ‘member management service', 'service stability', 'sport streaming service', 'sport video service', and 'subscription service'. Sentiment analysis indicated that 'exclusive', 'server', 'payment', 'log-in', 'authentication', 'pay', 'subscription', 'advertisement', 'play', and 'loading' were the top ten keywords.CONCLUSIONS Sport OTT operators should be more responsive to user requests and feedback, and video playback and server error problems should be improved for service stability. It is necessary to secure diversity as well as exclusivity of content, in addition to minimizing advertising or preparing various rate types, so that app users feel that they receive high value for their money.

Promotion and Framework Act on Sport in South Korea and Japan : A Comparative Study

PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the enactment and background of Korean and Japanese sports laws, comparatively analyze the major sports-related laws of both countries, namely Korean National Sports Promotion Act, Japanese Sport Promotion Act, and the Framework Act on Sport of both countries, and derive implications for the Korean Framework Act on Sport, sports-related laws, and sports policy.METHODS Research related to sports law were collected through academic databases and major search portals in both countries and analyzed.RESULTS First, as reviewed in previous studies, the Korean National Sports Promotion Act at the time of its enactment imitated the Japanese Sport Promotion Act in almost all articles. Second, Japanese Basic Act on sport, which was a complete revision of Japanese Sport Promotion Act, further expanded the concept of “sports,” and specified nonexistent “sports rights,” “sport nation,” and “sport as a universally shared human culture,” was evaluated as having quasi-constitutional character. Third, the Framework Act on Sport of both countries specified similar sports policies and concepts in many individual articles. The Korea’s Framework Act on Sport independently included articles for superordinate law, spread of sports values into environmental and political fields, inter-Korean exchange and cooperation in sports, sports donation culture, and so on . Japan’s Basic Act on Sport independently specified preamble, sports integrity-related articles, articles for prompt and appropriate resolution of sports disputes, and for promoting anti-doping activities, and so on.CONCLUSIONS This study offers suggestions for clarifying the legal concepts of “sports” and “physical education,” resolving contradictions in the articles of the Korean Sports-related Act, establishing an independent sports policy implementation organization, establishing the legal system of the Korean Sports-related Act, and supporting the “life career” from the time of active athletes.

Mediation Effect of Skill Levels in Relationship Between Degree of Participation and Injury Experience on Leisure Sports Participants : Based on Ball Sports with the Highest Injury Rate

PURPOSE This study aimed to prove the mediator effect of skill level on participation frequency and injury level of leisure sports players with the highest injury rate.METHODS Raw data of the “2019 Sports Safety accident data” conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation were used for this study. We analyzed 857 leisure sports players participating in events with the top four highest injury rates (Basketball, Soccer, Baseball/Softball, Foot Volleyball). Frequency, descriptive statistics, and correlation analyses using SPSS version 27.0 and Process macro model 4 were employed for analysis.RESULTS The results regarding participation frequency, injury severity, and skill level among recreational athletes are as follows. First, a positive correlation was established between the participation frequency of recreational athletes and their skill levels. Second, the correlation between participation frequency and injury severity was observed only in soccer and basketball. Third, skill level plays a mediating role in the relationship between participation frequency and injury level. The results indicate that as the participation frequency among leisure sports players who participate in ball sports with a high injury rate increases, this affects the degree of injury.CONCLUSIONS Skill level appears to play a mediating role in the relationship between participation frequency and injury level. Based on the results, we recommend safety education not only on the relationship between participation frequency and injury level, but also the intermediary role of skill level.

Factors Influencing Injury Severity and Frequency among Korean Sports Participants in Their 20s and 30s.

This study aimed to explore the factors that affect the severity and number of sports injuries among Korean sports participants in their 20s and 30s. The data of 5118 lifestyle and professional athletes in their 20s and 30s were collected from a sports safety survey conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation in 2019. The characteristics of the study population were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Determinants of injury severity and frequency based on participants' sex were identified using multivariate logistic regression analyses. The results show that among male sports participants, the type of athlete, knowledge of first aids, the physical condition, completing safety education, the skill level, and checking environmental factors were associated with injury severity. Among female sports participants, the type of athlete, the physical condition, performing finishing exercises, completing safety education, and the skill level were associated with injury severity. Additionally, among male sports participants, physical condition, completing safety education, skill level, participating in exercises according to one's fitness level, and having an awareness of accident prevention methods were associated with injury frequency. Lastly, among female sports participants, drinking water during scheduled breaks, carrying water to stay hydrated, physical condition, completing safety education, and skill level were associated with injury frequency. Furthermore, being a lifestyle athlete, being in good physical condition, and having beginner or intermediate skills in one's sport reduced injury severity among Korean sports participants in their 20s and 30s. Being in good physical condition, not completing safety education, and having beginner skills in one's sport reduced the injury frequency among Korean sports participants in their 20s and 30s. These findings suggest that lifestyle and professional athletes should be aware of these factors and participate in sports activities in a manner that reduces injury severity and frequency. Moreover, these factors should be considered when developing strategies to prevent sport injuries in lifestyle and professional athletes and allow them to participate in sports activities safely.

