Sports Counseling Research Articles

Fostering positive affective exercise experiences and affect-related competencies for a physically active lifestyle: The FEEL project

Introduction
 Interventions targeting physical inactive individuals have not yielded sufficient impact yet. This may be attributed to two reasons: Firstly, affective processes during physical activity (PA) are often inadequately acknowledged (e. g. shame, feeling bad; Hohberg et al. 2022). Secondly, individuals are often not empowered to PA that positively influences affective wellbeing and mental health (Sudeck & Pfeifer, 2016). The FEEL project addresses these two deficiencies by developing a program promoting pleasant experiences, affect regulation competence, wellbeing and consequently PA.
 The program is grounded in Ekkekakis et al.’s (2021) conceptual framework on affective exercise experiences and their antecedent appraisals. It consists of [a] an instructor workshop focused on creating an inclusive, socially supportive atmosphere. Additionally, the program features [b] group exercise sessions covering topics such as attentional focus, preferred intensity, and flexible goal setting. Experiential learning is employed during these sessions, encouraging participants to engage not only physically but also to reflect on and in action. Finally, the program incorporates [c] a PA counseling session, during which participants individual motives for exercise are assessed, and suitable activities are discussed (Schorno et al., 2022).
 Methods
 We plan a multicenter randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of the 6-8 week FEEL program. Inactive individuals (meeting less than 75% of recommended PA guidelines) in the age of 16 to 35 will take part in the study. Participants will be recruited via schools, universities, companies, and social work institutions. Around 300 people will be assigned to either the intervention or control group. The control group will undergo a standard fitness program (usual care). The primary outcomes positive affective exercise experiences, affect regulation competence, wellbeing and PA will be measured pre- (0 weeks), post-intervention (6 weeks) and at follow-up (12 weeks). After piloting the FEEL program in April 2024, the main study will start in fall 2024.
 Discussion
 This study explores the impact of a multifaceted intervention in a primary care context. It may provide valuable insights for effective considerations of affective processes and related competencies in PA programs. Should the FEEL program showcase positive effects, there may be interest in extending its implementation in diverse settings (e.g., rehabilitation).
 References
 Ekkekakis, P., Zenko, Z., & Vazou, S. (2021). Do you find exercise pleasant or unpleasant? The Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, Article 101930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101930
 Hohberg, V., Kreppke, J.‑N., Cody, R., Guthold, R., Woods, C., Brand, R., Dunton, G., Rothman, A., Ketelhut, S., & Nigg, C. (2022). What is needed to promote physical activity? Current Issues in Sport Science, 7, Article 005 https://doi.org/10.36950/2022ciss005
 Schorno, N., Gut, V., Conzelmann, A., & Schmid, J. (2022). Effectiveness of individual exercise and sport counseling based on motives and goals: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 44(2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2021-0018
 Sudeck, G., & Pfeifer, K. (2016). Physical activity-related health competence as an integrative objective in exercise therapy and health sports – Conception and validation of a short questionnaire. Sportwissenschaft, 46, 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-016-0405-4

The effect of telerehabilitation on improving the physical activity of patients with osteoarthritis: A systematic review

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of telerehabilitation on improving physical activity, physical function, and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). A systematic review of randomized controlled trial studies was conducted without a time limit by searching for keywords in the title, abstract, and study keywords in the scientific databases Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed on October 20, 2021. This study was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Titles and abstracts were retrieved based on the inclusion, exclusion, and quality assessment criteria. Then, full texts were retrieved and reviewed independently by two separate authors based on the eligibility criteria. Disputes were resolved through discussion. A form with the same predefined elements was used to extract data. Totally, eight eligible articles were found through this review. The studies on telerehabilitation approaches were categorized into three categories, which are: home-based exercise programs by online mobile applications, sports counseling and physiotherapist support via telephone calls, and Internet-based exercise training (IBET). In four studies (57%), telerehabilitation was effective in the short term for some months and improved the performance, self-efficacy, and quality of life of participants. On the other hand, in the long-term effects, there was no difference in participants' improvement (43%). In long-term follow-up, there was no difference between the efficiency of traditional rehabilitation and telerehabilitation in improving the physical performance and quality of life. However, telerehabilitation can be a viable alternative to traditional physiotherapy in patients with OA.

