Sport Science Research Research Articles

Test-Retest Reliability, Training, and Detraining Effects Associated With the Dynavision D2™ Mode A Visuomotor Reaction Time Test.

The Dynavision D2™ Mode A test (ModeA) is a 1-minute reaction time (RT) test commonly used in sports science research and clinical rehabilitation. However, there is limited data regarding the effect of repeated testing (ie,training) or subsequent periods of no testing (ie,detraining) on test-retest reliability and RT performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability, training, and detraining effects associated with the D2™ ModeA test. Repeated measures/reliability. Twenty-four recreationally active men and women completed 15 training sessions consisting of 2 ModeA tests per session (30 tests). The participants were then randomized to either 1 or 2 weeks of detraining prior to completing 15 retraining sessions (30 tests). The training and retraining periods were separated into 10 blocks for analysis (3 tests per block). The number of hits (hits) and the average RT per hit (AvgRT) within each block were used to determine RT performance. Intraclass correlation coefficients, SEM, and minimum difference were used to determine reliability. Repeated-measures analysis of variance/analysis of covariance were used to determine training and detraining effects, respectively. The ModeA variables demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient2,3 > .93). Significant improvements in hits and AvgRT were noted within training blocks 1 to 5 (P < .05). No further improvements in RT performance were noted between training blocks 6 through 10. There was no effect of detraining period on RT. The RT performance was not different between blocks during retraining. It appears that 15 tests are necessary to overcome the training effect and establish reliable baseline performance for the ModeA test. Detraining for 1 to 2 weeks did not impact RT performance. The authors recommend that investigators and clinicians utilize the average of 3 tests when assessing RT performance using the D2 ModeA test.

SOLUTIONS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN HANOI’S SUBURBS

&lt;p&gt;The article is written based on legal, practical, and philosophical documents, to offer some physical development solutions for students in junior high schools in Hanoi's suburbs. By researching theoretical and practical bases, and employing traditional approaches in the field of sports science research, the article constructed 10 solutions divided into 5 groups relating to five aspects: awareness, facilities, quality, internal-external PE programs, and organizational structure. It is ensured that the solutions mentioned in the article are feasible enough for the physical growth of junior high school pupils in Hanoi's suburbs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0960/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Properties and Modification of Bismuth‐Layered Structure Ferroelectric Materials and Application in Sports

Bismuth‐layered oxides are a very important class of ferroelectric materials. Due to their special structure, they have outstanding features in many aspects, such as high Curie temperature, large spontaneous polarization, polarization stability to temperature, high voltage resistance, low dielectric loss, and excellence. Due to its antifatigue properties, the system is very suitable for applications in nonvolatile random access memory and high‐temperature sensors. The purpose of this paper is to study the application of the performance and modification of bismuth‐layered ferroelectric materials in sports scientific research. Proposed the combination of new materials and sports scientific research projects. This article uses sample analysis and (the comparative experiment method is a method to compare the experimental group and the control group to illustrate the superiority of the experiment) comparative experiment methods, sets up an experimental group and a control group, summarizes the algorithm rules through the study of the microscopic properties of nanomaterials, and designs a numerical simulation program. The experimental results in this article show that after receiving hyperbaric oxygen recovery in the first week, the heart rate of the experimental group subjects has a significant change, which is significantly lower than the initial value (p &lt; 0.05), from 58.0 to 53.0, The higher pressure oxygen had a very significant drop before recovery, from 62.9 to 53.0. In the second week and the third week, the heart rate index decreased significantly after 1 hour of hyperbaric oxygen recovery (p &lt; 0.01), from 54.3 to 49.3 and 56.1 to 52.4, respectively. After the fourth week of intensity training, the heart rate increased significantly from the initial value (p &lt; 0.05), from 49.6 to 55.2. After 1 hour of hyperbaric oxygen recovery, there was a significant decrease compared with before the hyperbaric oxygen recovery (p &lt; 0.05), dropped from 55.2 to 53.1. Illustrate the success of the experimental results. It also completed the subject of interaction and combination of the performance and modification of bismuth‐layered ferroelectric materials in sports scientific research.

Guidelines for performing systematic reviews in sports science.