Development of Reference Point of Doping Attitude and Dispositions for Anti-Doping Education Notification of Athletes: Application of Reference Group Model.

We developed a reference point by applying a doping attitude and propensity tool to prevent doping in sports athletes. Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was investigated on 768 registered athletes with the Korea Sports Association. Independent sample t-test and ANOVA were applied to confirm the doping attitude and propensity according to anti-doping education and event type. To establish the criteria for PEAS, the intersection was confirmed through the group comparison method, and EasyOZ by Excel was applied at this time. In addition, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated to confirm the validity of the reference point. First, in the case of anti-doping education, it was confirmed that more than 90% of the anti-doping education was completed in all sports. Second, there was no statistically significant difference in PEAS according to the type of sport, and there was only a difference in the PEAS according to whether or not anti-doping education was provided and whether or not there was anti-doping education. Third, the point of contact established in the group comparison method was 29.5 points, and as a result of validating the validity based on this, 30 points were found to be the most suitable index. This study could be used as important information in that it suggests a different method for evaluating PEAS and establishes a reference point that can be used more effectively in the actual field.

A Qualitative Study on Psychological Skills Training Experiences of Rapid-fire Pistol Athletes

The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to help high school athletes who lacked psychological skills a) overcome psychological difficulties in practice and competition situations and b) reach peak performance, and (2) to understand the effects of psychological skills training on perceived performance of high school rapid-fire pistol athletes. By using a purposive sampling method, this study selected four male rapid-fire pistol athletes from the shooting team of H High School in the Republic of Korea, who were registered with the Korea Sports Federation in 2021. A psychological skills training program was applied for 10 weeks to the treatment group, and this study integrated and analyzed data collected through individual in-depth interviews and participatory observation to test the effectiveness of the program. It was confirmed that the subjects learned how to overcome psychological and physical tension and anxiety by actively applying the acquired psychological skills on the field and improved their confidence in specific skills by using the 10- week psychological skills training, in-depth interviews, and participatory observation. It was also found that the level of personally expected performance increased. These results showed that the psychological skills training program had a partial and positive impact on the perceived performance of high school rapid-fire pistol athletes. It is hoped that the results of this study will serve as a meaningful basis for the development and application of more scientific and systematic psychological skills training programs optimized for each individual while considering the psychological characteristics of athletes.

From Frozen Ponds to Organized Competitions: The Growth of Skating and Ice Hockey in Korea, 1886–1938

The encounter of American Protestant evangelicalism and Japanese imperialism formed in Korean society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries became a steppingstone for the acceptance of modern winter sports in Korea. In particular, skates introduced by American Protestant missionaries and the Young Men’s Christian Association formed an imaginary space to counter Japanese imperialism in Korea during Japanese colonial era. Ice hockey introduced along with skating is a representative product that evolved in this process. The history of the introduction of American ice hockey to Korea also had a dual imperial influence between the United States and Japan, and in another direction, there was a voluntary acceptance process by Koreans who recognized ice hockey as a modern product.

Differences in sports activity participation and sports safety awareness based on the severity of an injury experienced among Korean men

This study aimed to identify differences in sports participation and sports safety awareness based on the severity of an injury experienced among Korean men. To achieve this, the data of 1484 men were extracted from the 2019 Sports Safety Accident Survey conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation. We used data on the characteristics of the study population, variables related to sports participation (exercise frequency, duration, the use of dedicated sports facilities and the duration of injury treatment), and variables related to sports safety awareness (the awareness of sports safety rules, perceived importance of sports safety, completion of injury prevention training, and purchase of insurance with injury coverage). The collected data were analyzed using frequency analysis, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (post-hoc test). The results showed that no differences existed in exercise frequency and duration depending on the severity of the injury experienced (p > 0.05), but there were differences in the use of dedicated sports facilities (p = 0.010) and the duration of injury treatment (p < 0.001). The results also showed that there were differences in the awareness of sports safety rules (p = 0.004), perceived importance of sports safety (p < 0.001), completion of injury prevention training (p < 0.001), and purchase of insurance with injury coverage (p < 0.001). Overall, the results showed that the severity of the injury experienced affects sports safety awareness among men who have experienced injuries. There is a need to provide education on sports safety and implement programs on sports injuries and sports safety to increase awareness of sports safety, especially among men who have not experienced a sports injury.

