Sport Administrators Research Articles

Cardiorespiratory Function Characteristics Of Chinese Health Qigong Wuqinxi

Health Qigong Wuqinxi (HQW) is a Traditional Chinese Exercise. During the pandemic of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the General Administration of Sport and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Team advocated citizens to practice Qigong. Experts pointed out that most people are accustomed to practicing 3 consecutive HWQ. PURPOSE: To investigate characteristics of HWQ of different sessions on cardiorespiratory function in Chinese adults. METHODS: Seventy-two Chinese adults (36 female; age 20.6 ± 1.2 yr, weight 62.5 ± 10.0 kg, height 169.5 ± 8.3 cm) were assigned into the skilled practice group (SP) and the primary practice group (PP) (male 18 vs. 18, female 18 vs. 18) according to whether HQW exercise lasted for 1 year, which was determined by consulting experts. All subjects were required to wear a portable gas metabolizer and a cardiometer, and practice 1 session, 2 consecutive sessions, and 3 consecutive sessions of HQW (a session of about 13 min), respectively. Oxygen uptake (VO2), oxygen pulse (OP, L/bpm), stroke volume (SV, ml), and minute ventilation volume (MVE, L/min) during exercise were collected and statistics. RESULTS: OP (6.71 ± 1.53 vs. 6.49 ± 1.34, p < 0.05) and MVE (19.44 ± 3.55 vs. 17.85 ± 3.09, p < 0.05) were higher in SP than in PP. About different sessions, OP was higher to practice 2 sessions than 3 sessions in male SP (MSP) (8.09 ± 0.97 vs. 7.60 ± 1.03, p < 0.05), and SV was higher to practice 2 sessions than other sessions in MSP (93.62 ± 9.92 vs. 90.89 ± 9.49 vs. 87.00 ± 10.22, p < 0.05); VO2 was higher to practice 3 sessions than 2 sessions in female SP (FSP) (10.47 ± 1.79 vs. 9.74 ± 1.83, p < 0.05), and MVE was higher to practice 3 sessions than other sessions in FSP (18.62 ± 3.72 vs. 17.30 ± 3.76 vs. 17.31 ± 3.01, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, VO2 (10.47 ± 1.40 vs. 9.76 ± 1.08, p < 0.05) and MVE (20.23 ± 3.21 vs. 19.10 ± 2.90, p < 0.05) were higher to practice 3 sessions than 2 sessions in MPP; VO2 (10.72 ± 1.29 vs. 9.95 ± 1.22, p < 0.05) and MVE (17.44 ± 1.96 vs. 16.15 ± 2.18, p < 0.05) were also higher to practice 3 sessions than 2 sessions in female PP (FPP). CONCLUSION: This study provides basic data on cardiorespiratory function characteristics of HQW for Chinese adults. HQW practicing duration affects cardiorespiratory function; at the beginning, 3 sessions bring greater stimulation, and for the skilled male, the effect of 2 sessions is better.

Old Rules for New Times: Sportswomen and Media Representation in the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the first few months of the pandemic, professional sport around the globe stopped, as competitions and leagues were cancelled, postponed, or went into hiatus while sport administrators scrambled to work out ways to reboot their product in a COVID-19 world. Sport media outlets were faced with the task of reporting on sport and filling the void for fans in the absence of any live content. This article is concerned with the content, both in quantity and quality that fans of women’s sport could consume in those first months. In the context of the current “boom” in women’s professional sports, we draw on the analysis of two online sport media sites to consider the narratives of female athletes that fans had access to. The findings suggest that during the beginning of the pandemic sport stories about women were largely erased and replaced by those appealing to a very different fan market.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY OF MANAGEMENT AND ITS APPLICATION IN TRAINING AND COMPETITION

