Sport Event Tourism Research Articles

Toward a co-Creation framework for developing a green sports event brand: the case of the 2018 Zürich E Prix

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the 2018 Zürich E Prix as a sport event brand and the city of Zürich as a key co-creator. We applied a conceptual and exploratory approach in a service-dominant logic (SDL) and co-creation perspective. Next to analysing the motor sport event and relevant documents related to the world championship, we interviewed a key informant representing the organising committee, which acted as the main co-creator. First, this paper offers a new understanding of the development of green sports event brands where a city plays a significant role. For instance, green city policy making, networking strategy and collaboration with stakeholders, logistical innovation, green event leadership, flexible management, and green social norms are areas, where a city can contribute substantially. The findings, supported by existing theory, are summarised in a conceptual model consisting of the green event support system and the formation of the green sports event brand. Further, based on relevant cross-disciplinary theories, the motor sport event case, information about the FIA Formula E world championship, and findings related to the strategic role of Zürich, we propose a co-creation framework consisting of four steps: (1) the strategy and support system: (2) the sports event experience; (3) the green sports event brand development; and (4) the event evaluation. This suggested framework for a green sports event brand serves as a guideline for developing a green sports event brand in a city new to the sports event tourism literature.

Challenges and Opportunities to Sustainable Sport Tourism Events: Insights from an Urban Host City

Sports tourism is viewed as an ideal tool for supporting the livelihood of the host communities in developing countries. As an alternative way of involving the host community in tourism activities, sports tourism aims to enable the hosts to earn income from tourism. Sports tourism events have been hosted in the country for decades but still facing challenges that has hauled its growth process. This article will shade light on the challenges and opportunities of hosting sports tourism in Nairobi as a way of enhancing sustainable tourism development. A cross-sectional research design is used in the study, 404 respondents form the sample size of the study. Questionnaires and interviews are used to collect data from informants in three stadia that frequently host sports tourism events. Descriptive, thematic analysis and inferential statistics are used for data analysis. Findings indicate that major challenges facing the hosting of sports tourism event are; poor planning, policy issues and security. Results also show that the main opportunities for sports tourism events are boosting of domestic tourism, diversification of tourism products and marketing of host cities. Key recommendations are made to policy makers to craft policies that will spur sustainable sports tourism development. Key words Sports Tourism Events, Challenges, Opportunities, Sustainable, and community DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/55-06 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

PENGARUH ACARA PARIWISATA OLAHRAGA, CITRA DESTINASI HALAL, DAN NILAI YANG DIRASAKAN TERHADAP NIAT BERPERILAKU WISATAWAN UNTUK BERKUNJUNG KEMBALI, MEREKOMENDASIKAN KEPADA ORANG LAIN DAN POSITIF WOM

This study aims to examinethe influence of sport tourism events, halal destination image, and perceived value on behavioral intentions of tourists at the Mandalika International Marathon event. Data collection was carried out among both active and passive participants of the Mandalika International Marathon by using the associative quantitative method. Furthermore, the data collected was analyzed further. This study uses structural equation modeling analysis (SEM analysis) with AMOS applications. The results of the study indicated that sport tourism events haves a significant positive effect on behavioral intentions, and the halal destination image has a significant positive effect on perceived value. The West Nusa Tenggara government is supported event organizers to develop halal tourism and sport tourism events. This is to enhance, halal destination image in NTB is not only for religious tourism.Keywords :Event Sport Tourism, Halal Destination Image, Perceived Value, Behavioral Intentions.

Research on the tourism follow-up effect of Guangzhou Asian Games

Event tourism is the combination of events and tourism, and is one of the main forms of modern tourism. Sports event tourism is one of the types of event tourism. The holding of sports events can greatly promote the development of tourism in the host area, and realize the comprehensive improvement of the economic, social and environmental benefits of the host area. However, after the end of the event, a large number of stadiums are idle or underutilized, and the event tourism is terminated due to the end of the event, which makes the development of tourism in the host city fluctuate, that is, "post event effect". Taking the Guangzhou Asian Games as an example, this paper summarizes the tourism follow-up benefits of the games, then find out the follow-up negative effect reasons and the operating mechanism, at the end, puts forward the Countermeasures for sustainable development.

