Sport Coaches Research Articles

스포츠윤리교육 교수설계원리 고찰 : 스포츠지도자 대상으로

스포츠윤리교육 교수설계원리 고찰 : 스포츠지도자 대상으로

Exploring the development of ‘understanding’ in high-level youth soccer players

ABSTRACT Background Developing understanding, and tactical understanding in particular, is an important goal for coaches in high-level youth sport. Deeper understanding can be associated with metacognition, which in soccer, is suggestive of players who can outwit the opponent by strategising. Although attractive, however, the construct is difficult to operationalise and hence, is seen as a challenging area, albeit a crucial one. Purposes This study tested how one team of under 13–14 academy players’ depth of understanding changed using a mixed methods approach with data collection over 18-months. Methods Players’ (n = 10) experienced a metacognitive coaching method, Digital Video Game Design (DVGD) throughout the study duration. Testing occurred on four occasions using Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) to elicit how player thinking when playing evolved, combined with a Game Understanding (GU) comparative rating scale. In parallel, players’ coaches (n = 3) completed quantitative measurement of GU. Quantitative data analysis employed a repeated measures ANOVA whilst. Qualitative analysis of ACTA interviews used a deductive framework focussed on metacognitive skills and strategy. Findings Players’ depth of understanding significantly improved during and post exposure to the metacognitive coaching method. Post the initial intervention, understanding showed further improvements at a steady but not significant rate. Qualitative findings indicated that players’ metacognition became more sophisticated, with a particular improvement in strategising based on team mates and opponent’s capabilities. The most dominant metacognitive skills were planning and problem setting, whilst information gathering was least deployed. Conclusions Results show that young players are capable of rapidly developing metacognitive skills and strategy. Sports should upskill their coach education workforce to enhance their understanding of metacognition and its role within GU.

AIM AND MEANING OF BREATHING EXERCISES: INTERDISCIPLINARY LITERATURE REVIEW

Respiration is an indispensable aspect of life that significantly influences both the physical and mental well-being of individuals, depending on such factors as depth and rhythm. Exploring the distinctions between chest and abdominal breathing is crucial for understanding their profound impacts, and embracing appropriate breathing exercises has proven to be advantageous for short-term relief and long-term holistic health. While acknowledged for diverse therapeutic applications, such as mitigating vocal cord fatigue, a comprehensive exploration of breathing exercises remains essential. Sport scientists and coaches are encouraged to acquire a set of breathing exercises for future implementation in the training routines. This study strives to conduct an interdisciplinary literature review to shed light on the aims, meaning, and classification of breathing exercises. Employing a literature review methodology, were analysed peer-reviewed articles from PubMed and ScienceDirect published during the years from 2000 to 2023, focusing on such keywords as breathing exercises, deep breathing, nasal breathing, abdominal breathing, thoracic breathing, pursed-lip breathing, breathing control, and respiratory muscle training. The research findings illustrate the multifaceted definitions, components, aims, and classifications of breathing exercises. This study establishes a foundation for identifying distinct subtypes, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the significance and purpose of breathing exercises in enhancing overall well-being.

Determining Private Youth Sport Coaches’ Wage Expectations for Tournament Attendance: A Market-Based Solution to Incentivize Tournament Attendance in Coaches of Individual Sports

Incentive structures within the market-driven private youth tennis and athlete development system often fail to deliver optimal sport at the micro-level. Yet, remedying deficient incentive structures within the private youth sports setting has received little empirical inquiry. In examining an established deficiency in private youth tennis delivery deriving from macro-level incentive structures, the authors investigated the wage expectations, and determinants of wage expectations for private youth tennis coaches’ tournament attendance. Guided by human capital theory, rational choice theory, and the wage expectations literature, 111 private youth tennis coaches completed an online survey. Results found most coaches expect a wage comparable to an hour-long coaching session, with coaches’ expectations affected by years of experience, prior playing accomplishments, form of compensation, role responsibilities, and race. Findings do suggest a micro-level remedy for a deficient incentive structure can enhance tennis delivery and demonstrate the viability of a parent-financed coach tournament attendance service.