Experience Tourism Satisfaction Factors of Leisure Sports in Korea

Experience Tourism Satisfaction Factors of Leisure Sports in Korea

학생으로서 학생선수 학습권에 관한 소고(小考)

Elite sports education in Korea has structural contradictions. In other words, the process of elite sports is that professional exercise instructors provide intensive and systematic education for talented players. However, it is judged that since life sports are not active except for some sports in Korea, in many cases, talents are often discovered by starting elite sports education first. Furthermore, such elite sports education is directly linked to the college admission process for sport-specialty students, which means that the decision to quit athletics in the middle is to give up going to college, so student-athletes have no choice but to continue training and participating in competitions, even if they are not athletically gifted.
 As a result of a complete enumeration survey by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, it was investigated that school classes were not being conducted properly in the case of student-athletes. Although remedial classes are supposed to make up for missing classes through the e-school system, in addition to an issue about the fidelity of learning when taking e-school, more importantly, e-school classes cannot replace character education and socialization education as a member of the community to be acquired in school life. Just the initial idea of introducing the e-school system for student-athletes meant that the Ministry of Education itself acknowledged the deficiencies of regular classes due to the activities of school athletic clubs, but it did not prepare an alternative to character education and socialization education.
 Character education and socialization education, such as the acquisition of universal knowledge for independent living of each citizen, as well as the virtues required as members of a social community, can be said to be essential elements for survival as a human being. That is why the Constitution stipulates the compulsory education system as a responsibility of the state.
 The recent measure by the Ministry of Education to expand the number of days acknowledged as attendance for student-athletes is an act of neglecting the state's obligations for 6 years of elementary education and 3 years of secondary education, which are stipulated in the Constitution. If school education with a public nature is disrupted by private education in the structure of school sports, it means that the state has rather taken advantage of school sports power despite its duty and responsibility to regulate appropriately for the normalization of school education. It would be reasonable for the government to face up to the structural problems of elite sports education and present solutions.

Communication and Team Cohesion Moderate the Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Athletic Performance

This study was grounded on a previous investigation of the mediating effect of teamwork on the relationship between transformational leadership and performance. The purpose of this study is to enhance theoretical knowledge of transformational leadership. This study enrolled 263 athletes registered with the Korea Sports and Olympic Committee. We assessed transformational leadership, communication, team cohesion, and athletic performance. To analyze the collected data, SPSS 24.0, PROCESS macro (V4.1), and Amos 24.0 were used. There was an interaction effect between transformational leadership and communication on athletic performance, mediated by team cohesion. According to the moderated mediating effect index, team cohesion was a significant moderator of athletic performance. It can be concluded that coaches who possess strong coaching abilities and engage in accurate, positive communication with their athletes can enhance team cohesion, organizational behavior, leading to a positive impact on athletic performance.

“We Have a Beating Heart for 10 Million Dollars, Too.” : Considerations on Realities, Problems, and Policy Proposals of Korean Disability Sports Reproduced in the Films 〈Mal-aton〉 and 〈Glove〉

PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the difficult realities, unresolved problems, and policy proposals of disability sports in Korea through the disability sports movies <Mal-aton> and <Glove>.METHODS We conducted a textual analysis from the perspective of critical theory.RESULTS The problems of Korean disabled sports revealed in the films <Mal-aton> and <Glove> could be cattegorized into three major issues: 'incorrect prejudice and indifference' of non-disabled people that disabled people will not be able to enjoy sports; 'sports facilities' where non-disabled people are prioritized and disabled people are marginalized, and the 'absence of sports facilities' specialized for disabled people; and the 'lack of leaders' who correctly understand the characteristics of the disabled. These have been pointed out as causes that keep them away from the natural right to enjoy sports.CONCLUSIONS The films <Mal-aton> (2005) and <Glove> (2011) were made based on true stories, and despite the fact that more than 10 years have passed since they were made, it remains a sad reality that the problems of Korean disabled sports shown in the films remain unresolved. Improvement measures in various aspects are required to promote sports for the disabled from the perspective of lifelong and adapted sports, such as media education and publicity that can eliminate misunderstanding and prejudice against people with disabilities, building sports facilities tailored to the disabled, and improving the treatment of sports instructors for the disabled.