Sport events as experiencescapes: the spectator's perspective

PurposeCombining sport event tourism and experience economy has led to an experience-based explanation of sport tourists' behavior and the creation of experiencescapes. This study aims to analyze the interdependence of perceived experiences and revisit intention across three events.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey, data (n = 986) were collected from spectators at the ice hockey world championships, the table tennis world championships and motorsport events (e.g. German-touring car championship). Entertainment, esthetics, escapism and education served as dimensions defining the experience at sport events and their association with revisit intention. The models were tested using confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling.FindingsThe four dimensions of experience were confirmed. Yet, they differ across the three sport events. For instance, whereas entertainment loaded highest on experience for all events, education had the second-highest factor loading for the table tennis event and esthetics for the ice hockey and motorsports events.Practical implicationsSport event marketers must understand spectators' experiences and the influence on post-consumption behavior. For motorsports, the promotional material should emphasize the esthetics of an experience, for ice hockey the entertainment, and for table tennis education is at the core of the experience.Originality/valueThis study employed the four realms of experience to a sport event setting, which is new. The results suggested that the three sport events provide distinct experiencescapes for the spectators.

The Economic Impact of Participant Sports Events: A Case Study for the Winter World Masters Games 2020 in Tyrol, Austria

The Winter World Masters Games (WWMGs) are a large sports event for 30+-year-old athletes. As there are neither competitive qualification requirements for participants, nor entrance fees for spectators, the event can be considered as a participatory sports tourism event rather than a spectator event. In 2020, the WWMGs were staged in Innsbruck, Tyrol. In this study, we estimate the payoff of the event for the regional economy by assessing the impacts generated by participant spending and organizational expenditure. Furthermore, we discuss the peculiarities of the masters sports concept. Our empirical work is based on three distinct analyses: (1) economic impact analysis of participant spending, (2) cost-benefit analysis of organizational resource flows, and (3) discussion of impacts with experts in a focus group setting. Our results support the previous findings that masters sports events attract rather affluent and consumption-oriented participants. Indeed, the WWMGs were found to have a regional economic impact of €6.18 million and an estimated yield of €4.40 for each publicly subsidized euro. For an audience interested in the economic impact of events, this paper presents a novel method for handling non-normal expenditure distributions and adds to the understanding of how visitor segmentation can be utilized in an assessment of event impacts.

How Sport Tourism Event Image Fit Enhances Residents’ Perceptions of Place Image and Their Quality of Life

This study developed an exploration model for sport event image fit to predict and explain the place image and quality of life in order to achieve sustainable development goals in rural communities. To validate the model, 294 valid resident responses from a rural community that hosted a sporting event in Taiwan were analyzed with partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that image fit contributes to the social environment, entertainment services, and quality of life; four place image dimensions had a significantly positive effect on quality of life. The exploration model was validated, contributing to the knowledge related to Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 11.

제주특별자치도 체육정책 개발을 위한 정책 제언

The purpose of this study is to suggest sport policy development in the areas of elite sport, sport for all, physical education, sport facilities, and sport industry in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. Based on SWOT analysis of the fields, the results indicated the development of sport industry and improvement elite sport and sport for all(strengths), decline in the quality of elite sport and lacking sport facilities(weaknesses), increased investment in sport for all and sport facilities(opportunities), and the expansion of sport facilities in other cities and advancement of sport industry(threats). As a results, we provided six policy suggestions, such as expansion of public sports clubs in cooperation with elite sport, development of elite training system, offering integrative services using public sports facilities, building a school sports governance balancing between elite sport and sport for all, considering sport clusters and purposed sports facilities, and developing sport event tourism using local resources.

Desain Menu Sarapan untuk Atlet Wanita di OKU Selatan

OKU Selatan is one of district in South Sumatra province, that had natural hills and lake which was developed tourism. Some of sport tourism event was done in OKU Selatan, one of them was cycling who followed by women athlets of OKU Selatan mainly. The problems happened was women athelets had bad culture in food selection. They did not pay attention for body fitness, expecially in the morning. Beside that, breakfast gave 25% contribution for nutritional intake. Therefore, it needed breakfast design menu for women athelets in OKU Selatan. Based on research of 5 sample athelets, which done by descriptive kuantitative and kualitative method to age, gender, daily activities of athelets and daily food. The results showed, there were 3 breakfast menu, that design based on energy of women athelets such as 838.12 kkal. The 3 of breakfast contained complete nutritions was needed. There were carbohydrat, protein, fat, vitamin and minerals.

Attitudes of the Local Population in Border Municipalities on Development of Sport-Event Tourism:

This article is focused on attitudes of the local population within the border municipalities in the Euroregion “Drina-Sava-Majevica,” on the further development of sport-event tourism. The survey ...