Analysis of sports policy in Papua in the formation of the Papuan contingent at the XX National Sports Week (PON)

Analyzing sports policy in Papua in the formation of the XX PON contingent is something that must be done because the achievements of Papua Province at the national level at the national sports week (PON) event, which is held every 4 years, will be increasingly competitive. This study aims to analyze sports policy in Papua in the formation of the Papua contingent at the XX national sports week (PON). Using qualitative methods with data collection techniques interviews, observation and documentation. With the policy analysis methodology used in problem solving: problem formulation, forecasting, recommendations, monitoring, and evaluation. The participants were the Indonesian National Sports Committee (KONI) Papua, the Papua Sports and Youth Office (DISORDA), the Papua Provincial Sports Branch Management, coaches and athletes totaling 22 people. The results of this analysis found that the policies taken by Papua Province in the formation of the XX PON contingent related to the recruitment of Papuan domiciled athletes, recruitment of athletes domiciled outside Papua (contract athletes) and training centers inside and outside Papua aim to determine the medal acquisition target, improve achievement and become a good host. The results of the study concluded that the province of Papua has a policy, namely the Papua Governor Regulation Number 29 of 2020 concerning the Description of Duties and Functions of the Papua Provincial Sports and Youth Office and in the stage of drafting a Special Regional Regulation (PERDASUS) of Sports and the use of athlete mutation regulations in the framework of PON contained in KONI Decree Number 56 of 2010 as an attitude of primordialism to achieve the successful achievement target of the host of the XX Papua PON. Through this research can provide positive input for the Papua provincial government to realize the Sports PERDASUS so that the selection of potential athletes in Papua is managed with a planned, systematic, measurable and sustainable sports coaching pattern. Keywords: Sports Policy, Papua Contingent, PON XX

Does the German sports system recruit coaches with a functional personality?—Attempting an answer by comparing German basketball coaches with teachers and managers

Currently, there is no theory that identifies the ideal personality type for sports coaches. The study’s goal is to gain insight into the personalities of German basketball coaches and use existing study results from other professional groups to make recommendations for the content of coaches’ education. Given the German Olympic Sports Federation’s emphasis on comprehensive coach education that includes personal development, this paper examines the relationship between a coach’s vocation and personality, filling in knowledge gaps about how coaches’ personalities appear. The analyses are based on a unique dataset of 360 German basketball coaches and data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), allowing for a more in-depth comparison of coaches’ Big Five personality traits. Using SOEP data from the German general population, teachers, and managers as benchmarks, this paper investigates the relationship between different coaching license levels and distinct personality profiles, providing insights into the characteristics displayed by coaches at various professional levels. The analysed data indicate that lower coaching licence levels are associated with lower neuroticism and more agreeableness, whereas openness, conscientiousness, and extraversion are higher. When comparing coaches to the general population and other occupational groups, A‑license coaches have more characteristics that are similar with managers, whilst C‑license coaches have more parallels with teachers. Furthermore, examining particular traits and individual comparisons, it is transparent that C‑license coaches are more agreeable than A‑license coaches. The findings suggest that coach development programs should be improved by incorporating insights from teachers and managers to select coaches and update educational paradigms more carefully. The study emphasizes the importance of traits such as conscientiousness and agreeableness in coaching success and identifies potential areas for intervention to maximize coaching efficacy. In conclusion, this study adds to our empirical understanding of the complex relationships between personality traits, professional roles, and effective coaching on multiple levels. Furthermore, it emphasizes the dynamic relationship between an individual coach’s intrinsic disposition and professional efficacy, showing the importance of tailored interventions to improve coaching outcomes.