Mediating Effect of Sports Safety Awareness between Sports Activity Habits and the Intention to Complete Safety Education among Korean Adolescents

Background: As the importance of safety during sports activities continues to gain emphasis socially, the interest in creating a culture of safety and safety education to support this is also increasing. However, no study has examined the willingness of adolescents to complete safety education voluntarily. To identify methods of building a culture of sports safety among adolescents, this study investigated the structural relationship among three related variables: sports activity habits, intention to complete safety education, and sports safety awareness of Korean adolescents. Methods: Data on 3928 adolescents aged 13–18 years old from the 2019 Sports Safety Accident Survey conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation were analyzed. This encompassed frequency analysis, scale reliability, validity verification, descriptive statistics analysis, path analysis, and mediating effect verification. Results: The results indicated that sports activity habits among these adolescents had a positive effect on their sports safety awareness and on their intention to complete safety education; further, their sports safety awareness had a positive effect on their intention to complete safety education. The results also showed that sports safety awareness had a partial mediating effect between sports activity habits and intention to complete safety education. The willingness of adolescents to voluntarily complete safety education is particularly important, as adolescence is a critical period when lifelong safety habits can be formed. Conclusions: Based on the results, discussions on creating safe sports activity habits for adolescents and continuous education on sports safety awareness are needed. Ultimately, we need to improve sports safety awareness by paying attention to the development and implementation of sports safety education programs for adolescents as a national policy and, through this, increase their willingness to complete safety education.

청소년 운동선수들의 완벽주의 성향과 운동선수 탈진의 관계에서 스트레스의 역할검증

The purpose of this study is to empirically determine the role of stress in the relationship between perfectionist tendencies of youth athletes and athlete exhaustion. To this end, the population was selected as middle and high school sports players registered with the Korea Sports Council, and the data of 396 people were analyzed using the convenience sampling method. Data processing was conducted using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 20 for frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation model analysis, and bootstrapping to verify the statistical significance of the mediating effect. First, the perfectionist tendency of youth athletes was found to be an important factor in positive (+) prediction of stress. Second, the perfectionist tendency of youth athletes was found to be an important factor in positive (+) prediction of athlete exhaustion. Third, the stress of youth athletes was found to be an important factor in positive (+) prediction of athlete exhaustion. Fourth, the stress of youth athletes was found to play a partial mediating role in the relationship between perfectionist tendencies and athlete exhaustion. In conclusion, perfectionist tendencies affect stress and athlete exhaustion, stress is a leading factor that adds to athlete exhaustion, and stress is mediated in the relationship between perfectionist tendencies and athlete exhaustion, indicating that athlete exhaustion can be further promoted.

대한체육회 경기단체연합회의 기능과 역할에 관한 발전적 탐색

이 연구의 목적은 우리나라의 중요한 스포츠행정 거버넌스 중 하나인 대한체육회 경기단체연합회의 기능과 역할을 탐색하여 스포츠행정의 서비스 질을 높이고 이를 통해서 국제적으로 경쟁력 있는 선진적 스포츠행정 체계를 만드는데 이바지하는 기초자료를 도출하기 위한 것이다. 이 연구의 목적달성을 위해서 질적연구의 사례연구 방법을 이용했으며, 판단편의표본추출방법을 사용하여 6명의 연구참여자를 선정하였다. 심층면담을 통해서 수집된 자료를 분석하였으며, 결과적으로 존재, 사업, 조직, 구성원, 사무처 역할 등 5개의 중심의미를 도출하였다. 결론적으로 첫째. 연합회는 임의단체 성격을 벗어나 법인 성격의 법적 인정기구로 조직의 안정을 도모해야 한다. 둘째, 연합회는 인적자원을 통합적으로 사용하는 조합 형태의 은퇴선수 진로 또는 역할 사업과 학원스포츠의 선수 학부모교육사업 등과 같이 교육사업을 해야 한다. 셋째, 연합회는 구성원들의 불공정한 처우에 대해서 문제를 제기하고 당사자를 대신해서 다툼을 할 수 있는 역할을 해야 한다. 넷째, 구성원 각자는 연합회의 고유한 조직문화를 만드는 데 이바지해야 한다. 다섯째, 다양한 행사주관을 통해서 구성원들의 근속몰입과 조직몰입을 위한 중심적 역할을 해야 한다.

