Spontaneous Answers Research Articles

PRIMARY STUDENTS’ ALTERNATIVE IDEAS ABOUT WATER

Alternative ideas in knowledge refer to the situations where student’s understanding of a certain concept differs from the scientific concept. During this investigation we were focused on identification and analysis of the most common students’ alternative ideas about water in early science education. The sample consisted of 76 first and third grade students from three primary schools in Sombor, Serbia. The semi-structured interviewing technique was used for data collection. The proportion of mixed and scientific answers was higher among third-graders, while the spontaneous answers were more frequent among first-graders. These findings could be attributed to developmental differences and the impact of teaching. Our investigation can be useful starting point for the process of transformation of students’ alternative ideas about water in everyday school practice.

VPTD: Human Face Video Dataset for Personality Traits Detection

In this paper, we propose a dataset for personality traits detection based on human face videos. Ground truth data have been annotated using the IPIP-50 personality test that every participant is implementing. To collect the dataset, we developed a web-based platform that allows us to acquire spontaneous answers for predefined questions from the respondents. The website allows the participants to record an interactive interview in order to imitate the real-life interview. The dataset includes 38 videos (2 min on average) for people of different races, genders, and ages. In the paper, we propose the top five personality traits calculated based on the test, as well as the top five personality traits calculated by our own developed model that determines this information based on video analysis. We introduced a statistical analysis for the collected dataset, and we also applied a K-means clustering algorithm to cluster the data and present the clustering results.

Associative Network Method.

The associative network method is a technique for studying social representations of a phenomenon. Although it is little known and used, it can be widely used in nursing research, particularly to understand the representations of a population on a disease or a professional practice. This article aims to describe the associative network method, proposed by De Rosa in 1995, through a concrete example. The associative network is a technique that allows us to identify the content, structure, and polarity of social representations of a phenomenon. It was used with 41 participants to describe their representations of urinary incontinence. First, the data were collected following the four steps described by De Rosa. The analysis was then carried out manually and using Microsoft Excel. The different themes evoked by the 41 participants, the number of words in each theme, the rank of appearance of the themes, the indices of polarity and neutrality, and the rank of hierarchy were thus analyzed. We were able to describe in depth the representations of caregivers and people from the general population on urinary incontinence and, more specifically, their content and structure. The spontaneous answers of the participants allowed us to explore several dimensions of their representations. We were also able to obtain rich information, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The associative network-which is easy to understand and implement-is a method that can be adapted to various studies.

Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching: A Pilot Study of the Design, Development, and Implementation of Structured Interprofessional Co-Teaching Sessions.

IntroductionHigh levels of interprofessional collaboration are beneficial for patients and healthcare providers. Co-teaching may be one method for creating a collaborative environment. This pilot study designed, developed, and implemented Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching on an inpatient medicine service.MethodsTen Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching pairs designed 30-minute, structured co-teaching sessions with learning objectives, evidence-based content, interactive teaching strategies and a Take-Away of key content with the help of a coaching team. Each session was presented by a nurse and senior doctor to nurse and resident learners. Our assessment blueprint included: 1. Anonymous surveys assessing the overall rating of each session and 2. Pre- and post-anonymous surveys assessing measures of interprofessional collaboration and communication between nurses and residents before and after the series of ten co-teaching sessions.ResultsData from ten post-session surveys included 121 of 156 participants (77.6%). Attendance at each session ranged from 13–19 participants with 8–17 participants completing a survey per session for an average of 12.1 surveys analyzed. All Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching sessions scored in the excellent range between 1.00 and 1.43 on a Likert scale (1 is excellent and 5 is poor). In response to the question “What did you like best?”, interactive teaching strategies was the most frequent spontaneous answer. A significant correlation between the number of interactive teaching strategies and enjoyability of the session (p-value=0.01) was observed. Measures of interprofessional collaboration and communication did not change significantly in the pre-intervention compared to post-intervention period.ConclusionWe created a unique model of interprofessional co-teaching on an inpatient service. The overall excellent ratings of our interactive sessions indicate that Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching is a valued form of learning. Our structured format is adaptable to various medical settings and could be expanded to include additional allied health professionals. We plan further studies to assess if Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching improves measures of interprofessional collaboration.

