Sport Athletes Research Articles

Association of aortic root diameter and vascular function with an exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise among elite athletes.

The systolic blood pressure/workload (SBP/MET) slope was recently reported to reliably identify an exaggerated blood pressure response (eBPR) in the normal population and in athletes. We investigated whether the aortic root diameter (AoD) also correlates with an eBPR and vascular function in elite athletes. We examined 652 healthy male elite athletes (age 25.8 ± 5 years) of mixed sports with a standardized maximum exercise test. Central blood pressure and vascular function were measured non-invasively with a validated oscillometric device. The SBP/MET slope was calculated and the threshold for an eBPR was set at > 6.2mmHg/MET. Two groups were defined (≤ 6.2 and > 6.2mmHg/MET), and an association between AoD and vascular function with the SBP/MET slope was evaluated for each group. Athletes with an eBPR (n = 191, 29%) displayed a higher systolic central BP (103 ± 7.7 vs. 101 ± 9.2mmHg, p = 0.004), larger AoD (32.8 ± 3.3 vs. 31.9. ± 3.2mm, p < 0.001), a higher AoD/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) ratio (0.62 ± 0.061 vs. 0.59. ± 0.056, p < 0.001), a lower LVEDD/AoD ratio (1.64 ± 0.16 vs. 1.69. ± 0.16, p < 0.001), and a lower absolute (299 ± 59 vs. 379 ± 65 W, p < 0.001) and relative workload (3.17 ± 0.55 vs. 4.05 ± 1.2 W/kg, p < 0.001) vs. athletes with a normal SBP/MET slope (n = 461, 71%). No differences between the two groups were found after indexing AoD to body surface area (BSA) (14.76 ± 1.36 vs. 14.73 ± 1.41, p = 0.772). Athletes with eBPR displayed altered AoD/LVEDD and LVEDD/AoD ratios, whereas AoD/BSA indexing was not different. Further longitudinal studies are encouraged to explore these metrics and their role in aortic remodeling of athletes.

Response of infrared thermography related parameters to (non-)sport specific exercise and relationship with internal load parameters in individual and team sport athletes—a systematic review

Response of infrared thermography related parameters to (non-)sport specific exercise and relationship with internal load parameters in individual and team sport athletes—a systematic review

A Study of the Role of Physical Functioning and Physical Conditioning on the Influence of Competitive Sports Programmes

With the continuous progress of science and technology, the field of competitive sports has also witnessed revolutionary changes. Modern technology is playing an increasingly important role in improving athletes' performance, optimising training methods and preventing sports injuries. The aim of this study is to delve into the role of body functions and form states in competitive sports and how they affect athletes' competitive performance. By analysing the physical characteristics and training needs of athletes in different sports, it reveals the state effects of body function and form state on competitive sports. The study further proposes the enhancement of athletes' physical functioning and shape shape through scientific training methods. The application of these strategies will help athletes achieve optimal performance in training and competition, reduce the risk of injury, and improve athletic performance. With the continuous development and application of science and technology, we have reason to believe that competitive sports will become more scientific, efficient and humane.

Life in and out of combat clubs: the experiences of Iranian martial artists

Considering the mechanized modern living in restricted indoor spaces, aggression and mental disorders among young people and adults and their negative consequences in Iran, in-depth studies of this issue are important. The purpose of this article is to understand the meaning of combat sports for Iranian athletes and to understand how it drives them to action. Following an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach, 17 male kickboxing and muay Thai athletes in the Kurdistan province in western Iran were surveyed through semi-structured interviews. Four main themes and 12 sub-themes were extracted from analyzing the experiences of the research participants: (1) Increasing existential capacity, (2) cultivating a moral personality, (3) enhancing one’s health and (4) improving one’s lifestyle. Our research suggests that, for these participants, kickboxing and muay Thai have a positive effect in many mental, social and moral dimensions of existence. Moreover, because of the potential positive impact on the individual behavior, these sports are also very effective in reducing societal problems such as hooliganism, destructiveness and vandalism, suicide, inappropriate lifestyle, decline of values and violence.