Most of the reviews carried out in sports science have used the general items suggested by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Due to the specific requirements of each knowledge area, several modifications of the PRISMA are necessary to optimize the process of the systematic reviews and, in consequence, the quality of the conclusions provided in this type of study. Therefore, this work aimed to adapt PRISMA to provide specific guidelines to carry out systematic reviews in sports science. The methodology criteria (search strategy, databases, and eligibility) and the results section (flow diagrams and study contents) were adapted based on previous studies, and several new considerations were added to design the new guidelines. We compiled 28 items suggested by sports science researchers and included two new items: (i) population/problem (i.e., age, level, and country) and (ii) the entire training process, which is monitored and compared between groups (e.g., total training load). To maximize the benefit of this document, we encourage people to read it in conjunction with the PRISMA statement. The main differences between PRISMA and the PRISMA adapted to sports science were related to registration, search strategy, flow diagrams, and results. Application of the new guidelines could improve the information provided to readers and make it easier to generalize and compare the results in sports science.

Research on the Sports Intelligence Structure System of High-level Swimmers in Colleges and Universities

This paper uses questionnaires, interviews, mathematical statistical analysis and other research methods to study the structure of sports intelligence of high-level swimmers in colleges and universities. Motor intelligence (0.79) and specific motor intelligence (0.68), general motor intelligence including attention (0.69), motor perception (0.70) and thinking (0.60), specific motor intelligence including motor will (0.36), memory (0.85) and Sports image (0.52); there are significant differences in the structure of general sports intelligence and specific sports intelligence among swimmers of different sports levels. The purpose is to provide a theoretical reference for the improvement of the athletic intelligence level of high-level swimmers in colleges and universities, the scientific and systematic training of coaches, the enrichment of the theoretical system of sports training, sports scientific research and college sports teaching.

Adaptive Fuzzy Robust Tracking Control Using Human Electromyogram Signals for Elastic Joint Robots

Sliding mode control is often used for systems with parametric uncertainties due to its desirable robustness and stability, but this approach carries undesirable chattering. Similarly, joint elasticity is a common phenomenon induced by transmission systems in robots, but it presents additional complexity in robot dynamics that could lead to robot vibrations or even instability. Coupling these two phenomena presents further compounded challenges, particularly when faced with the human interface's added uncertainties. Here, a stable voltage-based adaptive fuzzy strategy to sliding mode control is proposed for an elastic joint robot arm that uses a human's upper limb electromyogram (EMG) signals to direct its movement. The concurrent use of EMG with the elastic joint arm provides a suitable framework for human-robot interaction. EMG signals represent human's ‘intention’ on motion, i.e., they move between 50–100 ms before the mechanical motion begins. Hence this strategy potentially builds better synchronization between the robot and human intention. Furthermore, the adaptive fuzzy strategy eliminates the system chattering while also providing robustness against parametric uncertainties and time delay. Lyapunov analysis also shows bounded-input bounded-output stability of the closed-loop system. Finally, the proposed approach is experimentally implemented in the Sport Science Research Institute. Comparisons with a competing strategy, as well as a torque mode controller, shows that the proposed approach leads to a computationally faster and more accurate controller.

Development of Sports Medicine in India and Recent Advances

Sports are beneficial for us both at individual and social levels. Sports Medicine is an ancient subject. Sports medicine in India is steadily growing. Sports activities have witnessed a remarkable upswing in the recent times, and we require a huge number of sports support staff. There is an urgent need to look at capacity building of institutions in our country. Government of India has launched several measures for sports development including the Khelo India Scheme. Sports Medicine is a multidisciplinary field with a broad objective, focusing on holistic athlete care and not only injuries. Injury prevention, peak performance, high competition levels, and surge in number of sports events has resulted in the development of Sports Medicine. It uses a multi-modal approach including new strategies and technologies. Technology is helping to analyze and create new strategies for boosting performance. Genetic technology can improve performance, health, and safety. Latest advances in sensory garments, helmets, mouth guards, monitors, and wearables have made sports medicine indispensable. Recent advances like High Altitude Simulation Training, Anti-gravity treadmill, exoskeletons, bio-harnesses, smart fabrics, Virtual and Augmented Reality are revolutionizing sports. Centre for Sports Science at Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (deemed to be university) in Chennai is a center of excellence for Asian Football Confederation and International Cricket Council in India. It serves as a hub for Sports Science Training, Education and Research in India applying the latest scientific advances in sports medicine and sports science. Sports have grown from being just a source of entertainment to a social culture and also as a gratifying career option for many. This trend is expected to evolve further with a bright scope for everyone connected with the sports ecosystem.