MAKE GREEN GROWTH A PRIORITY: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN ORGANISING GREEN SPORTS TOURISM EVENTS

Despite many sports tourism events have been organized globally yet the understanding about the event greening practices is reasonably low. Hence, the impact of the sports event towards the environment and the communities are exceptionally high. For the purpose of this paper, some academic and consultancy-based literature on management and organization of sports tourism events in relation to green growth were reviewed. This conceptual paper focuses on the conceptualization and implementation of green sports events which covers the theory and principles of green practices, strategies and implementation of green practices in the case of selected Olympic Games, issues and challenges, and the roles of stakeholders. In addition, the critical insight from the literature also provides some “green” suggestions to be considered by sports tourism event organisers.

Sport Tourism Event of Tour De Singkarak to Support Destination Management in West Sumatera, Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the sport tourism event of Tour de Singkarak (TdS) related to tourist destination management in West Sumatera, Indonesia. The TdS is an international road bicycle race held annually for ten-year period as data presented from 2009 to 2018. Data were collected for this study through in-depth interviews with informants and analyzed by a descriptive qualitative technique. The results showed that the TdS events were succesfully and consistently held annually for ten-year period of 2009-2018 in West Sumatera and has significantly contributed to the regionas tourism destination. This was due to a strong commitment and serious action among central government and local government at province and municipality levels for the sport tourism development at the tourism destination in West Sumatera. The commitment could be seen in the serious, strong commitment and coordination between the Ministry of Tourism and the National Road Development Agency at a central government and Heads of Local Departments of Tourism, of Public Works and of Transportation at province and regency/municipality level. The commitment could be seen from the sport tourism management such as the provision of shared budget, event coordination, and destination and infrastructure development and promotion. This has especially raised an integrated development and improvement of infrastructures, i.e. roads, transportation mode, and accomodation facilities with increasing quantity and quality. It is a fact that TdS could be held annually for ten-year period (2009-2018) along with proper and good destination management for sport tourism in West Sumatera Province.
 Keywords: Tour de Singkarak, event, sport tourism, destination management.

Research note sport tourism versus event tourism: Considerations on a necessary distinction and integration

Interest in sport-related tourism increased perceptibly around the millennium, however, a comprehensive conceptual framework for a classification of sport (event) tourism is still missing. The predominant focus of sport tourism encompasses event-related touristic endeavors, such as mega sport events; however, an holistic approach to sport tourism suggests the need for further integration of other sub-areas such as nonevent-related components. This research note, therefore, provides a sport tourism perspective and a methodological approach to establishing the sport tourism cube as a necessary tool for the further distinction and integration of sport and event tourism. The research aim is, therefore, to build a foundation for further scientific research in sport tourism.

Specialization versus diversification in the event portfolios of amateur athletes

ABSTRACT This study explores the personal event portfolios of amateur athletes, differentiating between those who pursue a specialized career within one sport and those who diversify within multiple sports. The impetus for this paper was the observation made in previously published research that many sport-event tourists participate in multiple sports. The twin objectives of the study are to better understand highly involved participants and to draw implications that could contribute to the events’ and the country's competitiveness in sport event tourism. The study also addresses the question of whether or not these portfolio choices emerge as involvement increases – in other words, do highly involved amateur athletes tend to specialize in one sport, as suggest by recreation specialization theory? A total of 6691 participants were surveyed online in five events (cross-country run, Nordic ski, half-marathon run, open-water swim, and road cycling), out of which 2329 were identified as pursuing a portfolio strategy. The major contributions of this paper include identification of a large number of significant differences between “specialized” and “diversified” portfolios. Planning and marketing implications that can potentially enhance the attractiveness of individual and collectively marketed events are also discussed.

Bridging the divide

Purpose In sport tourism, an undeniable recent participation trend is the gravitation of amateur athletes to participatory sport events, particularly cycling sport tourism events. This trend presents numerous policy, applied, and scholarly opportunities and challenges. Contemporary trends are identified to guide future research addressing cycling sport tourism events. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This is a collaborative initiative between a major global sport event management organisation and established sport tourism scholars. Industry data are drawn upon to identify contemporary sport event participation trends and thus inform a future research agenda. Findings This paper draws upon industry data and insights to tease out five emerging trends in the participatory sport event sector which scholars should engage with. Research limitations/implications Due to the confidential nature of the company data, there were restrictions in the detail which could be reported. Practical implications Increasing growth in premium quality, physically challenging cycling sport tourism events is analysed. A five-pronged future research agenda is proposed to address contemporary sport event management issues around measuring event impacts; strategic management of events; and leveraging globalisation and emerging markets. Originality/value Based on trends identified in this paper, theoretical concepts are drawn upon to propose a timely, industry-relevant future research agenda into cycling sport tourism events.