Maintaining professional face: deceptive impression management in community sport coaching

ABSTRACT This article breaks new ground in the sociology of sports work through its novel exploration of workplace deception and the associated development of an original typology of deceptive impression management. Analysis of data collected from a two-phased research design, comprising online interviews and survey responses from 102 participants, revealed that community sport coaches employed deceptive impression management to display emotional control, an ideal practice of their work, and to feign expert knowledge. These types of deceptive impression management consisted of disguising disdain, flattering insincerely, camouflaging alternative approaches, covering-up mistakes, hiding a lack of expected knowledge, and reporting favourable metrics. Drawing on theories of dramaturgical analysis [Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Anchor, Goffman, E. (1967). Interactional ritual: Essays on face-To-face behaviour. Aldine Publications, Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.] and emotional labour (Hochschild, A. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551–575., Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialisation of human feeling. The University of California Press] as used in constructing a professional image, we examine how the coaches used deception to cope with challenging work circumstances that endanger projecting a professional appearance. The present article not only advances our sociological understanding of sports work but raises important questions for the preparation, development, and support of sports workers.

Precarity in sport coaching: Exploring the working conditions of Canadian university sports coaches

Although the study of sport coaching as the body of knowledge and praxis is well established, very few studies have unpacked sport coaching through a sociological work and/or labour lens. Drawing on the findings from a larger institutional ethnographic study exploring gender, work, and professionalization in sport coaching within the Canadian university sport system, this article highlights the ways in which the Canadian university sport coaching environment constructs and normalizes overwork, such that sport coaches often experience worker precarity. Given the emphasis within the university sport environment on performance, and/or the need for sport coaches to win in order to keep their jobs, this article highlights how coaches have internalized their constant work efforts as ‘just part of the job’. Key findings demonstrate the deleterious effects of nonstop work on sport coaches both within and outside of their working environments. This article concludes by emphasizing how in the contemporary political-economic context of Canadian university sport, where meritocracy is a powerful and prominent player and where winning matters most, sport coaches are often always overworked and undersupported.

How Coaches Make Improvements in Coaching Practice

Sport coaching involves continuous learning as coaches seek to manage the complexity of the sport environment, address the ever-changing aspects of their sport, and find more effective and efficient ways to promote athlete development and maintain a competitive advantage. Therefore, coaches regularly find themselves in situations where they need to strive for continuous learning and improvement, a core coaching responsibility in the National Standards for Sport Coaches. This article presents information on how coaches can engage in lifelong learning experiences and reflective practice to make slow and steady change to improve their coaching practice and provide an even better experience for their athletes.

As Youth Sport Coaches Take to the Sidelines, Important Pedagogical Practices to Remember

School-age children receive a myriad of physical, social, emotional, and cognitive benefits from being involved in sport, as well as several academic benefits. Children who participate in sport are more likely to have a higher GPA, increased daily attendance, and greater high school graduation rates than their non-sport participating peers. Unfortunately, participation in sport is in decline. Although several factors are to blame for the downward trend, the overwhelming research consensus is that children do not perceive sport to be fun due to coach behaviors. To facilitate positive outcomes from participating in sport, practice settings need to include developmentally appropriate skill progressions and ample opportunities for all players to participate and contribute, as well as a team atmosphere that fosters player self-actualization. Sport coaches should utilize best practices for developing the motor skills (sport-related skills) of their athletes. Pedagogical topics covered in this article include: (1) task presentations of skills, (2) designing appropriate practice tasks, and (3) applying skills into the tactical setting.

Caught between a rock and a hard place: the liminality of the sport coaching ‘pracademic’

ABSTRACT The emergence of “pracademics” in the field of sport coaching, individuals who blend practical coaching expertise with scientific enquiry, has garnered increasing attention. Positioned to bridge the gap between academia and practice, pracademics are expected to bring practical wisdom and contextual knowledge into scholarly activities. However, we pose the need to critically examine the concept of the pracademic, and their service to both industry and academia while sounding a note of caution in an increasingly commercialised sector. We do so by exploring the retrospective reflections of an early career researcher (the lead author) in navigating the role of pracademic in an increasingly neoliberal space. We contend that caution is needed in the blind pursual towards the role of the pracademic, calling on greater collaborative efforts to protect early career academics, challenge neoliberal structures and for the continued engagement with thoughtful and critical research and knowledge exchange in sport coaching.