Effect of athletes' ethical sensitivity on doping mindset and tendency: moderated by sex and age

It is essential to check athletes’ mindset and tendency toward doping to prevent it. This study aimed to determine the effect of athletes’ ethical sensitivity on their mindset and tendency toward doping, and whether age and sex have a moderating effect. To achieve the purpose of this study, 1003 athletes registered in the Korea Sports Association were surveyed with a questionnaire consisting of 34 questions including ethical sensitivity items and a Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). To verify the reliability and validity of the data, an Item Response Theory (IRT)-based Rasch model was applied. Consequently, we deleted three questions from ethical sensitivity and five questions from PEAS. Our results are as follows: First, ethical sensitivity showed differences according to sex, and mindset and tendency toward doping showed differences according to age. Second, ethical sensitivity was found to have a statistically significant effect on mindset and tendency toward doping. Third, regarding the effect of ethical sensitivity on their mindset and tendency toward doping, the moderating effect of sex and age was not found to have a statistically significant effect. Our findings confirmed that ethical sensitivity has a positive relationship with the mindset and tendency toward doping. In other words, improving the ethical sensitivity of athletes will increase their ethical awareness and help prevent unethical behavior such as doping.

스포츠 지도자의 진성리더십과 선수 자기관리 및 자기효능감의 관계

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between sports leadership and athletes" self-management and self-efficacy. The subjects of this study were 290 students registered with the Korea Sports Council in 2022 by probability sampling method. The collected data were frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and standard multiple regression analysis, and the following results were derived. First, Authentic leadership of sports leaders had a partial positive effect on the player"s self-management. Second, Authentic leadership of sports leaders had a partial positive effect on the player"s self-efficacy. Third, interpersonal management, body management, mental management, and training management, which are sub-factors of self-management, had a positive effect on self-regulation, which is a sub-factor of self-efficacy, and mental management had a positive effect on confidence. Body care and interpersonal care had a negative effect on confidence and task difficulty preference, respectively.

수상레저스포츠 참여자의 스포츠 상해 빈도 결정요인

The purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of sports injuries caused by participating in water leisure sports, focusing on the preventive aspect. To achieve the purpose of this study, a decision tree analysis was conducted using the data of 2019 Sports Safety Accident Survey data provided from Korea Sports Safety Foundation's. As a result of the analysis, injury time, sports skill level, injury experience(severity), pre-injury condition, sports participation time, average sleeping time, intention to spend protective equipment, recognition of prevention methods, weather check, injury season were derived as a determinant of sports injury caused by participation in water leisure sports. The implications of this result are as follows. First, in order to reduce the frequency of injuries of participants in water leisure sports, it is necessary to increase participants' safety awareness and induce safety practice behavior. Second, the occurrence of injury to participants in water leisure sports is related to the level of proficiency and immersion of the participants.

스포츠비리와 그 규제 법제도의 현실

The problem of sports corruption, which is prevalent in our sports world, has already crossed the limit that we can expect internal discipline in the sports world based on sports autonomy or self-purification efforts. This is why the Korea Sports Ethics Center(KOSEC) was launched in 2020, based on the National Sports Promotion Act(NSPA). KOSEC is required to establish itself as a pivotal institution in Korea to block sports corruption based on the authority to receive reports on human rights violations and sports corruption cases, investigations, and demands for accusations or disciplinary action based on investigation results.
 For this reason, analysis and evaluation of KOSEC's regulatory procedures for sports irregularities under the current law will be meaningful. As part of that, this paper presents the following alternatives.
 First, investigation rights should be recognized to secure the effectiveness of investigation rights. Second, it is necessary to promote reporting of sports irregularities. Third, it is necessary to minimize and strengthen disciplinary measures. The scope and standards of were clearly set, and the fact that legislative supplementation is required to protect the basic rights of those subject to publication was suggested as legal and institutional improvement measures. Fourth, direct disciplinary rights are given, and a device is needed to minimize delays in disciplinary procedures. Finally, the scope and standards of sanctions are clearly set, and the violation list publication system is required to supplement legislation to protect the basic rights of those subject to publication.