Sport Motivation Scale Research Articles

Intrinsic Motivation: Knowledge, Achievement, and Experimentation in Sports Science Students-Relations with Emotional Intelligence.

In this paper, we have focused on the Self-Determination Theory, paying special attention to intrinsic motivation, which is understood as the motivation that leads the subject to perform a task without the expectation of obtaining an external reward. In the field of sport, motivation is one of the most studied variables and one of the most researched, since it is closely related to the reasons that lead the athletes to start, maintain, and abandon sports practice. The main objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between intrinsic motivation (IM) and emotional intelligence from the theoretical contributions of the Self-Determination Theory. The specific objectives are to analyze attention, clarity, and emotional regulation, as well as intrinsic motivation to acquire knowledge. Additionally, we aim to explore the relationship between attention, clarity, and emotional regulation and the intrinsic motivation to achieve something. Lastly, we investigate the correspondence between attention, clarity, and emotional regulation and the intrinsic motivation to experience stimuli. The sample consists of 163 undergraduate and master's students related to Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, studying at a Spanish public university, located in the southeast region of Andalusia-specifically, in the city of Almería. The participants had a mean age of 20.33 years. In terms of gender, 70.9% (n = 117) were men and 27.9% (n = 46) women. In terms of degree, 76.7% (n = 147) were undergraduate students and 23.3% (n = 18) were postgraduate students. The Sports Motivation Scale (SMS/EMD) was used to assess intrinsic motivation, and the TMMS-24 was used to assess emotional intelligence. The main findings of this research demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the three dimensions of emotional intelligence (emotional attention, emotional clarity, and emotional regulation) and intrinsic motivation (intrinsic motivation to know something, intrinsic motivation to achieve something, and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation). These findings emphasize the importance of emotional intelligence for intrinsic motivation.

Relationship between Age, Employment Status, and Availability of Sports Infrastructure on Motivation to Exercise in Yogyakarta State University Education Personnel

This research aims to determine: (1) the correlation between age and motivation for doing sports, (2) the correlation between the employment status and motivation for doing sports, (3) the correlation between the availability of sports facilities and motivation for doing sports, and (4) the correlation between age, employment status, and availability of sports facilities towards the motivation for doing sports. The type of this research was a correlational study with an ex post facto approach. The research population was the faculty staff (tendik) of Yogyakarta State University who were still actively working with a total of 775 people with a total sample of 194 people taken using the random sampling technique. The research instrument was a closed questionnaire for data collection on the availability of sports facilities with a total of 20 items and a Sport Motivation Scale with a total of 27 items. The instrument validity technique referred to the product moment correlation formula and reliability based on Cronbach's Alpha. The data analysis technique used multiple regression at a significant level of 0.05. The results show that: (1) there is no correlation between age and motivation for doing sports, (2) there is a correlation between employment status and motivation for doing sports, (3) there is a correlation between the availability of sports facilities and motivation for doing sports, and (4) there is a correlation between age, employment status, and the availability of sports facilities towards the motivation for doing sports.

Motivation and Team Cohesion in Women Cricketers

This study investigated the connection between motivation and team unity in the context of women's cricket, involving a sample of 100 cricketers from three clubs in Lahore city, spanning ages 18 to 32. Each participant filled out two questionnaires: the Group Environment Questionnaire (Carron et al., 1985) and the Sports Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1995). The study was designed with a cross-sectional approach and is rooted in quantitative research methodology.The purposive sampling approach was adopted. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation were used to evaluate the data in SPSS version 23.0. A noteworthy correlation was reported between intrinsic motivation and team cohesion (r=0.638**, p<0.001) and between extrinsic motivation and team cohesion (r=0.623**, p<0.001). Furthermore, overall motivation scores also displayed a substantial correlation with the cohesion of the team (r=0.633**, p<0.001).These findings provide early evidence that it's essential to encourage and inspire the players in order to have an influence on the team atmosphere. Keywords : E

The Influences of Self-Efficacy on Intrinsic Motivation Among Woodball Players in Malaysia