Motivations, Barriers, and Supports: An Examination of the Experiences of Women of Color Recreational Sport Coaches

Coaches play an instrumental role in the experiences of youth sport participants. Though girls participate in youth sport at similar rates as boys, coaching positions continue to be dominated by men. Existing research supports the value of diverse role models, especially for culturally diverse youth, and women coaches of color are especially important in sport given the low participation rates of ethnocultural minorities. Given the importance of diverse role models as sport coaches, this study investigates the experiences of women of color who coach sport at the recreational level. Based on interviews with 14 individuals, and grounded in socioecological theory, our findings describe the experience of research participants at each level (individual, interpersonal, organizational, and sociocultural) with a focus on the entry experience, barriers, and supports. Findings suggest that gendered and racial norms influence experiences across the model, and further lead to practical implications for sport managers.

INTERNATIONAL SPORT COACHING JOURNAL

INTERNATIONAL SPORT COACHING JOURNAL

Relationships, stability, and authenticity: How being yourself is ‘the’ key to community sport coaching and youth work

AbstractThe fields of youth work and community sport development both use participation in sport as a means by which to engage young people and support behavioural change. This is achieved through social intervention programmes (whether part of broader or specific approaches, or individual, group, or community contexts), that specifically address community and psychological wellbeing. While extensive bodies of literature support effective practices in both fields, there are fewer related to the intersubjectivity between them. Given, in the UK context at least, the crossover of funded programmes, objectives, and practice in an applied and policy sense, this study sought to investigate what practitioners in both fields considered best practice relative to how they facilitated appreciable changes in pro‐social behaviour and lifestyle trajectories. This study used semi‐structured interviews with nine participants who all had experience of working in both community sport coaching and youth work. The findings suggest that youth workers and community sport coaches can fashion effective practice through working climates that actively ensure stability and connections, and that authentic projection of self, one that means practitioners must care and have the interest of the young people at heart, are essential to create positive psychological change through meaningful relationships. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

Physical training tennis serve performance on adolescent: A systematic review

Physical training on improving court tennis service skills in adolescent athletes is one part of mastering skills for teenagers. However, not all exercises that have been done by teenagers can be successful in mastering tennis serve skills. The main objective of this study is to explain physical training to support service skills in tennis. This study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and Meta-analysis. Scientific articles are obtained from Elsevier, Pubmed, Science Direct, Web of Science, National Index, Google Scholar, and Journal of Sports Coaching. After following the exclusion criteria, only 8 articles remain. The review successfully showed that most research, and quantitative approaches are the methods and types of research used. One important aspect of physical training is support for service skills on the tennis court. The practice study program lasts 3 weeks to 12 weeks. They do one to > two days per week. Conclusion The findings suggest that physical exercise can increase the speed of tennis serves. Recommended physical exercises to improve tennis serve include Exercises, Core Legs, Stability, and Arms. Further research can be continued by mapping research analysis on this topic using other methods to explore various forms of exercises for mastering skills in sports. This literature review can also be continued by discussing other topics related to mastery of skills.

Examınatıon of The Relatıonshıp Between Fans' Opınıons On The Source Of Vıolence In Football And Levels Of Identıfıcatıon In Sports

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between fans' views on the sources of violence in football and their levels of identification with sports. A total of 283 participants, including 252 males and 31 females, took part in the survey, and the results were analyzed. Since the data showed a normal distribution, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Independent t-tests were used. Pearson Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the sub-dimensions of the scale. According to the findings of the study, there was a positive weak relationship between identification and the sub-dimensions of violence associated with sports media, referee decisions, coaches and managers, and athlete behaviors (p