Sports psychology of management is the application of various psychological theories in sports and exercise. The research on sports psychology of management in China started late and developed slowly in the early stage, but with the economic and social development, especially the successful holding of the Winter Olympics and the Beijing Olympics, Chinese psychology has entered a period of standardized and systematic development. The application in training and competition has developed rapidly, and has made great contributions to the development of sports psychology in the world. In the future, there are still many problems that need to be solved in the theoretical and applied research of sports psychology. Competitive sports psychology of management research has always been a key area of sports psychology research. Most national sports teams have their own teams of dedicated support experts who provide services such as healthcare, physical training, rehabilitation, physiological and biochemical monitoring, nutrition, technical analysis, and more. Sports psychologists in the Institute of Science of the General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing Sports University and other institutions have provided psychological services for the national team for a long time. The main psychological problems of Chinese athletes in competitive competitions can be summarized from 8 aspects: cognition, emotion, willpower, attention, motivation and attitude, self-evaluation, interpersonal relationship and mental fatigue. We will continue to focus on competitive sports psychology research and strengthen physical education and exercise psychology research. Maintain the traditional research theme of sports psychology and continuously expand new research areas. In terms of research methods, quantitative research and qualitative research should be combined, and empirical research and research methods should be strengthened. Challenges exist in: motion perception and decisionmaking in exercise, neural efficiency and neuroplasticity, self-control and exercise performance, mental health of athletes, dose effects of exercise on mental health, moderators in exercise to promote mental health, exercise The intention-behavior gap promotes mental health, and the neural mechanisms by which exercise promotes mental health.

Professional Sports Trainers' Burnout in Fully Online and Blended Classes: Innovative Approaches in Physical Education and Sports Training

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many educational institutions worldwide to establish emergency remote teaching systems. Although online teaching has long been applied in many other subjects, online sports training is still under-researched in developing countries like Vietnam. In Vietnam, sports trainers are innovatively making many efforts to teach sports online amidst such a once-in-many-generations event. Particularly, a gym center chain has been offering two special formats of online courses utilizing virtual reality (VR) and three-dimensional (3D) technologies, namely, fully online and blended courses. The first format comprises 50% asynchronous sessions using VR and 3D technologies to provide trainees with theoretical knowledge and 50% offline sessions for practical skills training. The second format also includes 50% asynchronous sessions using the same technologies; however, the training for practical skills is conducted via an e-conferencing platform (Zoom). Fortunately, the blended courses have attracted significant attention from many sports trainees. However, as sports trainers in Vietnam had minimal opportunities to teach online before this epidemic, it is likely that, while teaching these courses, they can encounter moments of burnout, which comprises three dimensions, such as exhaustion, cynicism, and low professional efficacy. Thus, we aim to investigate factors that affected each dimension of burnout among sports trainers, using the mixed-method approach with questionnaires and focus-group interviews within this study. This study suggests practical pedagogical implications for sports trainers and administrators to curb stress and burnout in online sports training courses in times of crisis.

Developing a Model for Implementing the Strategies of General Administration of Sports and Youth in Golestan Province for Elderly Sport with Balanced Scorecard Method

هدف: هدف تحقیق، تدوین الگوی پیاده­‌سازی راهبردهای اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان گلستان در حوزه­‌ی ورزش سالمندان با روش کارت امتیازی متوازن می­‌باشد.طراحی/ روش‌شناسی/ رویکرد: پژوهش کاربردی و به شیوه­‌ی توصیفی است و نوع داده‌­ها آمیخته می­‌باشد. الگوی مفهومی تحقیق بر اساس مدل کارت امتیازی کاپلان و نورتن می­‌باشد. جامعه­‌ی آماری در بخش کمّی مدیران اداره کل، مسئولین هیأت ورزش­‌های همگانی و اساتید دانشگاه بالغ بر 44 نفر بودند و نمونه­‌گیری به روش تمام­‌شمار انجام گرفت. در بخش کمّی از پرسشنامه‌­ی محقّق‌­ساخته استفاده شد که روایی آن مورد تأیید ده نفر از اساتید قرار گرفت. داده‌­ها به نرم­افزار SPSS وارد و از آزمون­‌های کولموگروف-اسمیرنف و کای‌­اسکوئر استفاده شد. در بخش کیفی نیز از جلسات شورای راهبردی استفاده گردید.یافته‌­های پژوهش: یافته‌­ها نشان داد که اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان گلستان در حوزه­‌ی ورزش سالمندان دارای 4 منظر مالی، مشتری، فرآیندهای داخلی و رشد و یادگیری می­‌باشد. بر این اساس 28 هدف راهبردی، 82 سنجه، 82 هدف کمّی و 106 اقدام و ابتکار تهیه و نقشه راهبردی و الگوی اجرایی آن طراحی شد.محدودیت­‌ها و پیامدها: محقّقین برای تعیین اهداف کمّی، نیازمند اطلاعات دقیق از وضع موجود اداره کل و هیأت ورزش‌­های همگانی بودند اما در برخی موارد به دلیل جدید بودن سنجه، اطّلاعات درستی وجود نداشت.پیامدهای عملی: الگوی طراحی شده مسیر دستیابی به چشم­‌انداز را تسهیل خواهد نموده و توانایی اجرای راهبردها در ورزش سالمندان را دارد.ابتکار یا ارزش مقاله: ارزش پژوهش در ارائه­‌ی راهکار مدیریتی برای پیاده­‌سازی راهبردهای توسعه ورزش سالمندان می­‌باشد که منجر به تأمین سلامت آنان می‌­گردد.نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