Exploring Self-Declared Prohibited Substance Use in Combat Sports – The Serbian Perspective

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The exploratory study is grounded in field research, utilizing semi-structured interviews with active, former, and recreational athletes in combat sports. The first section outlines key theoretical frameworks that address everyday life, lifestyles, and the issue of doping. The second section presents the main findings from the field research. Interviewees detailed the positive effects of doping on athletic performance while also acknowledging significant side effects, including physical and psychological consequences. Participants highlighted that the availability of information on doping has increased with the advent of the Internet and specialized retail outlets. The testimonies indicate that the culture of doping is driven not only by the pursuit of enhanced sports performance but also by aesthetic considerations and social pressures, underscoring the complexity of doping use in both professional and recreational sports. The study concludes that doping is a pervasive issue in combat sports, necessitating comprehensive social action and collaboration among policymakers, social stakeholders, and researchers across multiple disciplines, with a prominent role for physical education and sports sciences.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Social activity of an athlete's personality: sociocultural research methodology

Relevance. The study of an athlete's personality primarily involves the study of its socio-cultural nature and structure. Despite the length of the scientific discourse regarding the essence and structure of personality, there is no unified approach in the context of the socio-cultural interpretation of this category in sports. However, each of the definitions of personality presented in scientific sources and supported by relevant research is important and should be taken into account when striving for the most complete understanding of personality. In turn, none of the methods can provide a complete description of an athlete. Each of them only reflects a separate aspect of his abilities, personal qualities and traits. Therefore, it is important to use all methods in combination to help coaches, practitioners and teachers in organizing educational work, training processes and an individual approach to teaching.The purpose is to characterize the general methodology and methods of studying the personality of an athlete in the context of socio–cultural knowledge.Objectives: to define the conceptual basis of the sociological study of the athlete's personality; to present methods for its study; to establish the directions of their application.Methodology: the methodological design of the study is based on the use of philosophical, sociocultural and pedagogical concepts and approaches.Results. The social activity of an athlete's personality is largely determined by how effectively sociocultural approaches are involved in its socialization. The desired result is possible with the use of the entire arsenal of tools, methods and special exercises.Conclusions. At the present stage of development of the sociology of sport, sociocultural methodology becomes decisive in studying various aspects of the formation and development of the athlete's personality. The scientific determinacy of using special methods of its study is associated with a specific result that must be achieved by an athlete in a particular sport. The complex use of methods of social diagnostics of personality is the main resource in organizing the practical activities of coaches and mentors.

Neurodegeneration in the cortical sulcus is a feature of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and associated with repetitive head impacts

Neurodegeneration is a seminal feature of many neurological disorders. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is caused by repetitive head impacts (RHI) and is characterized by sulcal tau pathology. However, quantitative assessments of regional neurodegeneration in CTE have not been described. In this study, we quantified three key neurodegenerative measures, including cortical thickness, neuronal density, and synaptic proteins, in contact sport athletes (n = 185) and non-athlete controls (n = 52) within the sulcal depth, middle, and gyral crest of the dorsolateral frontal cortex. Cortical thickness and neuronal density were decreased within the sulcus in CTE compared to controls (p’s < 0.05). Measurements of synaptic proteins within the gyral crest showed a reduction of α-synuclein with CTE stage (p = 0.002) and variable changes in PSD-95 density. After adjusting for age, multiple linear regression models demonstrated a strong association between the duration of contact sports play and cortical thinning (p = 0.001) and neuronal loss (p = 0.032) within the sulcus. Additional regression models, adjusted for tau pathology, suggest that within the sulcus, the duration of play was associated with neuronal loss predominantly through tau pathology. In contrast, the association of duration of play with cortical thinning was minimally impacted by tau pathology. Overall, CTE is associated with cortical atrophy and a predominant sulcal neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the duration of contact sports play is associated with measures of neurodegeneration that are more severe in the cortical sulcus and may occur through tau-dependent and independent mechanisms.

Neural dynamics underlying coordination between training-induced habitual and goal-directed responses.

Understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms that govern the coordination of habitual and goal-directed behaviors is important, because impaired coordination will cause various behavioral disorders. However, inducing habitual responses in human beings through repetitive stimuli-response training in a laboratory setting is a challenge. Well-trained sports athletes, who have automatic perception-action associations toward expertise-related stimuli, provide a natural sample to address this critical knowledge gap. We recorded electroencephalograms (EEG) of well-trained sports athletes while they performed a Simon task with expertise-related stimuli. By manipulating the congruency between the location of expertise-related stimuli and the response hand, we dissociated automatic habitual response and goal-directed inhibition control. We observed a stronger behavioral congruency effect on expertise-related stimuli than neutral stimuli in sports athletes but not healthy controls. Furthermore, sports athletes exhibited larger response-locked lateralized readiness potentials and stronger frontocentral beta band (15-25Hz) activity in the congruent condition than the incongruent condition, which indicate an enhanced response tendency toward expertise-related stimuli. In contrast, prominent mid-frontal theta (3-7Hz) activity observed in the incongruent condition signaled the involvement of response inhibition. Additionally, lateralized readiness potentials amplitude and theta power showed significant correlation with performance efficiency. Taken together, these results suggest that sports athletes exhibit an enhanced coordination for expertise-related stimuli, involving automatic response preparation and proficient response inhibition through extensive training.

The Relationship Between Psychopathology, Personality Traits, and a History of Traumatic Brain Injury.

To determine whether history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with psychopathology, and, in particular, substance use disorder (SUD) in young adults with a history of athletic participation. Observational study. University in the northeastern United States. A large (n = 534) and mixed sex (57% female) sample of varsity and club sport athletes older than 18 years. None. The Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury ID assessment and the Structured Clinical Interview for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Twenty-five percent of participants reported no history of head injuries, 32% reported 1 head injury, and 43% reported more than 1 head injury. Thirty-eight percent of participants had been diagnosed with 1 or more concussions. Twenty-eight percent of participants had a current psychiatric diagnosis and 49% had at least 1 lifetime diagnosis. Head injuries and concussions were significantly associated with the presence of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis and symptoms or diagnosis of alcohol or SUD. More head injuries were associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Higher number of self-reported head injuries and diagnosed concussions were associated with a lifetime history of psychopathology, and specifically, with alcohol and substance use disorders. These relationships are similar to those seen in the general population of adults. The relationships also raise several interesting questions about recovery from head injuries in young adult athletes.

Combination of Manual Therapy and Dry Needling Effectively Improves Acute Neck Pain and Muscular Tone and Stiffness in Combat Sports Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Study.

This study aimed to compare the effects of manual therapy combined with dry needling (MTDN) to a control group, focusing on the impact on pressure pain threshold (PPT), muscle tone (MT), muscle stiffness (MS), muscle strength, and range of motion in the neck muscles of adult combat sports athletes. A randomized controlled study design was employed, with one group of athletes (n = 15) receiving MTDN intervention, while the other group (n = 15) underwent a control treatment (CG) involving a quasi-needle technique combined with manual therapy. Both groups participated in three sessions, either in the MTDN intervention or the control condition. All athletes, who were experiencing neck pain, were evaluated at rest, after one session, after three sessions, and again 72 hours after the third session. Muscle tone (MT) and muscle stiffness (MS) were measured using myotonometry, pressure pain threshold (PPT) was assessed with an algesiometer, muscle strength was evaluated using a handheld dynamometer, and range of motion was measured with an electronic goniometer. Group comparisons revealed significantly higher MT in CG compared to MTDN after the 3rd session (p < 0.001; d = 1.50). Additionally, CG showed significantly greater MS than MTDN after the 3rd session (p < 0.001; d = 1.75) and at 72 hours post-session (p < 0.001; d = 2.45). Conversely, MTDN exhibited significantly greater PPT than CG at 72 hours post-session (p < 0.001; d = 1.80). Our results suggest that MTDN is significantly more effective in improving muscle tone, stiffness, and acute pain compared to manual therapy alone. However, no significant impact was observed on maximal strength or neck range of motion. A combined approach may offer benefits by more rapidly reducing neck pain and better preparing muscle properties for future activities.