This study aims to identify the level of Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation among woodball players in Malaysia. This study also determined the difference between Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation, investigated relationship between Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation and looked at the influence of Self-Efficacy on Motivation among woodball players in Malaysia according to gender. The study sample consisted of 177 woodball players in Malaysia (male=106, female=71) who participated in the Penang Open Woodball Championship 2023 (National Woodball Circuit 1) were randomly selected. Instrument used to measure Self-Efficacy is Athlete Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) while Intrinsic Motivation uses the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-28) through the distribution of questionnaires. Research analysis involves descriptive and inferential statistics using t-test, and linear regression using SPSS software. Results of the study show that there is no significant difference between male and female players regarding Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation. Self-Efficacy does not have a positive relationship with Intrinsic Motivation among male woodball players in Malaysia. For female players, the study shows that there are two dimensions namely Professional Thinking Efficacy (r=-2.152, p<0.05) and Personality Efficacy dimension (r=3.235, p<0.05) have a significant relationship while the other two dimensions do not have a positive relationship with Motivation Intrinsic. Overall, this study shows that all the dimensions found in Intrinsic Motivation namely To Know, To Accomplish and To Stimulating Experience are factors that affect Self-Efficacy among Malaysian woodball players. The results of this study provide information to the woodball sports development department to increase the Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation of woodball players.

Psychological recreation of overcoming failures and achieving success by young rhythmic gymnasts aged 6-8

Background and Study Aim. Performing physical exercises in rhythmic gymnastics requires not only physical ability, but also psychological stability and a suitable recreational environment. The satisfaction of doing gymnastic exercises is an important component of children's success. The aim of this study: to investigate the impact of psychological means of motivation and recreation, including intrinsic and extrinsic factors, on the performance and success of young gymnasts aged 6-8 in rhythmic gymnastics exercises.
 Materials and Methods. A total of 20 girls (employment experience - 2-4 years) aged between 6 and 8 years who were engaged in rhythmic gymnastics at Sports school No. 5 (Kharkiv, Ukraine), participated in this study. The participants were divided into two groups - experimental and control, based on their technical training levels determined by the results of the competition. Each group comprised 10 gymnasts. The research utilized two sets of tests: 1) psychological tests to assess the motivational sphere of gymnasts, including the Sports Motivation Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children; 2) technical training tests, specifically exercises with a hoop. The technical tests were scored by two experienced coaches on a 10-point scale.
 Results. The results of the study showed that the use of psychological training in the training process increased the level of motivation to achieve success. The motivational component of training was found to be closely related to the creation of an appropriate recreational environment, which in turn affected the level of technical performance of "risk" elements with the object among young gymnasts.
 Conclusions. The introduction of techniques and means of psychological preparation for performing complex throwing exercises with objects had a positive effect on increasing the level of motivation to achieve success and overcome failures. This approach helped to improve results when performing complex "risk" elements. The findings suggest that incorporating psychological means of recreation in training programs for young gymnasts can be beneficial for their overall performance and success.

Examining Injury-Related Differences in Motivation Sources in NCAA Division II Student-Athletes during COVID-19

Introduction: Few studies have explored motivation using the Self-Determination Theory in injured collegiate student-athletes (SAs). The purpose of this research was to assess differences in six motivation sources during the COVID-19 pandemic between SAs who experienced an injury versus those that did not. It was hypothesized that differences would be seen in intrinsic-based motivation between injured and non-injured SAs with non-injured SAs demonstrating higher intrinsic motivation. Methods: NCAA Division II SAs (n=158) from 12 teams composed of injured (n=66) and non-injured (n=92) SAs were recruited to complete an online demographics/historical questionnaire and the 18-item Sport Motivation Scale II measuring six motivation sources at one time point: intrinsic, integrated, identified, introjected, external, and amotivation regulation/motivation. Independent samples t-tests were performed with an alpha level of p≤0.05 to examine differences for each motivation source. Results: No significant differences were observed between injured and non-injured SAs among the six motivation sources, respectively (p>0.05). Specifically, no intrinsic motivation differences were observed between the injured (15.89±3.88) and non-injured SAs (16.22±3.68, t(154)=-0.53, p=0.60). Conclusions: Study findings suggested no difference between the SA groups indicating that the collegiate athletics professionals worked diligently and equally with injured and non-injured SA’s motivation and care during the pandemic.