Reclaiming school athletics in Cape Town's underclass, 1933-1955

This article endeavours to make a significant contribution to the broadening of local school athletics history in Cape Town. By focusing on certain historical documents, the article explores the state and scope of athletics in black schools in Cape Town prior to 1956, a largely under-researched field in South African sport history. It does so by identifying prominent administrators, outstanding athletes, and participating schools. Many of these histories have disappeared or have been erased from public consciousness. The article shows how organised school athletics in Cape Town's oppressed communities have been shaped by a myriad of teachers, politicians, and sport administrators of varying political and social backgrounds. It also provides details of the Trafalgar High School's Wiener's Day competitions. Next, a history of the Central School Sports Union and its offshoots is unpacked. Finally, the early years of the Western Province School Sports Board are overviewed. The article concludes by suggesting why it is important to reclaim this particular history.

Financial and Management Barriers to Safety Education in Youth Sports in the United States

A problem exists with the lack of mandated health and safety training for youth sport coaches in the United States. Youth sport organizations rely heavily on volunteers to staff their programs, and lack of education leaves coaches unprepared to handle health and safety situations that arise. This study explored current practices in safety education for youth sport coaches in northwestern Pennsylvania. Youth sport coaches and administrators at three sites were interviewed. The results of the study showed an overall lack of consistency in health and safety education in the region. Youth sport coaches whose sport has a governing body or with additional coaching experiences had more health and safety education than those who did not. Administrators cited concerns that additional required training would deter volunteers from coaching, citing financial and management barriers. The coaches unanimously indicated additional education would not deter them from coaching. The participants viewed health and safety education as important and valuable for youth sport coaches to possess, as it increases the overall safety of youth sports. Keywords: youth sports, coach education, sports injuries, sports administration, injury prevention

Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (MPEES): A Summary of MPEES-related Activities in 2021

