Sponsoring Brand Research Articles

The effects of second screen use on sponsor brand awareness: a dual coding theory perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how simultaneous use of devices such as personal computers, tablets and smartphones impacts the sponsors that receive brand integration during the broadcasts. Advances in technology now allow fans to consume broadcasts of televised events almost anywhere via personal computers, tablets and smartphones. These devices are also frequently utilized as “second screens” to communicate with fellow consumers on social media, access additional content or otherwise multitask during televised consumption. Design/methodology/approach – An initial study served to test the applicability of the theoretical framework of a dual coding theory in this new context, followed by a 3 × 2 between-subjects design utilized to advance understanding of the influence of second screens on brand awareness of the sponsors of televised events. Findings – Results demonstrated that both brand recognition and recall were reduced by second screen activity across nearly all audio or visual consumption experiences. Further, while second screen use in an audiovisual setting did not interfere with consumers’ ability to recognize brands, indicating they were able to multitask and were not distracted, it inhibited their ability to recall brands from memory. This result provides evidence that second screen use may interfere with elaborative rehearsal and reduce cognitive capacity. Practical implications – Given that marketers are investing more resources than ever to achieve brand integration during televised events, these findings suggest that brands face challenges in achieving a requisite return on their investments. Originality/value – This study represents the first empirical investigation of the impact of consumers’ use of second screens in the academic literature, and has important implications for the sponsors of televised events.

Executive summary of “The effects of second screen use on sponsor brand awareness: a dual coding theory perspective”

Executive summary of “The effects of second screen use on sponsor brand awareness: a dual coding theory perspective”

Tourist Perceptions of Event–Sponsor Brand Fit and Sponsor Brand Attitude

ABSTRACTSponsorships play an increasingly important role in the viability of events, including those targeted at tourists, and sponsors typically seek to build a rapport between their brands and the event attendees. The extent to which the event-related imagery benefits the sponsor brand will depend on the alignment between the sponsor brand and the event. In addressing this issue this study examines the mediating role of event–sponsor fit between visitor event-liking, self-sponsor congruity, and sponsor brand favorability. Interviews were conducted with 1215 attendees at the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exhibition and formed a basis for hypothesis testing. An examination of three sponsor brands over nine surveys concluded that event–sponsor fit consistently mediates the effect of event-liking and self-sponsor congruity on brand favorability. Results confirmed that event organizers and sponsors can benefit from the use of perceived fit as a means of shaping brand attitudes when they sponsor art- and/or social-related events.

The effect of simultaneous sponsorship of rival football teams

The present study investigated the impact of team identification and team-sponsor fit on the sponsor's brand equity. The study's main theoretical references are (a) the Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979); (b) the Schema Theory (Singer, 1968) and (c) the Associative Network Theories (Collins & Loftus, 1975), both about the functioning of the human memory; and (d) customer-based brand equity (Keller, 1993). Research was conducted in Porto Alegre, RS, a Brazilian city where rival football (soccer) teams Gremio and Internacional share their main sponsors, Banrisul and Unimed, since 2001 and 2002, respectively, a rare context that was previously studied only once before (Davies, Veloutsou, & Costa, 2006). The valid sample comprised 2,000 fans of both teams. The sample was non-probabilistic with equal gender and team quotas. Data analysis was performed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA); and the reliability, convergent, discriminant and nomological validity of the constructs were verified. To test the substantive hypotheses, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the ADF technique was applied. The empirical results suggest that, in the studied context, the sponsor's brand equity is more influenced by team-sponsor fit than by team identification, which is different from a non-rivalry sponsorship context.

Sports sponsorship effects on customer equity: an Asian market application

The authors of this study investigate sponsorship effects on customers in Korea and China, specifically to determine whether current sponsorship research applies to Asian countries and whether the model is significantly different between Korea and China. For this purpose, 251 Koreans and 309 Chinese participated in a survey. The findings suggest that appropriate fit between the sponsor and the sports event enhances brand loyalty and customer equity by positively influencing attitude toward the sponsor and brand image. However, in China, the sponsor's fit did not directly impact brand image. As expected, sporting event experience search positively affects attitudes toward the sponsoring brand, which enhances brand image. Koreans' more favourable attitude toward the sponsoring brand positively influences their brand preference, but favourable attitude does not significantly affect Chinese consumers' perceived congruency with a product. Brand image positively impacted brand preference, and therefore confirms brand personality's congruence effect in both countries. Both brand image and brand preference directly and positively enabled brand loyalty to develop more favourable customer equity. Koreans, however, showed higher effects in the relationships between brand image and brand loyalty and between brand loyalty and customer equity.