Business models for active outdoor sport event tourism experiences

This paper aims to propose business models for different outdoor sport tourism experiences, based on insights from active sport event participants and sport event organisers. The proposed business models are integrated into a single framework suitable for future usage by academics and practitioners. To design the business models, empirical examination was conducted in three phases, followed by the integration and interpretation of the results. Results imply that active outdoor sport event tourists are not homogenous regarding their motivations and that ‘Moderate recreationists’, ‘Nature lovers’ and ‘Enthusiasts’ differ in terms of their preferences for distinct business model elements. Event organisers have identified several other business model elements as being important. The proposed framework, as an integration of the results gathered from the perspectives of active outdoor sport event participants and event organisers, provides a better understanding of the business model concept in general and sport event tourism in particular.

‘Que será, será!’: creative analytical practice within the critical sports event tourism discourse

Sometimes it is easier to not think too long or hard about the future, and to just accept that ‘what will be, will be’ (that the future is pre-determined or out of our control). My paper invites you to consider the application of socially-constructed creative analytical practice (CAP) within the production and consumption of critical sports event tourism discourse. In January 2017, following months of media speculation about the future of several major tourism-generating sports events, 20 experienced event professionals located across multiple time zones were asked to respond to a piece of thought-provoking narrative foresight. The scenario offered several reasons as to why Auckland, New Zealand, could submit a bid to host the 2032 Summer Olympic Games. The consensus amongst the respondents was that the dream would never become a reality, but a number of alternative options were suggested offering some meaningful insight into the minds and mindset of those employed to deliver major sports event experiences. Having scripted a piece of creative non-fiction, I seek to temporarily transport you into the middle of an ongoing conversation occurring all over the globe around the long-term future of the world’s biggest multi-sports events. My goal is to mix hindsight, insight and foresight. I hope to offer something evocative, provocative and, most of all, informative. The story concludes with a new piece of narrative foresight for you all to consider.

The Perception of International Students on the Facility and Sport Tourism Event Management

The Perception of International Students on the Facility and Sport Tourism Event Management

Event sport tourism business models: the case of trail running

PurposeSporting events are the core of sport tourism. However, when it comes to business models (BM) in the context of event sport tourism, that is, how value is created and delivered at events, there is an obvious lack of research. The purpose of this paper is to deepen the understanding of BMs in the specific context of event sport tourism.Design/methodology/approachFocusing on trail-running sport events which are rapidly growing in popularity, the paper assesses actual events relative to the existing conceptual BM framework by using the analytical possibilities of the multiple-case study and by applying the interview and observation methods.FindingsThe results indicate that the core logic of the examined event-related sport tourism practices is very similar, although there are some significant differences. In addition, this study raises questions concerning potential modifications within the applied framework. Primarily, these relate to the partner network being identified as a second-order theme and an independent BM category and, communication with stakeholders (primarily with competitors), as a key process within the event BM.Originality/valueThis paper focuses on under-researched topics in the context of tourism, that is, the BM concept in relation to event sport tourism in general and trail-running sport tourism in particular. The paper provides a better understanding of the BM concept as a whole, and trail-running event sport tourism suppliers could benefit from the research findings by potentially avoiding business mistakes.

Comparing Business Models for Event Sport Tourism: Case Studies in Italy and Slovenia

A business model (BM) describes how value is created and delivered to consumers. This managerial concept has gained growing popularity in the last few decades. However, it seems the analytical possibilities of a BM framework have not been recognized by sport tourism researchers. This article intends to fill a void that would link the BM concept to the area of sport tourism. Its aim is to examine, from the perspective of the sporting event organizer, the BMs of two cycling tourism events. Using the case study method, this article highlights the interplay of key resources and processes in designing and setting customer value. The findings indicate that although the BMs of the two events differ in many aspects, they both have a strong emphasis on networks and managerial processes aimed at ensuring participant safety and preservation of the environment. Besides providing a better understanding of the BM concept within the context of sport tourism, the findings would be of great interest for event-related sport practitioners and particularly for the design of management and marketing strategies for the sporting events they organize.