Motives for physical activity participation among Lebanese adults aged 15 to 50 Years: A cross-sectional study

Background: Sports participation motivations can be intrinsic, extrinsic, or even amotivational. Few studies on adult participation in PA have been found in the Lebanese context. This study aims to: a) investigate significant differences in sports participation motivation across gender, age, occupation, and time of practice, and b) investigate sports participation motives that discriminated the best between those variables.Material and methods: The Arabic version of the Sport Motivation Scale was collected electronically from 568 volunteers practicing regular PA for the last six months. Gender, occupation, marital status, and time of practice were all analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal Wallis Test with 0.05 as level of significance.Results: Internal motivation subscales (particularly the intention to accomplish) were the most influential motives for both genders. A significant difference across gender was reported in the extrinsic motivation and amotivation subscales. Furthermore, age, occupation, marital status, and time of practice show significant differences in motivation factors either dependent or regardless of gender distribution (p<0.05).Conclusion: no significant differences in the intrinsic motivation for sports participation between genders. Other factors, on the other hand, had a substantial impact.Research contribution: these findings are intended to contribute to a better understanding of differences in motivation for participating in PA and to aid in its promotion among Lebanese adults.

Does resilience predict self-efficacy and motivation in dancers?

Objective: This cross-sectional study investigated the association among resilience, self-efficacy and motivation in 135 dancers from Theatre Guaíra School of Dance (21,5% men, 26,6±14,3; 78,5% women 17,3 ± 9,7 years old). Methods: The instruments used included the Resilience Scale (RS), The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), and the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II). Data analysis was carried out by using Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and Multiple Regression (p<.05). Results: As results resilience was positively associated with self-efficacy (r=.32), controlled motivation regulations (r=.18 and 21) and autonomous motivation regulations (rrange=.26 to 36), and negatively associated with amotivation (r=-.18). The Regression analysis found that resilience positively influenced the participants in the sense of achieving self-efficacy (R2=.10; p<.001; β=.32, p<.001), motivation regulation (r2range=.03 to .10; p<.05), controlled motivation (external regulation, β=.18, p<.05, and introjected regulation, β=.21, p<.05), autonomous motivation (intrinsic regulation, β=.31, p<.001, integrated regulation, β=.26, p<.001, and identified regulation, β=.36, p<.001), and amotivation (β=-.18, p<.05). Conclusion: Ultimately, it was concluded that resilience seems to play a protective role against amotivation, in addition to promoting both controlled and autonomous motivation, and self-efficacy in dancers. Keywords: Ballet. Performance. Psychology. Dancers.

Meta-Analysis of Circuit, Interval, and Conventional Training Methods Towars Motivation and Mental Toughness among Elementary School Hockey Athletes

In high-intensity and high-performance training, athletes sometimes face physical or mental aspects. The observed thing is that there is less or no research on the training method's effect on motivation. Studies linking exercise and its impact on the basis and mental toughness are lacking. This study aims to see the effects of particular training methods, namely circuit training methods, interval training, and conventional training, on motivation and mental toughness in primary school hockey athletes. Based on references from past studies presented in the Literature Highlights, it has been found that most studies that researchers have carried out are in the form of a combination of two research methods, namely the quasi-experimental type and the survey type. Sports Motivation Scale (SMS) or Sports Motivation Scale is widely used in studies related to sports motivation. In addition, another instrument found as a result of references from past studies used by researchers is the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ). In this pilot study, the respondents chosen by the researcher are students aged 11 to 12 years who are currently in Years 5 and 6 in the Malaysian education system. A total of 20 students involved in the game of hockey who are hockey athletes were selected based on the purposive sampling method. The findings of the pilot study found that the reliability and validity of the research instrument with a Cronbach alpha value >0.7 (excellent and acceptable). Thus, the findings of this pilot study show that this existing instrument can be used in the actual study later.

Motivation Profile of Youth Greco-Roman Wrestlers; Differences According to Performance Quality.

Athletes have to possess high motivation levels to perform each training session and competition at the highest level. Thus, the motivation of the wrestler is essential to reach the highest performance quality. The research included 47 Greco-Roman wrestlers aged 17.71 ± 1.62 years. Variables included anthropometric indices, sports motivation assessed by the revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II), and competitive success (medal winners and non-winners at the National Championship). The Cronbach's alpha coefficients checked the internal consistency of the SMS-II. Differences between performance quality were determined by Cohen's d effect sizes, and MANOVA for motivation and anthropometric variables/body build variables. In the total sample, wrestlers had high levels of intrinsic motivation (5.97 ± 0.90), integrated (5.99 ± 0.83), and identified (6.08 ± 0.82) regulation, while they had low amotivation (2.53 ± 0.98) and external regulation (3.26 ± 1.24). Successful wrestlers had significantly higher intrinsic motivation than less successful wrestlers (Cohen's d = 0.76, moderate effect size). Results evidenced that wrestlers have high self-determined motivation, which is vital for maximal performance and persisting in sports. Future research should investigate wrestlers from other age groups to ultimately determine the sport motivation profile of wrestlers and enable their optimal sports development.