Creating fit for sponsorship on corporate websites

This study examines created fit and control of navigation on corporate websites. Created fit refers to messages that communicate relational/explanatory links between a sponsor and a sponsored event/organisation, in order to enhance sponsorship congruity. This study conceptualises created fit and control of navigation as external control factors that constitute perceived control. By manipulating fit types (low-fit sponsorship, high-fit sponsorship, created fit for high-fit sponsorship, and created fit for low-fit sponsorship) and control of navigation, an online field experiment was conducted. The major findings revealed created fit for low-fit sponsorship increased perception of fit, attitude toward the sponsorship, and attitude toward the sponsor's brand to a greater extent when control of navigation was high than low. The findings suggest that created fit for low-fit sponsorship can increase perception of fit despite control of navigation, but only under the condition of high control of navigation will the explanatory links create enough perception of fit for low-fit sponsorship to enhance attitude toward the sponsor's band and the sponsorship.

The Youth, Reality TV Show Sponsorship and Brand Patronage: Any Nexus?

With increasing apathy to advertising by audience, especially the youth, and the need for orgnisations to look for way of positioning their products and services to attract new and retain old customers, organisations are turning to reality TV shows sponsorship. Reality TV shows have become one of the most popular shows on television this days. Reality TV programmes is define as programme that film real people as they live out events in their lives, contrived or otherwise, as they occur. With students of Redeemer’s university as its study population, the study adopts survey design, using questionnaire as data collection instrument. A sample of 240 respondents was randomly selected from the population and test instrument administered on them, only 235 pieces of questionnaire were returned and analysed, putting the response rate at 97.9%. The findings showed that brand sponsorship of reality shows does not have any influence on brand patronage. 56.5% of respondents indicated that the effect of brand sponsorship of reality shows on their patronage of the product is neither positive nor negative; rather, it is neutral or inconsequential. This finding showed that the sponsorship of reality TV shows is not solely responsible for the increased patronage of the sponsored brand. However, brand sponsorship of reality TV programmes contributes positively to image of the brand, which might ultimately lead to increase patronage. The researcher concludes that sponsorship of reality shows by major brands and organizations might influence people’s perception of the brand positively, but does not necessarily make them patronize the brand. In view of the research findings, it was recommended that organizations should not use sponsorship of reality shows as a strategy for the purpose of increasing patronage, but use it if their aim is to boost their brand image image. Key words: Reality TV, Sponsorship, Patronage, Brand, Positioning

The Value of Earned Audiences: How Social Interactions Amplify TV Impact

ABSTRACT The combined effect of using television and social media simultaneously has created an opportunity to influence a large—hitherto not well-understood—group: the “earned audience.” The current research is believed to be the first to explore the value (as opposed to volume) of the “earned audience” (users exposed to Tweets about television programs and their sponsors) on the Twitter platform. By examining Twitter users9 behavioral and attitudinal response to television Tweets during primetime television programming, the authors of the current study found that earned audiences would take actions both related to television viewing and engaging with their brand sponsors—an untapped potential for programmers and advertisers.