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a summary of Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (MPEES)-related activities in 2021. Manuscripts submitted In 2021 original submissions (i.e., not counting revised manuscripts) increased by ~20% as compared to 2020. Fifty-eight countries were represented across the 464 original manuscripts submitted to MPEES in 2021. MPEES continues to welcome high-quality submissions from around the world in 2022. Manuscripts submitted by section The seven sections of MPEES are: (1) exercise science, (2) physical activity, (3) physical education pedagogy, (4) psychology, (5) research methodology and statistics, (6) sport management and administration, and (7) tutorial and teacher’s toolbox. More than three-fourths of the manuscripts submitted to MPEES in 2021 were submitted to one of three sections: exercise science or physical activity or research methodology and statistics. MPEES continues to welcome high-quality submissions within each of the seven sections that comprise the journal in 2022.Review process: Each of the original manuscripts submitted to MPEES in 2021 had received an initial decision by April 4, 2022 (i.e., 464 of the 464 manuscripts received). When an immediate decision (e.g., desk-rejection) was rendered by the editor-in-chief it always (i.e., for 369 of 369 manuscripts) occurred within 10 days of receiving the manuscript. When a manuscript was assigned to a section editor by the editor-in-chief it typically (i.e., for 91 of 95 manuscripts) received an initial decision within 90 days of receiving the manuscript. Twenty-four countries were represented across reviewers for the original manuscripts sent out for external review by MPEES in 2021. We gratefully acknowledge, and list in the Appendix, the many scholars (N = 151) from around the world who served as a reviewer for MPEES in 2021. Manuscripts published Volume 25 (i.e., the volume published in 2021) of MPEES published a total of 37 manuscripts. More than two-thirds of the published manuscripts were submitted to one of two sections: exercise science or research methodology and statistics. MPEES continues to strive for publishing high-quality manuscripts within each of the seven sections that comprise the journal in 2022. Fourteen countries were represented across the manuscripts published in Volume 25 of MPEES. MPEES continues to strive for publishing high-quality manuscripts written by one or more authors from around the world in 2022. Impact factor The 2020 impact factor for MPEES was 2.30 representing an increase of ~31% compared to 2019 when the journal’s impact factor was 1.75. The value of the 2020 impact factor placed MPEES in the second quartile (i.e., ranked #131 out of 265 journals) within the Education & Educational Research category of Clarivate Analytics. The 2021 impact factor for MPEES is expected to be released in ~June 2022.

MODEL SISTEM PENYELENGARAAN KEOLAHRAGAAN DI KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI ATLET

This study is to analyze and describe the duties, obligations and authorities of local governments based on the provisions of laws and regulations regarding the implementation of sports in the regions where local governments, both provincial and district/city governments, namely in carrying out sports administration can determine and implement sports policies in the regions. based on sports policies and coordinate, supervise, and evaluate the implementation of sports policies in the regions based on sports policies. Local governments implement sports policies by considering regional potential and regional conditions. In addition, in an effort to improve sports achievement in Indramayu Regency, various influential factors emerged, both supporting or hindering. Factors that are supportive are consistent coaches, quality athletes, assistance from the private sector, and the implementation of sporting events. While the inhibiting factors are limited facilities and infrastructure, stunted regeneration of athletes, and funding and these problems in some of the obstacles to athlete achievement, the local government can establish policies in the form of regional regulations.

Dynamism of Sports Marketing on Organization of Professional Football clubs in Kwara State Nigeria

This study investigated the dynamism of Sports Marketing in the organization of professional football clubs in Kwara State, Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between advertisement, a brand of sports product, and the organization of professional football clubs. A descriptive research design of survey type was used. The population for the study comprises sports administrators in the sports council and management of Kwara United and Abubakar Bukola Saraki Football club. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 120 respondents. The researchers-structured questionnaire was used for the study. The instrument was validated by experts in the Department of Human Kinetics Education and Marketing Department, University of Ilorin. The reliability level of the Instrument was established through the test re-test method using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). A correlation co-efficiency of 0.87r was obtained. The administration of the instrument was done by researchers. The data collected were analyzed using Inferential Statistics of Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) at a 0.05 alpha level. The result revealed that there was a significant relationship between advertisement, branding of sports products, and organization of professional football clubs. The study recommends that there is a need for clubs management and other stakeholders at various clubs to encourage the private sector to partner with them in the area of market strategies by placing their advertisement on the club jersey.

Role Conflict of Chinese Student-Athletes: Distinct Challenges They Face and Implications for Collegiate Sport Administrators

The number of Chinese student-athletes (CSAs) at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools in the United States has increased dramatically in recent years. However, little is known about the distinct challenges CSAs face as they adopt the role of student and athlete, and the potential for role conflict to occur. This study explored the ways in which CSAs experienced role conflict and how they managed this conflict. Ten interviews were conducted with current or former CSAs at NCAA Division I schools. Findings revealed that CSAs experienced role conflict due to contrasting expectations from different stakeholders, the lack of academic preparedness, and unfamiliarity with the collegiate sport system. Meanwhile, CSAs managed their role conflict by realigning role expectations and shifting role identity. The findings demonstrate how role conflict can be applied to a cross-cultural context, while informing collegiate sport administrators of efforts to manage CSAs transition into the NCAA system.