Road to Tokyo Paralympic Games: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mood States of Brazilian Para Athletes.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the world of sports due to the imposed quarantine and the postponement of regional, national, and international sporting events, which affected physical, socioeconomic, and psychological aspects of athletes. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate changes in the mood state profile of Brazilian Para athletes at 2 different time points during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically during their qualification for the Tokyo Paralympic Games. This study used a longitudinal study design. The study included 83 Brazilian Para athletes from 14 sports, with a mean age of 34.64 (9.27)years, who were evaluated at 2 moments (March 2020 and April 2021) during the qualification period for the "Road to Tokyo Paralympic Games." The online survey included questions about disability, sport, and experience; the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale questionnaire; and a question about the athlete's perception of whether or not they had a chance of qualifying for the Tokyo Paralympics in April 2021. Para athletes had significantly higher vigor scores in 2021 than in 2020, with a medium effect size (z = -3.454, P < .001). In addition, Para athletes who perceived themselves as nonqualified for the Tokyo 2021 Paralympics Games had higher scores for depression (U = 409,000, z = -2397, P = .017) and tension (U = 425,000, z = -2194, P = .017) in 2021 when compared with those who perceived that they had qualified. There were no differences between men and women. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly negatively impacted the mood of Brazilian Para athletes, especially those who perceived themselves as nonqualified for the Tokyo Paralympic Games. Para athletes in team sports exhibited higher potential symptoms of depression compared with those in individual sports.

The association between resistance training volume load and session rating of perceived exertion in junior developmental female rugby league athletes.

Field-based team sports typically perform mixed-modality training, incorporating both field- and resistance-based sessions. As such, the availability of useful and reliable methods to monitor the internal and external training loads of all modalities is essential for planning effective training. Twenty-one junior developmental female rugby league athletes (age: 17.5±0.5years, height: 167.7±4.6cm, body mass: 71.1±12.9kg, and training age: 2.3±1.1year) performed two to three resistance training sessions a week for 20weeks (9 weeks preseason and 11 weeks in-season). The volume load method and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) were used to quantify the external and internal load of the resistance training sessions, respectively. Volume load was categorised into either dynamic, plyometric, maximal or repeated efforts. Multiple linear mixed models were performed to determine whether significant relationships were present between the changes in volume load components and sRPE throughout the season. Significant relationships were identified between a decrease in sRPE, with associated increases in absolute and relative overall volume load (T1,725.5=-2.1, p=0.04; T1,133.5=-2.2, p=0.03), and relative dynamic (T1,24.1=-8.4, p<0.01) and lower-body plyometric efforts (T1,16.8=-17.2, p<0.01). Conversely, significant relationships were observed between an increase in sRPE, with associated increases in relative lower-body (T1,20.3=12.9, p<0.01) and upper-body repeated efforts (T1,28.5=9.7, p=0.03) as well as relative upper-body plyometric (T1,71.1=2.9, p=0.01) and maximal efforts (T1,75.3=3.4, p<0.01). These findings highlight the practicality of the volume load method for planning and monitoring resistance training in field-based team sport athletes, providing useful data for the planning of specific exercises within the in-season training week.

Imagery Ability and Body Image as Psychological Factors Connected to Predisposition to Orthorexia Among Female Team Sport Athletes

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the associations between imagery ability, body image, and orthorexia. Methods: One hundred female players of team sports such as basketball, volleyball and handball with experience of over 11 years (M=11.48, SD=2.85) took part in the study. The participants filled in an information form, including their age and sports training experience, as well as a set of questionnaires concerning orthorexia, imagery ability, and body image. The Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ), Vividness Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2), The Body Esteem Scale (BES) questionnaire, and the ORTO-15 questionnaire were used in this study. Results: The higher the scores on the Mastery subscale the lower the predisposition to orthorexia. We found a significant negative association between body image and the Mastery subscale of imagery with a predisposition to orthorexia. Findings revealed that Mastery imagery subscale and sexual attractiveness were significant predictors of higher orthorexia predisposition. Conclusions: The present paper revealed new factors which may influence the knowledge about orthorexia predispositions related to athletic populations.

The Contribution of Perceptual-Cognitive Skills to Reactive Agility in Early and Middle Adolescent Soccer Players.

