This paper studies the real-time monitoring of rainfall and atmosphere characteristics and college students’ physical training based on target tracking algorithm. In this paper, we use the target tracking algorithm, combined with the GNSS observation stations of BJFS, LHAZ, URUM, CUSV, and PIMO, to calculate the change of rainfall atmosphere characteristics of ULUM station, and then get the PWV above the ULUM station, and compare the PWV obtained by the radiosonde station with the ground-based GNSS inversion results to verify the change of rainfall atmosphere characteristics based on the target tracking algorithm. In order to solve the problem of inaccurate tracking and positioning when the background is cluttered, a target tracking algorithm based on channel reliable local rank transform is proposed. The local rank transform feature combined with lab three-channel image is used to form 16-dimensional feature channel, from which the effective feature channel is selected for fusion to enhance the expression ability of the algorithm for target features. The experimental results show that, compared with the feature channel selected by reliability coefficient, the local rank transform feature channel selected by experience has better tracking effect in specific scene and more accurate position estimation of target. At the same time, with the transformation of China from a sports power to a sports power, sports training is scientific, science and technology help sports, and the guarantee system of sports science integration is gradually improved. The state attaches great importance to the role of science and technology in the training of college athletes, and has purchased a set of Firstbeat sports monitoring system to monitor the athletes’ heart rate in real time. A scientific research group is set up to provide scientific and technological services, record the heart rate of athletes during training and competition, so as to determine the “load characteristics” of athletes, and explore the monitoring of athletes’ training with heart rate as the object, so as to improve the training quality of athletes.