Excerpts on football hooliganism

The study illustrates the complexity of the issue of football hooliganism, and highlights the innovative solutions for the treatment of it. The background of football hooliganism by presenting domestic and foreign examples, the types of supporters and spectators, and the role of private security and sports policing are observed. In the decades following the regime change, the police lost their monopoly, and private security and civil policing became more prominent in Hungary. Nowadays, the personnel of private security and civil policing are involved in the process of risk assessment of sports events, escorting and transporting groups of supporters, detaining supporters after sports events. It is important to mention sports policing, a specific part of sports administration. This narrow field can be clearly defined as specialised policing, with a set of laws regulating everything related to sports policing, complemented by the regulations of the sports federations, which also serve as guidelines for the maintenance of sports law enforcement records and the security provided at sports events. Football hooliganism is a social and sport security problem that has been present in our world for centuries, and is something that we will probably have to deal with as long as football exists. Football hooligans are a closed community, a subculture with a specific set of rules and a deep knowledge of their functioning is essential to maintain the safety of our sport events. Nowadays, the emphasis is more on understanding the processes, communication and cooperation, as well as openness to innovative solutions.

Influence of Management Efficiency of Sports Equipment in Colleges and Universities Based on the Intelligent Optimization Method

China has always considered the improvement of youth physical quality as one of the key steps in the talent training program, and universities have always followed the national policy to change the quantity and quality of sports equipment. This study mainly focuses on the development of sports equipment management system in colleges and universities. By building a scientific sports equipment management system, the efficiency of sports equipment management process is improved and the difficulty of managers’ work is reduced. The construction of the sports equipment management system is a comprehensive information service platform created specifically for sports administrators. The main function is to help sports equipment administrators obtain information on equipment management, and it is an electronic system that can obtain the status of sports equipment use through certain instructions, providing an example for sports equipment management in China’s universities.

Sport and second chances? All drug cheats should be banned for life, here’s why.

The purpose of this critical commentary is to highlight the inconsistencies evident within the discourse of Performance Enhancing Drug (PED) use and Anti-Doping violations. Of most note, the issue related to proper rehabilitation and subsequent reintegration of athletes who have failed drugs tests is reliant on a notion that when athletes return to competition, fairness will prevail. We know that PEDS, in particular steroids and exogenous hormone treatment, confer an advantage even without concurrent training (see Bhasin et.al. 1996). That their effectiveness is not in doubt is consistent with current policy. However, the question of just how advantageous it is for athletes to use them, even just the once, and whether there are any permanent advantages to doing so, is not particularly evident in contemporary discourse. This paper takes the position, using emerging scientific evidence as well as the recollections of UK strength sports administrators, that any consideration of ‘clean’ sport needs to resolve policy with the evidence that permanent advantages accrued from PED use can only be combatted by promoting a ‘natural for life’ standard.

John Blundell's cricket blueprint revisited

AbstractMore than 35 years ago, in the infancy of the globalisation and professionalisation of sport, John Blundell1 published a blueprint for cricket in England and Wales in this journal. His proposals, aimed at giving market forces a greater role, related to player eligibility regulations, the admission of new teams, changing cricket formats and the creation of special games and tours. Most of these proposals were subsequently adopted by the sport's administrators. The consequent benefits derived by the sport, its teams, fans and players have, however, been mixed, and the effects are confounded by the number of changes made and the complex and dynamic nature of the competitive environment.

Using the guidelines as a driver to comprehensively promote the physical activity level of Chinese population

Physical inactivity is responsible for 6% of global deaths, and it is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. The general lack of physical activity has become an important global public health problem. Active and adequate physical activity is an important public health measure to ensure health throughout the life cycle. Under the guidance of the Bureau for Disease Prevention and Control of the National Health Commission, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Institute of Sports Science of the General Administration of Sport of China jointly organize experts to complete the compilation of The Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese (2021) based on a large number of domestic and foreign scientific data. We look forward to the release and implementation of the guidelines, which will play an important role in scientifically guiding the physical activity of all types of people in China, reducing the rate of physical inactivity, and promoting the early realization of the goal of the Healthy China Action.