Impact of Sport Education Model on Sports Lifestyle and Attitudes of Vocational Education Training Students

The Sport Education Model (SEM) presents a wide background in the teaching of Physical Education and Sport. This is one of the most studied pedagogical models in the last decade in primary and secondary education. However, the studies of this model that are implemented in Vocational Education and Training within the family of Physical Activities and Sports are limited. For this reason, the aim of the present research was to examine the effect of the application of the SEM on motivation and Basic Psychological Needs (BPN). Secondarily, the effect on the social climate of the group, the development of emotions during the intervention, or the students’ perception of possible aspects of improvement of the model were studied. A total of 50 students (19.83 ± 3.20) followed a mixed methodology for 12 sessions. To achieve the objectives, the Spanish version of the Sport Motivation Scale questionnaire and the BPN Measurement scale were used. On a qualitative level, semi-structured interviews were conducted with all participants of the study. The results showed that the SEM was very well accepted by the students, who were fully satisfied with the activity. It was also considered a fun intervention, generating good socio-affective relationships, and was useful and practical for their training as future sports coaches. The intervention seemed to have a positive effect on student motivation, although with inconsistent results in the quantitative analysis of this study. Despite the encouraging results obtained, further research is needed to deepen the effect of SE as a key model in the teaching-learning process.

Psychological Femininity and Masculinity and Motivation in Team Sports

It is hypothesized that levels of femininity and masculinity may be relevant to specific types of engagement in action. For this reason, the aim of this study was to search for relationships between psychological dimensions of femininity and masculinity and different forms of motivation, as well as their specific parts, among women and male athletes practicing team sports games. We researched 49 women aged 19 to 32 years representing sports such as football, handball, hockey, volleyball, and basketball and 56 men aged 18 to 31 years practicing football, hockey, volleyball, basketball, and handball. The respondents completed the Inventory to Assess Psychological Gender (IPP) and the Polish adaptation of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). It was determined that the psychological dimension of femininity was (in the male group) positively related to the dimension of amotivation, i.e., the lack of perception of a relationship between one's action and the outcome. In turn, the psychological dimension of masculinity was positively related to the motivation to know, motivation to accomplish, and motivation to experience stimulation, as well as the overall level of intrinsic motivation and the overall dimension of extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, the masculinity dimension is, in male athletes, related to the level of the introjection motive, i.e., the process of integrating accepted patterns.

Challenge–skills balance in international junior elite tennis players

This study uses self-determination and flow theories as a theoretical framework to investigate the role of need for competence satisfaction (NCS) and autonomous motivation (AM) in balance between challenge and skills (BCS) and dispositional flow (DF) in international junior elite tennis players. A sample of 114 (62 girls and 52 boys) junior elite players (15.62 ± 1.36 years) representing 24 countries competing in International Tennis Federation junior tournaments completed measures on the NCS using the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, AM with the Sport Motivation Scale and DF State scale to measure the BCS and their DF. Values of Cronbach α >.80 and the rhô Jöreskog coefficients were shown to be satisfactory and >0.89. The independent sample t-test analysis revealed no significant gender differences in any of them ( p > .05). Simple regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive linear correlation between BCS and DF (r = .46; F = 29.31, p < .001). Multiple regression analysis indicated that AM and NCS explained 50.8% of the variance of BCS (F = 57.30, p < .001). Canonical correlation analysis indicated that a lack of NCS and AM was associated with a lack of DF and BCS. Wilks’ lambda = .38, F = 34.11, p < .001, accounted for 99% (rc = .79) of the overlapping variance. It can be concluded that NCS and AM contribute effectively to the BCS and then to DF in the sample studied.

Influence of Alpine Skiing on Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Self-Concept in Physically Active Adults over 55 Years of Age.