Horníková, H, Hadža, R, and Zemková, E. The contribution of perceptual-cognitive skills to reactive agility in early and middle adolescent soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Agility performance increased from childhood to mid-adolescence, followed by a plateau until early adulthood. Because adolescence is crucial for the development of perceptual-cognitive skills, the question is whether and to what extent its contribution to reactive agility increases during developmental periods of adolescence in invasive sports athletes. This study investigated the association of reactive agility with the speed of decision making, sprint speed, and explosive strength in early and middle adolescent soccer players. They performed reactive and preplanned Y-shaped agility tests, choice reaction time test, modified half T-test, 30-m sprint (10 m split), and countermovement jump (CMJ). The reactive agility time in both age groups significantly correlated with 30-m sprint time (r = 0.839, p < 0.001, and r = 0.745, p = 0.001, respectively), pre-planned Y-shaped agility time (r = 0.828, p < 0.001, and r = 0.644, p = 0.007, respectively), 10-m sprint time (r = 0.823, p < 0.001, and r = 0.775, p < 0.001, respectively), time in modified half T-test (r = 0.723, p < 0.001, and r = 0.630, p = 0.009, respectively), and CMJ height (r = -0.744, p < 0.001, and r = -0.615, p = 0.013, respectively), although with the index of reactivity in middle adolescent soccer players only (r = 0.615, p = 0.011). Based on R2, the explained proportion of variance was 53.6% for linear sprint speed and 30.1% for a change of direction speed in early adolescence, whereas it was 54.6% for acceleration speed and 31.8% for decision-making in middle adolescence. This indicates the significant contribution of speed factors to reactive agility in both adolescent groups, whereas perceptual-cognitive factors in middle adolescent soccer players only. It seems that even during the relatively short period of adolescence, the changes occur in the contribution of perceptual-cognitive skills to reactive agility in athletes practising invasive sports.

Enhancing Sports Activism and Team Sports Advocacy among Team Sports Athletes in Henan, China

This study examines the relationship between the level of sports activism and athletic advocacy among team sports athletes. The analysis focuses on various forms of activism, including symbolic, scholarly, grassroots, sport-based, and economic activism, and their correlation with advocacy efforts in areas such as fair play, social justice, and historical successes. The findings reveal that scholarly activism has a significant positive relationship with advocacy for fair play and social justice as well as engagement with historical successes in sports. Grassroots activism also shows a strong correlation with advocacy for fair play and social justice, highlighting the importance of community involvement in driving social change. However, no significant correlation is found between symbolic, sport-based, or economic activism and advocacy, suggesting that these forms of activism may not directly translate into concrete advocacy outcomes. The study concludes that athletes who engage intellectually and at the community level are more likely to advocate for social justice, while symbolic and economic actions, though impactful, may require further integration with broader advocacy strategies to achieve lasting change.

“A Kind of Therapy”: Wheelchair Sport Athletes and Health-Related Quality of Life

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning physically impaired1 wheelchair sport athletes attributed to wheelchair basketball participation as well as potential physical, psychological, and social health-related quality of life (HRQOL) benefits. Specifically, the experiences of wheelchair sport athletes from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) affected by ongoing or recent conflict were examined. Focus group participants for this study included 108 wheelchair basketball athletes (77 men and 31 women) from seven men’s and three women’s national teams at an international wheelchair basketball tournament held in India. All teams were from LMICs in Africa and Asia that were served by the International Committee of the Red Cross due to recent or ongoing armed conflict. Data analysis produced three interrelated themes related to HRQOL: (1) improvements to physical health, (2) psychological impact of sport participation, and (3) social well-being. Physical benefits included improvements to physical functional capacity and decreases in medical complications. Psychological benefits included freedom and respite from inaccessibility and improved self-beliefs and feelings of capability on and off the court. Social well-being benefits included camaraderie in the team setting and positive interpersonal interactions with members of the broader community. Overall, the findings indicated that wheelchair sport is indicated as positively impacting numerous HRQOL indicators for disabled participants in LMIC and is a valuable rehabilitative option and meaningful endeavor for disabled persons.