Attitude and knowledge of medical students toward donation after circulatory death.

A survey among medical students in a Brazilian public university was performed to investigate the acceptance of organ donation in Brazil, particularly donation after circulatory death (DCD). A questionnaire including 26 objectives and Likert scale questions was validated and sent to all medical students of our institution. The answers were analyzed considering the whole set of individuals as well as by dividing the medical students into two groups: less graduated students and more graduated students. From 1050 students, 103 spontaneous answers (9.8%) were retrieved after 3 weeks. A total of 89.3% agreed totally with deceased donor organ donation and 8.7% agreed partially. However, only 50.5% of the students agreed totally and 31.1% agreed partially to living donation. Students revealed that 82.6% know the concept of brain death. On the other hand, 71.8% of them declared not knowing the concept of planned withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy, mainly cardiorespiratory support. A total of 85.4% of students agreed totally with donation after brain death and 11.7% agreed partially. However, when questioned about donation in awaiting circulatory death after a planned withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy, only 18.4% agreed totally and 32% agreed partially. Both groups of less and more graduated students showed similar results. Our study found a clear lack of information and consequently in acceptance of DCD. Education in the field of end-of-life management may improve not only the acceptance of DCD donation but also the whole understanding of planned withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy.

INTUISI SEBAGAI SALAH SATU SOLUSI MERAIH PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA

Mathematical problems are often solved without using conventional methods but using intuition thinking. Intuitive thinking is a cognitive process that leads to ideas as strategies for making decisions that produce spontaneous answers in solving problems. Spontaneous answers are written and spoken expressions that help a person solve math problems without using analytical thinking. This study aims to describe the various forms of intuition that arise when students solve math problems. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method to describe students' intuitive thinking processes through test instruments and interviews. The results showed that the form of intuitive thinking that emerged was (1) affirmatory intuition, namely direct cognition to understand the problem and (2) perceptual and global components, because students made perceptions of the answer solutions to be generated, then resolved until they got the results. In addition, it was also found that intuitive thinking that is raised as a strategy in making decisions is based on feelings, intrinsics and interventions to produce answers to solving the problems faced

Diagnostics of social self with younger schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities

Diagnostics of social self with younger schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities

Focus constructions, verb types and the SV/VS order in Italian: An acquisitional study from a syntax–prosody perspective

This paper investigates the realization of subjects in Broad and Narrow Focus constructions, from both an acquisitional and a theoretical perspective. Specifically, NF structures include Information (IF) and Corrective (CF) subjects and the study concerns Italian children (4–9 y.o.). Data are collected through an original experiment, based on spontaneous answers to (recorded) questions associated to scene settings. It is shown that the SV strategy is the most frequently used, independent of either Focus or verb type (considering transitive, unaccusative and unergartive verbs). Importantly, however, prosodic analysis shows that the SV order is systematically associated to distinct contours according to Focus types. As for the VS order, it appears as a late acquisition (around 7 y.o.) for both NF and BF constructions and is always associated with a downgrading contour. In a cartographic approach, these results lead to the conclusion that focus-related discourse and p-features are merged in dedicated projections and trigger movement to be valued and interpreted at Spell-Out. Consequently, p-features are uninterpretable at PF in the VS order. Finally, since the realization of postverbal subjects is part of the Null Subject Parameter, VS late emergence supports the hypothesis that the discourse-related competences connected with its acquisition are managed after 7 y.o.

Characteristics of Students’ Intuitive Thinking in Solving Mathematical Problems

Intuition is one of important thing in the process of solving mathematical problems. It works as cognitive mediation. In this understanding, intuition can be made as a bridge to students' understanding so that it can be accessed in linking imagined objects with the desired alternative solutions. In other words, students can determine what strategies or steps should be taken to get a problem solution, especially contextual problems that have completion steps that cannot be accessed directly. Intuitive thinking often occurs in mathematical problem solving. This was also seen in the mathematical students of IAIN Purwokerto. Based on the teaching experience so far, it was found that many students gave spontaneous answers without analyzing first. So, the researcher studied how characteristics of students’ intuitive thinking are. This research used qualitative with descriptive-exploratory type of research and used test to identify the characteristics of students’ intuitive thinking in solving mathematical problems. Results showed that students’ characteristics consisted of extrapolative, implicitly, persistently, coercively, and the power of synthesis.