The development of educability motor-based warming model for long jump sports

Stretching and warming up are crucial in every training session or competition in long jump athletics. This study was aimed at developing a warm-up model based on motor educability for the long jump sport. This research is a type of development with a research model procedure using Borg Gall's five steps of the adaptation of the IOWA Brace Test to motor educability. The samples used in this research were media experts and material experts, each consisting of one person. For small group trials, there were 9 (nine) students from the Sports Science Study Program and for large group trials, there were 39 (thirty-nine) students from the Sports Coaching Education Study Program who took athletics courses. The instruments used were the 11 IOWA Brace Test motor educability items and the Standing Broad Jump test to examine effectiveness using the paired sample t test. As a result, in the expert validation step, revision, the design product has been declared feasible by the expert as well as during large and small group trials. The effectiveness test also revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean of paired samples. The results of this development also recommend several movements, namely: side learning rest, one knee balance, stroke stand, double heel kick, hop forward, forward hand kick, half squat-arm circle, side kick, russian dance, single squat balance, and jump foot. The conclusion is that of the eleven movements it is feasible to use in warm-up for the long jump sport. Future research needs to examine how this model supports athletes in improving physical fitness components.

The challenges of navigating different spaces and contexts in collaborative doctoral research in sport coaching

ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyse our experiences as both researchers and supervisors while collaborating with national governing bodies (NGBs) on jointly funded doctoral sport coaching research projects. We share our collective accounts of undertaking applied coaching research. Composite narratives reveal our ambitions for authentic collaboration; the vulnerabilities of the researcher; and the importance of empathy. Using Bronfenbrenner’s theory, we explore how researcher-practitioner PhDs involve movement between complex social-ecological systems. In doing so, we seek to support neophyte researchers and supervisors engaged in collaborative research partnerships. Contributions may also support NGBs and funders who are seeking high quality and contextually situated coaching research.

Psychological stress and psychological well-being among sports coaches: A close proximity longitudinal daily diary study

It is essential to understand sports coaches’ experiences of psychological stress and psychological well-being (PWB) on a daily basis to better equip coaches to manage stress and improve well-being. Coaches make a vital contribution to sport and, given the potentially stressful nature of coaches’ roles, are required to manage their own PWB and performance alongside that of the athletes with whom they work. To better understand how to support coaches, we explored coaches’ experiences of stressors, primary appraisals, coping, and PWB using a close proximity longitudinal daily diary approach. Five sports coaches (one woman and four men) each completed an interval-contingent, daily diary over a 28-day period. The diary facilitated understanding of the coaches’ experiences of their worlds and captured descriptions of the coaches’ daily lives. Underpinned by our constructivist paradigm and following an abductive approach to data analysis, four experiences are presented (preparing for major events and championships, competition, admin and national governing body-related tasks, and work-life balance) using a trajectory approach. This method of data presentation allows understanding of each coach’s journey through their experiences as they occurred over the 28-day period. The experiences are categorized into themes representing stressors, primary appraisals, coping, and PWB. Collectively, the findings highlight that coaches experienced certain stressors (e.g., athlete-related) on a regular basis, and that they appraised (e.g., as a challenge) and coped with these experiences in different ways (e.g., via information seeking). The findings also demonstrate that stress experiences influenced different elements of the coaches’ PWB (e.g., relationships with others, personal growth) and that, occasionally, coaches may experience delayed or inaccessible appraisals of a stressor.

(Re)conceptualising coach education and development: towards a rhizomatic approach

ABSTRACT To ensure sport coaches across all domains deliver ethical practices, appropriately educating the coaching workforce is of paramount importance. Yet, coach education programmes have been heavily critiqued for failing to enhance coaches’ knowledge and practice. In recognising the sociocultural nature of coach learning, researchers have drawn upon prominent social theorists such as Bourdieu, Foucault, and Bernstein amongst others to critically analyse coach education provision. However, the notion of rhizomatic learning, derived from the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, has yet to be applied to coach education research, despite its ability to disrupt normalised and linear education systems. Consequently, the aim of this new horizons paper is to introduce rhizomatic learning as a possible framework for (re)conceptualising coach education and development. The intention of this paper is to put Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts “to work” to help theorise how social actors and coaching discourses function to produce learning and practice.