Increased stiffness is evidenced in the deep but not superficial lumbar multifidus muscle in professional athletes with chronic low back pain

ObjectivesElevated lumbar multifidus stiffness has been observed in populations with chronic low back pain (LBP). However, the modulation of deep (DLM) and superficial (SLM) lumbar multifidus stiffness, considering their distinct structural characteristics and functions, remains unaddressed, especially in athletes. This study aimed to compare differences in DLM and SLM stiffness in professional athletes from different sports with and without chronic LBP. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingThis study was conducted at a provincial sports training centre. ParticipantsNinety-nine professional athletes (age: 18-27 years) from weightlifting, badminton, and track and field teams were recruited. Thirty-eight had chronic bilateral LBP. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresUltrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) measured Young's modulus (stiffness indicator) of DLM and SLM at the L4/5 facet joint level. Two-way analysis of variance examined the effects of chronic LBP and sport type on DLM and SLM stiffness while considering proper confounders. Significance was set at p < 0.05. ResultsAthletes with chronic LBP demonstrated significantly higher DLM stiffness on the dominant (by 17.73%, mean difference (MD) = 2.52kPa, p = 0.001) and non-dominant sides (by 13.54%, MD = 1.83kPa, p = 0.046) compared to pain-free counterparts. SLM stiffness varied significantly among the three athlete groups. Post-hoc analyses revealed greater SLM stiffness on the non-dominant side in weightlifters than in badminton players (by 51.76%, MD = 8.97kPa, p = 0.010) or track and field athletes (by 72.01%, MD = 11.01kPa, p = 0.008). ConclusionsChronic LBP and sport type significantly impact multifidus muscle stiffness, suggesting the need for targeted clinical assessments and reconditioning strategies focusing on DLM for chronic LBP and SLM for athletes in trunk extension-intensive sports.

Investigating the impact of different loading modalities on bone quality among athletes in various sports

The impact of different loading modalities on bone quality is a crucial area of study for understanding athletic performance and injury prevention. This research investigates how high-impact, low-impact, and resistance training activities influence Bone Mineral Density (BMD), cortical thickness, trabecular number, and stiffness index among athletes from various sports disciplines. A total of 152 athletes from different regions in China were assessed using advanced diagnostic techniques, including Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS), and Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). The study also examines the interaction between demographic factors, such as age and gender, and their effects on bone adaptation. Statistical analyses, including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and effect size calculations, were employed to quantify the impact of each loading modality. Results reveal that high-impact sports significantly enhance BMD and bone microarchitecture, showing the highest effect sizes among all groups. Resistance training also demonstrates positive, though less pronounced, outcomes, while low-impact activities contribute minimally to bone development. The findings emphasize the importance of loading intensity and modality for optimizing bone health, providing evidence-based recommendations for athletes, coaches, and healthcare professionals to design effective training programs that enhance skeletal strength and prevent injury.

Youth athletes and wearable technology

Wearable sensors have become integral tools for monitoring biomechanical and physiologic aspects of athletic training and performance. A prominent trend in fitness technology, wearable devices now measure a variety of health characteristics, including movement and posture, physiologic measures (eg, heart rate and energy expenditure), and fluid and electrolyte losses, to understand an athlete’s physiologic responses during activity. Sleep has proven integral to athletic performance, and sleep monitoring wearable devices (eg, watches, rings, and headbands) use various measures, such as actigraphy and pulse oximetry, to analyze sleep quality. Young athletes benefit from wearable devices during training sessions, where multimodal data are collected and analyzed to assess performance. Wearable devices are also useful for resistance training, biofeedback, and electrical muscle stimulation, providing athletes with tools to optimize their training regimens. Moreover, these devices play a crucial role in athlete safety by monitoring cardiac physiology, head impacts, and muscle rehabilitation after injury. We provide a comprehensive review of current wearable technology and its application in youth athletics, describe where and how these sensors are used to help enhance physiologic, biomechanical, and performance parameters, and discuss future directions for wearable devices to advance sports science and athlete management.

Research Progress on Applying Intelligent Sensors in Sports Science.

Smart sensors represent a significant advancement in modern sports science, and their effective use enhances the ability to monitor and analyze athlete performance in real time. The integration of these sensors has enhanced the accuracy of data collection related to physical activity, biomechanics, and physiological responses, thus providing valuable insights for performance optimization, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. This paper provides an overview of the research progress in the application of smart sensors in the field of sports science; highlights the current advances, challenges, and future directions in the deployment of smart sensor technologies; and anticipates their transformative impact on sports science and athlete development.