From tale to reality: Geographical differences in children's flood‐risk perception

Few studies have approached children's behaviour during flood disasters, and none of them were in Italy. In this study we performed an analysis of flood‐risk perception in children aged between six and 14 years in three Italian regions characterised by diverse typologies of flood phenomena. To perform such an analysis, we collected data using a fictional story which, through identification with the protagonist, allowed for reliable and spontaneous answers from the young respondents. The studied communities were the pilot areas of the European research project LIFE PRIMES, “Preventing flooding RIsks by Making resilient communitiES.” The findings highlighted various expressed behaviours, with some differences between areas. The most unsafe expressed behaviour was “running outside.” Such a reaction becomes proportionally less important from younger to older respondents. The safest expressed behaviour was “reaching a high place,” which appears later in children and becomes more important from younger to older respondents. Not all communities demonstrated a good correlation between those two behaviours and age groups. The analysis suggests the need to implement educational and training activities specifically focused on children's needs during flood emergencies and that take into account the different geographical conditions in which children live.

A Closer Look at Attitude Scales with Positive and Negative Items. Response Latency Perspectives on Measurement Quality

Measurement quality in standardized surveys has been a core issue for decades in survey research. For questionnaire designers, it is common to use a mix of positive and negative worded items to measure multi-item-constructs in order to control for response effects like acquiescence bias. The paper shows that paradata such as response latency measurement can be used to identify specific subgroups of respondents with specific types of cognitive response modes. These response modes moderate the occurrence of response effects, systematic and random measurement errors, and thus the reliability and validity of attitudinal measurement models. Therefore, adapting paradata to detect low measurement quality can be used as a tool leading to a better understanding of respondents’ cognitive processes. Data of a German CATI-survey with experimental design and measurement of response latencies are used to analyze data quality of a measurement model of attitudes towards health nutrition with mixed items. Response effects are analyzed through the experimental variation of question order of negative and positive worded items. Structural equation models are estimated in a multiple-group moderator design to test validity and reliability of the latent attitude construct. As a result, the attitude scale shows acceptable values of validity and reliability only under the condition of spontaneous answers where question order effects appear.

Needs and preferences of women users of oral contraceptives in selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

BackgroundThe availability of various oral contraceptive (OC) pill formulations with different hormone compositions suggests that there is potential to align a particular product with an individual user’s needs and preferences. To explore this concept further, a survey was conducted of current users of OCs to define and confirm areas of specific needs, and to gain insight into their views and preferences for OC formulations.MethodsDuring November and December 2015, women users (n=615) of OCs in five Central and Eastern European countries were surveyed in face-to-face interviews conducted by experienced interviewers. The survey questionnaire comprised 34 questions about the use of and specific needs for OCs.ResultsFour basic needs of women taking OCs were identified: reliable contraception, reversibility of contraception, no effect on body weight and safety. Overall, 85% of surveyed women indicated that prevention of pregnancy was the main reason for taking OCs. Weight gain was the side effect of greatest concern with OC use (46% spontaneous answer; 65% aided answer). Independent behavioural segmentation analysis identified four groups – Solved Cycle Problems (46% of participants), Low Hormone Content (22%), Lifestyle (17%) and Beauty (14%) – which characterised the women according to needs and preferences beyond the basic needs of OCs. Each group had unique features and distinct preferences for different formulations of OCs.ConclusionsAligning product advantages with specific individual needs may enhance users’ overall experience with OCs as a contraceptive option.