Exploring Taekwondo Poomsae Athletes Awareness of Sports Psychological Skills Training and Sports Counseling

Exploring Taekwondo Poomsae Athletes Awareness of Sports Psychological Skills Training and Sports Counseling

국내 스포츠 심리기술훈련 및 심리상담 사례연구 동향 분석 : 상담이론 기법 사례를 중심으로

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present the research direction and vitalization of the application of psychological techniques in the future by analyzing trends focusing on case studies of counseling techniques in domestic sports psychology counseling case studies.BR Method: For this purpose, a total of 39 literatures registered in major journals (KISS, RISS, DBPia) from 2003 to 2022 were reviewed. The main search terms were sports psychological counseling, sports psychological skills training, psychological support, player psychological training, psychological counseling, and psychological techniques. Among sports psychological counseling, only papers that applied a counseling theory (technique) were included in the final analysis.BR Results: The results of this study are as follows. 1) Counseling cases applying psychological theory are gradually increasing. 2) Cognitive theories and mindfulness-based theories are most commonly applied. 3) Counseling was conducted most often by one researcher who was qualified for counseling. 4) The duration of program application was less than 12 weeks and less than 10 sessions, with short-term programs being the highest. 5) As a measuring tool, the sports psychological skill level test tool was most commonly used to prove the effectiveness of performance improvement. 6) The number of psychological measurements was most frequently measured two times (pre and post). 7) The psychological technique intervention effect was found to be partially or fully significant in all 39 cases.BR Conclusion: This study has proven the effectiveness of counseling to which psychological theory is applied in the field of sports counseling, and accordingly, it will be provided as basic data for the application of psychological theory in sports psychological counseling.

Effectiveness of Individual Exercise and Sport Counseling Based on Motives and Goals: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study tested the effectiveness of individual exercise and sport counseling in a nonclinical setting. The COunseling based on Motives and goals in Exercise and sporT (COMET) approach focuses on individual motives and goals and aims to identify suitable activities. Participants experience different exercise and sport activities and reflect on them with a counselor, who applies motivational interviewing. A stratified randomized controlled design with 129 people was used. The intervention group took part in a counseling event, which included feedback on motives and goals, trial exercise and sport sessions, and structured reflection. Four weeks later, members of the group got a telephone booster. The control group received minimal intervention as written information. Results show that the counseling promoted motivational competence (η2 = .16), physical activity-specific self-control (η2 = .08), and the weekly volume of exercise and sport (η2 = .15), whereas it did not influence self-concordance. Further studies can investigate whether the COMET approach is also effective in other settings.

Aortic Root Dimensions and Pulse Wave Velocity in Young Competitive Athletes

The assessment of aortic root dimensions is a cornerstone in cardiac pre-participation screening as dilation can result in severe cardiac events. Moreover, it can be a hint for an underlying connective tissue disease, which needs individualized sports counseling. This study examines the prevalence of aortic root dilatation in a cohort and its relationship to arterial stiffness as an early marker of cardiovascular risk due to vascular aging. From May 2012 to March 2018, we examined 281 young male athletes (14.7 ± 2.1 years) for their aortic root dimension. Moreover, we noninvasively assessed arterial stiffness parameter during pre-participation screening. Mean aortic diameter was 25.9 ± 3.1 mm and 18 of the 281 (6.4%) athletes had aortic root dilation without other clinical evidence of connective tissue disease. After adjusting for BSA, there was no association of aortic root diameter to pulse wave velocity (p = −0.054 r = 0.368) nor to central blood pressure (p = −0.029 r = 0.634). Thus, although a significant proportion of young athletes had aortic root dilatation, which certainly needs regular follow up, no correlation with arterial stiffness was found. It could be suggested that a dilated aortic root in young athletes does not alter pulse waveform and pulse reflection, and thus there is no increased cardiovascular risk in those subjects.

Hemodynamic Relevance of Anomalous Coronary Arteries Originating From the Opposite Sinus of Valsalva-In Search of the Evidence.