Background: Older adults have the highest rates of a sedentary lifestyle. Alpine skiing could be considered a suitable activity to encourage continued sports practice and improve the health of this population in winter. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between the practice of alpine skiing and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical self-concept (PSC), and sport motivation. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional and descriptive, involving 280 Spanish adults aged over 55 years and physically active (75.35% skiers). To assess physical activity, PSC, HRQoL, and sport motivation, we used the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity Questionnaire (RAPA-Q), the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP 30), the Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-36), and the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) questionnaires, respectively. Results: In the skier’s group, higher values were found for PSC (p < 0.001; d = 0.64), the physical component of HRQoL (p < 0.001, d = 0.48), physical function (p < 0.001, d = 61), and intrinsic motivation (p < 0.001; d = 0.85). The practice of alpine skiing was associated with higher levels of the physical health component (ORadj = 2.13, 95% CI 1.18–3.95, p = 0.013), PSC (ORadj = 2.92, 95% CI 1.58–5.52, p < 0.001), and intrinsic motivation (ORadj = 2.24, 95% CI 1.22–4.23, p = 0.010). Conclusions: The practice of alpine skiing is positively associated with higher values of HRQoL, PSC, and intrinsic motivation, and based on the above, it seems that alpine skiing can contribute to healthy ageing and improve the quality of life of older adults.

PRELIMINARY CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE SERBIAN VERSION OF THE ORIGINAL SPORT MOTIVATION SCALE (SMS-28)

Self-determination theory is a dominant conceptual frame in the research of sports motivation, while the original Sport motivation scale, SMS-28, is adapted in many languages. The aim of this research was to translate and adapt the original scale into the Serbian language and to conduct a preliminary factor analysis in order to confirm a seven-factor solution. The sample included 608 active athletes on an international, national or lower competition level in different individual or team sports, of both genders, with a Median value for age of 18 years, an average of 10 years of sports experience. The results indicated good internal consistency of the Serbian version (Mean alpha 0.86), with only an amotivation subscale with a low alpha value (0.54). A simplex pattern of the self-determination continuum was confirmed. The confirmatory factor analysis suggested some good fit indices (X2/df=4.26; SRMR=0.07; RMSEA=0.07; GFI=0.85; AGFI=0.81), while some indices did not meet the criteria of good model fit (CFI=0.81; NFI=0.77). We suggest further research should examine the scale on a more homogeneous sample in regard to competition level. Key words: motivation, sport motivation scale, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, factor analysis

How sport motivation profiles differ between athletes with and without intellectual disabilities

Motivation is essential for adopting and maintaining active lifestyles. This study aims to adapt an instrument that comprehensively screens the degree and type of motivation in Flemish speaking athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID). A translated (SMS-FL), a modified (SMS-FL-ID), and a condensed (SMS-FL-ID-short) version of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) (Pelletier et al., 1995) were created. The 7-factor structure of each scale was examined by an exploratory factor analysis in a sample of athletes without ID (n = 230) and athletes with ID (n = 96). The results confirmed preliminary acceptance of the SMS-FL development. However, two psychometric issues were found in the subscales &#8216;instrinsic motivation to accomplish&#8217; and &#8216;identified regulation&#8217; extrinsic motivation. These psychometric issues were addressed in future revisions to strengthen the scale. The SMS-FL-ID was developed to the specific characteristics of people with ID. Furthermore, it appears the SMS-FL-ID instrument is too long for this population. However, a 12-item SMS-FL-ID-short version proved preliminary acceptable psychometric properties. The short version is recommended for future use in Flemish athletes with ID. Overall, this study serves as a basis for further research to strengthen the scale in order to assess motivational profiles in individuals with ID.

Povezanost motivacione klime za bavljenje sportom kreirane od strane roditelja i unutrašnje sportske motivacije kod mlađih i starijih adolescenata

This research aims to identify the dominant type of sports motivation climate created by the mother or father (perceived by adolescents) and the dominant type of sports motivation, as well as to conclude which dimensions of the motivational climate created by parents, the best predict the internal sport motivation, to apply this knowledge in educational work, contribute to the proper development of young sportsmen and better sports results. We are also interested in whether this relationship differs between the respondents in the period of early and middle adolescence. The study was conducted on a sample of 200 adolescents who play sports, aged 11–19. The Sports Motivation Scale – SMS-28 was used to measure external, internal and amotivation, while the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire was used to measure the perceived sport motivation climate (Climate in Sport Questionnaire 2 – PIMCQ-2). The results of the research showed that the motivational climate created by father and mother in the subsample of younger adolescents predicts a 35.7% variance of internal sport motivation (p ˂ 0.05), while the same statistical model is not statistically significant in the subsample of older adolescents. The most important factor in predicting internal sports motivation is the learning-oriented motivational climate created by the mother. The results indicate a negative effect of the achievement-oriented motivational climate, which makes adolescents underestimate the beauty of playing sports and improving sports skills, while their focus is on competitive spirit and overcoming opponents, which leads to increased amotivation.