Benchmarking successful performances in elite Ladies Gaelic football

ABSTRACT The lack of sport science research conducted on female sport, makes it challenging for coaches and sport science practitioners to develop an evidence-based approach. Ladies Gaelic football (LGF) is the most popular female sport in Ireland with over 200,000 members, however there has been no research to benchmark performance. The current study investigates the game characteristics of LGF by developing analysis system which could provide benchmark profiles of successful performance at elite level and evaluate the transferability of the game intelligence available within LGF’s brother sport, Gaelic football (GF). Thirty-one games (62 performances) were analysed from the 2019 and 2020 TG4 All-Ireland Senior Ladies Football Championship using NacSport Scout+. Statistical differences between winning and losing performances were identified using paired sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.05) and Wilcoxon signed ranked tests (p ≤ 0.05). Winning teams were found to be significantly superior to losing teams, demonstrating superior ability to gain and use possession. LGF and men’s GF teams adopt different strategic approaches to the game. The current study provides a first insight into the nature of LGF with benchmark data, facilitating a better understanding of the game demands of LGF and the key points of difference between male and LGF.

The Effect of Six Weeks of Resistance Training with Active and Passive Rest with and without Blood Flow Restriction on C Reactive Protein, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Muscular Endurance of Young Men

Background and Aim: Resistance training with blood flow restriction can have the same effects as traditional resistance training. The current study aimed to determine the effect of six weeks of selected resistance training with active and passive rest, with and without blood flow restriction, on young men’s C Reactive Protein (CRP), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), and muscle endurance. Methods &amp; Materials: From the available and voluntary samples, 24 healthy young soldiers of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force were divided into 3 groups of 8 subjects: traditional resistance training, resistance training with blood flow restriction, and passive rest and resistance training with blood flow restriction and active rest. Exercise programs were performed for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week with an intensity of 70-80% One-repetition maximum (1RM) for the traditional resistance group (3 sets of 10), 20-30% 1RM for the passive rest group (30-15-15-15), and 20 -30% 1RM was administered for the active rest group (30-7-15-7-15). Before and after six weeks, physiological and anthropometric characteristics, muscle endurance, and hormonal levels were measured, and ELISA measured blood samples. Data were analyzed using covariance and Bonferroni post hoc tests and paired t-test for comparison within groups. Ethical Considerations: All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics committee of the Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran (Code: I.R.SSRC.REC.1398.129), Clinical Trial (Code: ID IRCT20191207045644N1) from the Iran Clinical Trial Registration Center and were conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: Results showed that 6 weeks of exercise had a significant effect on Muscle endurance (P=0.001) but on the levels of C-reactive protein (P=0.43) and Lactate dehydrogenase (P=0.44) had no significant difference. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that a combination of resistance training with restriction of blood flow and Interval training (active rest) can be a good alternative to traditional training and, in some cases, replace resistance training with occlusion and passive rest.

국민체육진흥공단 올림픽 가치 확산 방안 탐색

The purpose of this research was to identify the roles of Korea Sports Promotion Foundation (KSPO) in spreading Olympic Values and to provide fundamental data for KSPO''s Olympic Values Vision. For the purposes, a three-round Delphi survey was conducted. As the result of the Delphi survey, a total of 4 dimensions and 22 tasks were derived. Firstly, for the ''Excellence'' value dimension, 5 tasks including ''talent identification and development'', ''linking school-community-elite sports'', ''achievement rewards system reform'', ''providing community sports facility'', and ''post-event stadium utilization'' were suggested. Secondly, for the ''Respect'' value dimension, 7 tasks including ''respecting diversity and non-discrimination'', ''safeguarding players and staff''s rights'', ''gender equality'', ''fair play and anti-doping'', ''sports participation for the underprivileged'', ''good governance'', and ''environmental ethics in sports'' were allocated. Thirdly, for the ''Friendship'' value dimension, 6 tasks including ''international players exchange program'', ''Olympic value-based citizenship education'', ''sports ODA'', ''understanding cultural differences through sports'', and ''developing human resources for international relations'' were categorized. Lastly, for the ''Founding the Basis for Spreading Values'' dimension, 4 tasks including ''increasing public awareness of Olympic Values'', ''establishing a platform for Olympic education'', and ''supporting sports science and policy research'' were proposed as the areas that KSPO takes a part in spreading Olympic Values. The findings of this research will provide policy makers with practical insight into establishing a strategic vision for KSPO in promoting and spreading the Olympic Values.