Determinants of Sports Participation in Extramural Competitions by Athletes in Tertiary Institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Determinants of Sports Participation in Extramural Competitions by Athletes in Tertiary Institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Relative Age Effect on Brazilian male elite futsal athletes according to playing position and performance by goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues

Introduction: The relative age effect is prevalent in different elite team sports. However, little is known about this phenomenon in high-level adult male futsal players. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of relative age effect in Brazilian male elite futsal players, and its relationship with playing position and goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues (BNFL) from 2016 to 2020. Methods: The distribution of birth dates, playing positions, and goals scored by male participants of the Brazil National Futsal Leagues were analyzed. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the birth dates distribution based on quarters and semesters of the year, according to playing position (defender, winger, pivot, and goalkeeper) and scoring performance (high and low). Results: The overall analysis indicated that the relative age effect is prevalent on the pool of athletes analyzed. However, this effect was position-dependent, since relatively older athletes were overrepresented only in wingers and defenders playing positions. On the other hand, scoring performance was not associated with the relative age effect, since this effect was found in both performance levels. Conclusion: Relative age effects are prevalent in Brazilian male elite futsal athletes, especially for defenders and wingers. Considering the high level of competitiveness for spots in elite futsal teams, coaches and sports administrators must be educated about the prevalence of the relative age effect in this sporting context. This is necessary in order to reduce the inequalities generated by age categories based on arbitrary cut-off dates, which may reduce potential talent loss.

THE CURRENT PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES OF COACHING VOLLEYBALL; IN THE CASE OF SOME SELECTED WOREDAS VOLLEYBALL PROJECT IN HADIYA ZONE,ETHIOPIA

The main objective of the study was to investigate the current practice and challenges of coaching volleyball sports in the case of some selected woredas volleyball project in Hadiya zone. To achieve this objective, Cross sectional survey method helps to have general understanding of the problem by studying the current status, nature of the prevailing conditions and trends through relevant and precise information. The research populations include volleyball coaches, sport administrator officer from Hadiya Zone and selected woredas and volleyball players. Total population are 95, were selected with purposive sampling. Four instruments such as questionnaire, interview, observation and document analysis were used to gather the data. The data was entered in to SPSS version 20. The descriptive analysis of the data was analyzed by using both qualitative and quantitative methods, such as frequency counts, percentage, mean, standard deviation and descriptive statements. The major findings of this study are; the coaches in the Zone are not well trained, the projects lack of interest of the trainer and coaches, facilities and equipment, scientific training methods and less attention given for the project, less emphasis given to the value of volleyball in general and in particular for projects, absence of transparent and accountable of administration, absence of long term and permanent fund for the projects and lack of sufficient volleyball courts in the area and less emphasis given to even the existing ones, limited number of coaches and even lack of professional competencies among them was also another core problem raised by the participants of the study. Based on the findings the following recommendations were suggested: The coaches who are assigned in the projects must be qualify their profession to identify the talent of the players, the concerned organ at zone and woredas level offices should establish clear and effective follow up, monitoring and evaluation procedures, allocate enough budgets which are needed for volleyball projects, facilitate regular capacity building trainings, especially more emphasis has to be given to upgrade the license for volleyball coaches at different levels.

Evaluation the Application of Asian Licensing Laws in Iraqi Soccer Primer

The research aimed at applying scale for identifying the reality of Asian licensing laws from the Iraqi soccer primer administrative board point of view as well as evaluating the application of these laws. The researchers used the descriptive method on the administrative board of the Iraqi soccer primer league. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that the scale is standardized to reflect the reality of the Asian licensing list from the administrative board point of view. The results also showed that licensing is applied very well yet not good enough to get a fast, direct license. Finally, the researchers recommended the necessity of using this scale by the administrative board of the Iraqi federation to identify the level of sport administration according to the Asian licensing system to uplift the levels of Iraqi clubs to participate locally and internationally.