What defines success when visions compete: lessons from post-Katrina New Orleans

ABSTRACTVisions can be valuable tools for guiding and uniting land use interests in a region with fragmented administration. What determines the strength of a vision and how can it effectively play its role? Our study tested and supplemented hypotheses on the success factors of visions. We chose a city in a rebuilding process because that represents a most intensive and pressing vision process. We interviewed local policy-makers, designers, researchers, and journalists to find out what they would spontaneously cite as a vision’s most crucial factors. We also reviewed the subsequent New Orleans recovery plans and compared our findings with hypotheses from visioning literature. The interviewees’ spontaneous answers largely confirm the key hypotheses about success from the visioning literature. However, the most frequently mentioned factors were not in the literature: a vision needs to be propagated by a powerful authority, a favourable larger political climate, and the funds to sustain the implementation process. For a vision to make a difference, it needs to be substantively relevant and persuasive but also have a favourable institutional climate to help it along.

Measuring Personal Growth of New Grandparents

Objective: Two studies examined the validity of using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to assess growth following the transition to grandparenthood as an aid for social workers seeking to promote strengths-based interventions for this population. Method: In Study 1 ( n = 210 grandparent/offspring pairs), first-time grandparents’ spontaneous answers to a qualitative open-ended question regarding changes following the birth of their first grandchild were compared to their responses to the PTGI. To corroborate these responses, the PTGI was also completed by the grandparent’s offspring. Additionally, the study examined the applicability of the five-factor structure of the PTGI to the population of first-time grandparents. In Study 2 ( n = 202 couples), grandparents’ PTGI responses were compared with reports of their growth furnished by their spouses. Findings and conclusions: The PTGI can indeed be considered an effective instrument for measuring growth following the transition to grandparenthood and may therefore be used in designing strengths-based social work practices.

Berpikir Intuitif sebagai Solusi Mengatasi Rendahnya Prestasi Belajar Matematika

One of the factors that are important to achieve the goals of mathematics learning is a way of thinking students during learning. One of the processes used are intuitive thinking. Intuitive thinking is a cognitive process that led to the idea as a strategy for making decisions in solving problems. Spontaneous answers both written and oral expression so that students solve mathematical problems without the use of analytical thinking. The purpose of this study was to describe the solution to overcome the lack of mathematics achievement by means of intuitive thinking. The method used is qualitative to describe the solution of the subject in intuitive thinking. The subject was the four student of class VIII. Subjects using antisipatory intuitive ways of thinking that is contrary to the alleged problem solving in general and included in the global components and perception because it produces the correct answer with the solution.

Explicit and implicit tasks for assessing hedonic-versus nutrition-based attitudes towards food in French children

Attitudes are important precursors of behaviours. This study aims to compare the food attitudes (i.e., hedonic- and nutrition-based) of children using both an implicit pairing task and an explicit forced-choice categorization task suitable for the cognitive abilities of 5- to 11-year-olds. A dominance of hedonically driven attitudes was expected for all ages in the pairing task, designed to elicit affective and spontaneous answers, whereas a progressive emergence of nutrition-based attitudes was expected in the categorization task, designed to involve deliberate analyses of the costs/benefits of foods. An additional exploratory goal was to evaluate differences in the attitudes of normal and overweight children in both tasks.Children from 3 school levels (n = 194; mean age = 8.03 years) were individually tested on computers in their schools. They performed a pairing task in which the tendencies to associate foods with nutritional vs. culinary contexts were assessed. Next, they were asked to categorize each food into one of the following four categories: “yummy”, “yucky” (i.e., hedonic categories), “makes you strong”, or“makes you fat” (i.e., nutritional categories).The hedonic/culinary pairs were very frequently selected (81% on average), and this frequency significantly increased through school levels. In contrast, in the categorization task, a significant increase in nutrition-driven categorizations with school level was observed. Additional analyses revealed no differences in the food attitudes between the normal and overweight children in the pairing task, and a tendency towards lower hedonic categorizations among the overweight children.Culinary associations can reflect cultural learning in the French context where food pleasure is dominant. In contrast, the progressive emergence of cognitively driven attitudes with age may reflect the cognitive development of children who are more reasonable and influenced by social norms.