Coronary artery anomalies (CAA) represent a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders of the arterial coronary circulation, defined by an anomalous origin of the coronary ostium and/or vessel course. Of particular interest are anomalous coronary arteries originating from the opposite sinus of Valsalva (ACAOS). The interarterial variants (with the anomalous vessel situated between the great arteries) are historically called “malignant,” based on an anticipated higher risk for myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac death (SCD), especially affecting young patients during strenuous physical activity. However, the interarterial course itself may not be the predominant cause of ischemia, but rather represents a surrogate for other ischemia-associated anatomical high-risk features. As the exact pathophysiology of ACAOS is not well-understood, there is a lack of evidence-based guidelines addressing optimal diagnostic work-up, downstream testing, sports counseling, and therapeutic options in patients with ACAOS. Therefore, treating physicians are often left with uncertainty regarding the clinical management of affected patients. This review focuses on the pathophysiologic consequences of ACAOS on myocardial ischemia and discusses the concept of the interplay between fixed and dynamic coronary stenosis. Further, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the different diagnostic modalities and give an outlook by highlighting the gaps of knowledge in the assessment of such anomalies.

Ranking of the education and social benefits, the responsibilities, the professional competencies of sport counseling process in the opinion of sports and physical education experts

Ranking of the education and social benefits, the responsibilities, the professional competencies of sport counseling process in the opinion of sports and physical education experts

Effect of Time-of-Day-Exercise in Group Settings on Level of Mood and Depression of Former Elite Male Athletes.

Since the prevalence of depression is high among athletes at the end of their athletic career, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of time-of-day-exercise in group settings on the level of the mood and depression of former elite male athletes.Out of 187 volunteers referring to the sports counseling clinic, 71 retired male athletes who had a national championship record were randomly divided into two morning and evening exercise groups. The inclusion criteria were severe depression (high score in the Beck Depression Inventory-II), the age range of 50 to 60 years, the absence of metabolic syndrome, and the body mass index (BMI) between 28 and 35. All body composition variables were measured using body composition analysis (In Body 320; Korea). The second stage was the collection of data after three months (completion of the training protocol). After data collection, independent and dependent t-tests were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that both groups had a significant improvement in depression compared to the pre-test (p ≤ 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two groups (p ≥ 0.05). The overall conclusion is that exercise at different times of the morning or evening can improve the psychological state and reduce depression.

Pelaksanaan Olahraga Bulu Tangkis Siswa Tunagrahita

This study aims to describe the implementation of badminton for intelectuall disability students in SLBN 1 Bukittinggi which includes implementation, obstacles, and solutions. The subjects in this study were sports counseling teachers. Supporting information was obtained from school principals, student representatives, and students participating in badminton sports activities. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the implementation of tagging feathers was carried out with warm-up preparation before the exercise in the form of running around the field, training activities carried out three times a week, namely on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday starting from 13.00 - 16.00. The exercise is carried out using demonstration methods and training methods. Obstacles encountered in the implementation of badminton sport are students more often following moods, lack of motivation, for the beginner giving material requires considerable time and the solutions taken are giving direction and support to students and fostering students since elementary school as the next generation.

Konsep dan aplikasi konseling olahraga bagi atlet; peluang dan tantangan

<p><em>The development of the world is now complex, problems are diverse, including in sports settings. The problem of athletes is more complex, not a few athletes who do not compete because of low self-management, unstable emotional control and even motivation and performance that are not optimal. Not to mention the condition of the relationship between athletes and athletes, athletes with coaches and even family problems that are Carrie away and affect psychological conditions during sparring in the field. The condition requires the existence of a special psychological companion for athletes, this condition makes the background of the need for sports counseling, a sports counselor can accompany the need for special personnel skilled and mastering the psychological concepts of athletes. This has become a new alternative for counselors in performing. Script will present the background of the need for sports counseling services, athlete’s problems, direction of sports counseling services and opportunities and challenges.</em></p>

Effect of Peripheral Heart Action training and Yoga Exercise Training on Respiratory Functions and C-Reactive Protein of Postmenopausal Women

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripheral heart action (PHA) and yoga exercises on respiratory functions and CRP of obese postmenopausal women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 elderly women (age: 65.3 ± 2.6 years) referring voluntarily to the Sport Counseling Center of Sports and Youth Administration of Qazvin province in 2018 were randomly assigned to three groups: yoga exercise group (n = 14), strength training group (n = 13), and control group (n = 13). The experimental groups performed the exercise protocols (yoga and PHA training) three sessions a week each lasting 40 minutes for two months. Tests were performed to evaluate the subjects’ ventilatory capacity including FVC and FEV1 using spirometry and CRP. The tests were done in pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test. Results: FEV1 was better in the yoga and PHA exercise groups than in the control group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). Furthermore, CRP was better in the yoga and PHA training groups than in the control group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). There was no significant difference in the study variables between the two training groups (P = 0.97). Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, due to the vulnerability of the elderly to cardiorespiratory and inflammatory problems, it is highly proposed to apply such exercises to improve the physiological functions.

The Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory for Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Exercise- and sport-related motives and goals are important motivational factors in promoting exercise and sport among adolescents and young adults. However, at present, there is no well-validated instrument to assess these factors that considers age-specific characteristics. Therefore, the goals of this study were to adapt the existing Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory in exercise and sport for middle-aged adults for use in adolescents and young adults and to examine its psychometric properties. The Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory for adolescence and young adulthood was validated with 2,318 participants aged between 14 to 34 years old. Applying exploratory structural equation modeling, the inventory demonstrated excellent model fit (CFI = 0.983, SRMR = 0.014, RMSEA = 0.040) using 26 items and covering eight motives and goals: Contact, Competition/Performance, Distraction/Catharsis, Body/Appearance, Health, Fitness, Aesthetics, and Risk/Challenge. A cross-validation confirmed the factor structure. Psychometric analyses revealed good reliabilities (CR ≥ 0.70, AVE ≥ 0.50, test-retest reliability: 0.62 ≤ rtt ≤ 0.83) and discriminant validity. The factors correlated, in predictable ways, with exercise- and sport-related self-concordance, indicating criterion validity of the inventory. Additionally, metric measurement invariance was supported for activity levels, gender, and age. Overall, the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory for adolescence and young adulthood is an age-specific, economical, and psychometrically sound questionnaire to assess exercise- and sport-related motives and goals. The inventory can be used in the practical field of exercise and sport promotion (e.g., sport counseling), as well as in research, to better understand the mechanisms and effects of motives and goals in exercise and sport.

Sports Counseling for Elite Athletes

Sports Counseling for Elite Athletes

Enhancing the Sport Counseling Specialty: A Call for a Unified Identity

Enhancing the Sport Counseling Specialty: A Call for a Unified Identity

Call to the Bullpen: How the 2012 MLB Draft Shows Why the NCAA Must Make a Change to its Bylaws

Major League Baseball (“MLB”) revised its amateur draft rules in 2012, which had a significant effect on how much of a signing bonus MLB teams could offer their draftees. Accordingly, it is no surprise that signing bonuses for first round draftees decreased by almost $12 million in 2012, as compared to 2011. The new rules, and their subsequent effect on MLB teams, demand that baseball student-athletes, now more than ever, not only be educated in all facets of the MLB Draft before deciding to turn pro or become/remain college student-athletes, but also retain a competent attorney or agent to represent them in the negotiation of a professional contract. The problem is that current National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”) rules make it virtually impossible for baseball student-athletes to receive the education they deserve to make a well-informed decision. Furthermore, NCAA rules completely prohibit student-athletes from hiring an attorney and/or agent for representation during negotiations. MLB revised its rules to address changes in professional baseball; the NCAA must follow suit and amend its outdated bylaws to be in tune with the current state of amateur baseball. This article argues that the NCAA should 1.) Make a “High School Baseball Exception” to its no-agent rule, 2.) Reform its bylaw regarding Professional Sports Counseling Panels, 3.) Revise the no-agent rule as applied to college baseball student-athletes, and 4.) Create a National Professional Sports Counseling Panel.

The Development of Sport Counseling Needs Scale for Football Players

The Development of Sport Counseling Needs Scale for Football Players

Motive and Method in Cognitive Counseling

This article examines a simple but highly effective cognitive technique for transforming negative, destructive dialogue into positive, motivational dialogue. The technique examines the underlying motive or goal behind negative communication and then evaluates how effectively the negative method of communication is at achieving this goal and introduces new methods when the negative method is seen as ineffectual. Examples will be given on how to use this technique in intra-personal, interpersonal (marriage and family counseling), and sports counseling.

Sports Counseling: A New Counseling Specialty Area

This article provides background information about sports counseling for student‐athletes. A proposal for a Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs specialty training area for sports counseling is presented.

Sports Counseling: Enhancing the Development of the High School Student‐Athlete

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to the dilemmas faced by student‐athletes. The purpose of this article is to identify the major developmental issues faced by students participating in interscholastic athletics and to suggest ways in which counselors can assist them in mastering age‐appropriate developmental tasks.