Research on Computer Numerical Simulation System and Information Digitization Using Competition and Confrontation Network

The competitive characteristics and training requirements of each event group that can dominate the category of difficult and beautiful performance of technical warfare have multi-dimensional similarities. From the aspects of competition characteristics, determinants of sports performance, structural characteristics of competitive ability, and training requirements, it analyses the antagonistic event group that can dominate the class of technical warfare, and puts forward corresponding training requirements. The development of computer simulation technology of human body system will undoubtedly bring unprecedented opportunities to sports training and sports science research, and is changing the mode of sports science research and training. The article uses the confrontation network to conduct competitive sports simulation training, which can carry out the scientific selection of competitive sports athletes, improve the overall training level and effect of competitive sports athletes, optimize, and innovate the technical movement and movement combination arrangement of competitive sports, and can truly construct competitive sports training scenes.

“Invisible Sportswomen”: The Sex Data Gap in Sport and Exercise Science Research

This study aimed to conduct an updated exploration of the ratio of male and female participants in sport and exercise science research. Publications involving humans were examined from The European Journal of Sports Science, Medicine &amp; Science in Sport &amp; Exercise, The Journal of Sport Science &amp; Medicine, The Journal of Physiology, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, and The British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014–2020. The total number of participants, the number of male and female participants, the title, and the topic, were recorded for each publication. Data were expressed in frequencies and percentages. Chi-square analyses were used to assess the differences in frequencies in each of the journals. About 5,261 publications and 12,511,386 participants were included in the analyses. Sixty-three percentage of publications included both males and females, 31% included males only, and 6% included females only (p &lt; .0001). When analyzing participants included in all journals, a total of 8,253,236 (66%) were male and 4,254,445 (34%) were female (p &lt; .0001). Females remain significantly underrepresented within sport and exercise science research. Therefore, at present most conclusions made from sport and exercise science research might only be applicable to one sex. As such, researchers and practitioners should be aware of the ongoing sex data gap within the current literature, and future research should address this.

A Systems Analysis Critique of Sport-Science Research

The broad aim of sport-science research is to enhance the performance of coaches and athletes. Despite decades of such research, it is well documented that sport-science research lacks empirical evidence, and critics have questioned its scientific methods. Moreover, many have pointed to a research-practice gap, whereby the work undertaken by researchers is not readily applied by practitioners. The aim of this study was to use a systems thinking analysis method, causal loop diagrams, to understand the systemic issues that interact to influence the quality of sport-science research. A group model-building process was utilized to develop the causal loop diagram based on data obtained from relevant peer-reviewed literature and subject-matter experts. The findings demonstrate the panoply of systemic influences associated with sport-science research, including the existence of silos, a focus on quantitative research, archaic practices, and an academic system that is incongruous with what it actually purports to achieve. The emergent outcome of the interacting components is the creation of an underperforming sport-science research system, as indicated by a lack of ecological validity, translation to practice, and, ultimately, a research-practice gap.

Awareness of the Misconduct in Sports Science Research

Awareness of the Misconduct in Sports Science Research

ANALYSIS OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MUSCLE REACTION AND STRIDE INTERVAL VARIABILITY IN SINGLE-TASK AND DUAL-TASK WALKING

Analysis of leg muscle activation and gait variability during locomotion is an important area of research in physiological and sport sciences. In this paper, we analyzed the coupling between the alterations of leg muscle activation and gait variability in single-task and dual-task walking. Since leg muscle activation in the form of electromyogram (EMG) signals and gait variability in the form of stride interval time series have complex structures, fractal theory and approximate entropy were used to evaluate their correlation at various walking conditions. Sixty subjects walked at their preferred speed for 10 min under the single-task condition and for 90[Formula: see text]s under the cognitive dual-task condition, and we evaluated the variations of the fractal dimension and approximate entropy of EMG signals and stride interval time series. According to the results, dual-task walking caused reductions in the complexity of EMG signals and stride interval time series than single-task walking. This technique can be used to evaluate the correlation between other organs during different locomotion.