Spontaneous answer

Spontaneous answer

Soft leadership: a new direction to leadership

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore a new leadership style – “soft leadership” – which is needed in a interconnected, global, and technocratic world.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a combination of research into a new leadership style with a question and answer session during an International Leadership Association (ILA) webinar.FindingsThe paper discovers how the soft leaders adopt tools such as influence, persuasion, negotiation, appreciation, motivation, and collaboration for the collective good. It explains how soft leadership is different from other leadership styles. It describes the significance of soft leadership and differentiates between soft and hard leadership through examples. It substantiates with Dave Ulrich's Leadership Code. It provides the questions posed by participants during the webinar organized by International Leadership Association (ILA) with answers. It calls upon readers to consider how leadership insights acquired from this manuscript may be applied individually and organizationally to make a difference in the lives of others.Originality/valueThe 11 C's that collectively constitute soft leadership is a unique concept. Globally renowned management guru, Dave Ulrich mapped 11 C's into a leadership code on the author's request which added value to this new concept. Participation of international leadership experts and their questions during the ILA webinar with the author's spontaneous answers further enriched this concept.

Hypoglycemia perception: Cross-cultural differences in Punjabi and Hindi speaking postmenopausal women

Introduction:The cross cultural differences in perception of menopausal symptoms are well known and these differences in perception of hypoglycemic symptoms in Russian-speaking and Caucasian postmenopausal women have been reported.Aims and objectives:This study assessed cross – linguistic and cross – cultural differences in symptomatology of self reported hypoglycemia, between Punjabi and Hindi speaking diabetic post menopausal women.Material and Methods:Thirty Punjabi speaking and 20 Hindi speaking diabetic postmenopausal women aged over 50 years, were recruited for this study. Each subject was asked, what happens to you when you have low sugar? in the language of her choice, and spontaneous answers were recorded verbatim.Statistical analysis:The data so obtained was analyzed by paper and pen method to obtain an understanding of the frequency of self reporting of various symptoms and then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science ver.19.0.Results:Symptoms of hollowness, cold sweats and headache correlated significantly (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0001 and P = 0.03 respectively). One difference was noted in women from rural vs. urban background: Inability to concentrate was more frequent in urban women (4/23) vs rural women (0/27) (P < 0.0001).Discussion:To our knowledge, this is the first exploratory work highlighting the differences in self reported hypoglycemia symptomatology, based on linguistic background. In India and other countries with multi ethnic, multi linguistic societies, linguistic competence in hypoglycemia history taking is important.Limitations:Incidence of hypoglycemia in the subjects enrolled was not assessed. Many of the subjects in the Punjabi speaking cohort were bilingual. Some symptoms of hypoglycemia may have been missed or over-reported by participants.Conclusion:Diabetes care professionals should be aware that persons with diabetes from varying linguistic backgrounds may report symptoms of hypoglycemia differently.

Peeking into Personality Test Answers: Inter- and Intraindividual Variety in Item Interpretations

Personality research of today applies basically inventories having neither unambiguously interpretable items nor responses. The substantive process of generating the test answer is rarely investigated and thus the possible field of meanings, out of which the answer is created, remains hidden. In order to investigate the possible array of spontaneous answers to personality test items, a situative open-ended personality inventory was developed to determine individuals' ways of interpreting personality test items and relevant personality descriptions for individuals. The children's sample (N = 704 of 10-13year olds) answered five free-response contextualized personality test questions, each related to one of the Five Factor Model personality dimensions. It was revealed that there is no universal interpretation of an item. First, different children's answers to same question described different personality dimensions - substantial number of the respondents' answers did not reflect the personality domain assumed in an item. So there are several ways to interpret test questions; answers may refer to different personality dimensions and not necessarily the one assumed by the researcher. Second, a number of children mentioned more than one personality trait for one item, indicating that even within one person there may be several relevant interpretations of the same item. Considering personality traits as occurring one by one and mutually exclusively during personality test answering may be artificial; in reality trait combinations may reflect actual reaction. In sum, the results suggest there is no single predictable interpretational trajectory in meaning construction process if semiotically mediated constructs, e.g., personality reflection, are assessed.