Coach-athlete relationship, team cohesion and motivation in Brazilian youth athletes: a cluster analysis

Purpose.This study investigated whether coach-athlete relationship development through sport was influenced by demographic factors, team cohesion, and motivation variables in Brazilian youth sport participants.Methods.The research involved 301 young athletes (136 boys and 165 girls) participating in the final phase of the School Games. They were aged 14–17 years (mean: 16.03 ± 0.83 years). The survey used assessed demographic variables, the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, the Sport Motivation Scale, and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire. The data were investigated with a cluster analysis, chi-squared test, and multivariate analysis of variance (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05).Results.The study revealed more female participants in the high coach relationship cluster (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.010), as well as a stronger association of futsal and handball with high coach-athlete relationship quality, and of basketball with low coach-athlete relationship quality (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.002). When compared with the low coach relationship cluster, youth sport participants in the high coach relationship cluster presented higher scores for social cohesion (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.001), task cohesion (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.001), and autonomous motivation regulations (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;: 0.003–0.001).Conclusions.Such findings suggest that coaches should seek to encourage group cohesion for both task and social cohesion, thus motivating athletes to meet the demands of the sporting context.

MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS PARTICIPATION AMONG ATHLETES

Background: Successful athletes are motivated for future-oriented for more achievements. Apprehensive athletes are not as successful as highly motivated athletes. The sport participation is influenced by many factors those contribute in success of athletes. Objective: To explore the motivational factors for sports participation among Pakistani athletes. Methodology: The cross-sectional survey was conducted on both male and female athletes (n=400) between the age of 14 to 40 years, played at the national and international levels at least from one year. The study was conducted at the Pakistan sports board (PSB) from July-December 2018. The non-probability convenience sampling was used in this study. The sports participation scale-6 was used to explore the motivational factors. The data was presented as n(%). Results: the mean age of the participants were 24±5.45 years The results showed that the mean scores of six categories of Sports Motivational Scale (SMS) was 134.69±13.431, which showed that majority of athletes were highly motivated. The result of the study also showed that all subdomain of sports motivation scale positively correlated to total score (p&lt;0.001), while a motivation was negatively associated r=-0.701, p&lt;0.001) with total score of sports motivation scale. Although most of the athletes were normal in term of depression, anxiety, and stress. But depression is negatively correlated (r=-0.09, p=0.04) with sports motivation. Conclusion: This study concluded that most athletes are motivated because hard training improves their performance and other motivational factors are also associated like pleasure, internal satisfaction, and excitement. The least motivational factor was achieving social or material benefits of being an athlete. Keywords: Athlete, motivation, participation, stress.

Modeling the Effect of Personality Traits, Enjoyment, and Sports Commitment on Sports Motivation Mediated by Competitive Anxiety

Background &amp; Aims of the Study: This study aimed to investigate the fit of the model of the effect of personality traits, enjoyment, and sports commitment on sports motivation mediated by competitive anxiety of wrestlers in Mazandaran Province. Materials and Methods: We selected 405 wrestlers (312 males and 93 females) ranging in age from 16-48 years using the available method and based on the five-factor list of Neo-personality Inventory, Sports Motivation Scale Sports Commitment Questionnaire, Sports Enjoyment, and Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that the model of the effect of personality traits, enjoyment, and sports commitment on sports motivation mediated by the sport commitment of wrestlers in Mazandaran province has a favorable fit. The results also showed that personality traits and sports enjoyment and commitment could explain competitive anxiety and sports motivation. Among the personality traits, neuroticism (0.337), extraversion (0.738), and conscientiousness (0.529) had a direct effect on wrestlers’ sports motivation. Also, sports enjoyment (2.391) and sports commitment (0.582) directly affected wrestlers’ sports motivation. The traits of openness had no significant direct effect on athletic motivation. The psychotic traits of neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness, sporting enjoyment, and sports commitment mediated by competitive anxiety did not significantly affect wrestlers’ sporting motivation. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the characteristics of neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness, sports enjoyment, and sports commitment increase sports motivation in wrestlers.