Transition Experiences of Former Collegiate Women’s Soccer Athletes

Athlete transition from American collegiate sport participation, to non-sport careers or professional sport, has been a topic of contemporary sport science research but it is still not well understood, especially in female athlete populations. Informed by extant transition theory, the current study purpose was to describe the transition experiences of former women’s collegiate soccer athletes, including both positive and negative contributing factors. Using a deductive conceptual content analysis, results showcase both positive (i.e., social support, career goals, recreational sport play) and negative (i.e., lack of a team/support, lack of soccer/competition, lack of direction) contributors to the post-collegiate sport transition for female soccer athletes sampled. The importance of athletic identity and potential transition resources were identified. Specifically, participants endorsed career guidance, physical activity/exercise, mentorship programming, and mental health resources as potentially helpful to future athletes. Study findings expanded upon relevant transition theory and former female athlete research. Our study results may inform future research and program development efforts aimed at former female collegiate athletes from soccer and other sports.

Determinants of physical activity participation among university sport science students

The aim of this study was to identify the possible psychosocial and environmental factors that influence physical activity participation and to collect suggestions for increasing physical activity and reducing inactivity in a representative sample of college sport science students. The study was conducted through qualitative research design. By using a semi-structured questioning method, eight focus group discussions on 100 college sport science students aged 18-30 years (50 females, 50 males) was conducted on College premises. The data collected were analyzed in an inductive method. Study participants pointed out numerous barriers such as self-efficacy, enjoyment of physical activity, parental support/modeling, participation in sport teams, sport facilities, peer pressure, residency, busy class schedule, self-discipline, lack of time and skills to be significant correlates of physical activity participation. Sport Science professionals and researchers can use the information obtained from this study to plan and implement interventions, strategies and policies for encouraging engagement in physical activity and reducing sedentary activities. Future physical activity programs such as fulfilling sporting facilities in college premises, recruiting students based on their interest and sporting abilities, facilitating campus yoga practice, and encouraging student sporting races. These encourage the creation of effective and tailored action strategies to increase physical activity and reduce inactivity among sport science students.

Physical, Psychological and Social Benefits of Participation in Youth Sports for Children Ages 9-12 Years

Youth sports differ from physical activity due to the fact that they are organized and help teach life lessons through interaction with other children, teach responsibility, and commitment. It has grown vastly over the years ranging in multiple sports and many studies found that participating in youth sports is beneficial to a developing child and it could potentially help prevent the child obesity pandemic. For example, youth sport programs can provide children and youth with opportunities to be physically active such as organized practice, training and scrimmage which will lead to improved physical health. In addition, youth sport programs have long been considered significant to children and youth’s development psychosocial aspects (e.g., cooperation, teamwork, discipline, leadership, and self-control). Furthermore, females who participate in youth sport have become a particular interest to sports science, motor development, and youth sport researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to review the literature on physical, psychological, and social benefits of children participating in youth sports. The particular age range that was focused on in this paper was children ages 9-12 who participate in youth sports.

Empathetic Factors and Influences on Physical Performance: A Topical Review.

Performance is dependent upon both physical and psychological factors. As a social animal, human behaviors are influenced by interactions with others. Empathy is based on social interactions and is defined as the understanding, awareness of, sensitivity to, and ability to vicariously experience the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another. There are few investigations on the influence of empathy in relation to individual and team performance and activity. There is some initial research suggesting that observing sad photos or videos or fatiguing exercise can adversely affect subsequent performance. Possible mechanisms may be attributed to mirror neurons or the affordance competition hypothesis. The relative degree of empathetic influences can be modulated by sex, age, personal familiarity, cultures and other factors. With the limited research in sport and exercise science, there is a need for more research to investigate the role of empathy on individual and team performances. The objective of this topical review was to examine the possible effects of empathy on physical performance, the potential underlying mechanisms and influencing variables moderating the association between empathy and performance?

COMPLEXITY AND INFORMATION-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV) WHILE SITTING, HAND BIKING, WALKING, AND RUNNING

Analysis of the variations of heart activity during different human activities is an important area of research in sport sciences. Therefore, in this paper, we evaluated the variations of heart activity for 23 subjects while sitting, hand biking, walking, and running. Since the obtained R-R time series (as the indicator of heart rate variability (HRV)) has a complex structure that contains information, we employed fractal dimension, sample entropy, and Shannon entropy for our analysis. According to the results, doing a harder activity causes a more significant alteration in the complexity and information content of HRV. The results of statistical analyses also verified the obtained results. Similar investigations can be conducted in case of other activities to evaluate the variations in heart activity in different conditions.