The cross-effects of sponsorship in non-professional sports communities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cross-effects of on-site sponsorship on online sponsorship effectiveness in communities. The research evaluates how members’ commitment to a sports-oriented community and attitude to brands providing sponsorship developed through sponsorship on-site, and sponsor-community fit, influence the effectiveness of online sponsorship measured as the intention to purchase the same brands online through sponsoring banners displayed on the community web site. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through a web-survey from a self-selected sample of 272 respondents belonging to non-professional sports communities. By drawing on the principal tenets of the theory of reasoned action, the authors developed a theoretical framework and tested it through a structural equation model to evaluate the role of attitude to sponsor brands developed through sponsorship on-site, and its antecedents, on the intention to purchase the same brands online through sponsoring banners exposed on the community web site. Findings – The attitude to sponsor brands developed through sponsorship on-site affects the intention to make online purchases of the same brands through sponsoring banners exposed on the web sites of non-professional communities. On the other hand, antecedents of sponsorship on-site, that is, sponsor-community fit and commitment to the community, affect the intention to purchase the same brands online through sponsor banners displayed on the community web site, with attitude playing a different mediating role. Practical implications – The research contributes to sponsorship literature by establishing the existence of cross-effects of on-site sponsorship on online sponsorship effectiveness and providing insights into the central role of commitment and attitude developed on-site. Managerially, non-professional communities emerge as attractive targets for multiple sponsorship investment owing to their on-site and online social interaction that offers managers an opportunity to exploit sponsorship cross-effects. Originality/value – The study contributes to the scant body of knowledge on the cross-effects of on-site sponsorship on online sponsorship and provides insights into the importance of communities as a beneficial target of sponsorship investment.

Vested interests in addiction research and policy. Alcohol brand sponsorship of events, organizations and causes in the United States, 2010-2013.

There has been insufficient research attention to the alcohol industry's use of corporate sponsorship as a marketing tool. This paper provides a systematic investigation of the nature and extent of alcohol sponsorship-at the brand level-in the United States. The study examined sponsorship of organizations and events in the United States by alcohol brands from 2010 to 2013. The top 75 brands of alcohol consumed by underage drinkers were identified based on a previously conducted national internet-based survey. For each of these brands, a systematic search for sponsorships was conducted using Google. The sponsorships were coded by category and type of sponsorship. We identified 945 sponsorships during the study period for the top 75 brands consumed by underage drinkers. The most popular youth brands were far more likely to engage in sponsorship and to have a higher number of sponsorships. The identified sponsorships overwhelmingly associated alcohol brands with integral aspects of American culture, including sports, music, the arts and entertainment, and drinking itself. The most popular brands among underage drinkers were much more likely to associate their brands with these aspects of American culture than brands that were less popular among underage drinkers. Alcohol brand sponsorship must be viewed as a major alcohol marketing strategy that generates brand capital through positive associations with integral aspects of culture, creation of attractive brand personalities, and identification with specific market segments. Alcohol research, practice and policy should address this highly prevalent form of alcohol marketing.

The multichannel effects of sponsorship: an empirical analysis

Sport sponsorship is gaining increasing attention in marketing research and practice. While the industry of sport sponsorship is booming, sponsoring companies are increasingly practising multi-site sponsorship strategies by combining traditional forms of sponsorship with an online presence. Yet, although scholars have suggested the investigation of the synergistic effects between traditional and online sponsorship as an emergent stream of research, any research to date have been issued on this topic. By drawing on previous studies in the multichannel retailing literature the aim of this research is primarily that of investigating if positive feelings and attitude toward a sponsoring brands receivers form in traditional settings, affect sponsorship receivers intention to purchase online sponsoring brands when multi-site sponsorship strategies are performed. Findings suggest the existence of interactive effects between traditional and online sponsorship. La sponsorizzazione sportiva sta vivendo un momento di forte vigore sia nella letteratura di marketing e sia nella pratica manageriale. Inoltre, molti sponsor stanno sperimentando sponsorizzazioni multi-piattaforma, combinando la sponsorizzazione tradizionale con quella online. Nonostante i ricercatori di marketing abbiamo chiesto una maggiore focalizzazione su questo fenomeno multicanale, ancora pochi sono i contributi che analizzano l’efficacia della sponsorizzazione in diversi ambiti (sul campo e online). Prendendo spunto dalla letteratura del commercio multicanale, questo articolo ha l’obiettivo di investigare se sentimenti positivi (attitude e goodwill) sviluppati nella pratica sportiva dei componenti di squadre dilettantistiche nei confronti dei propri sponsor, influiscano sull’efficacia della sponsorizzazione online (misurata in questo articolo con l’intenzione di acquistare i brand sponsorizzanti attraverso i banner posizionati nei siti internet delle squadre sportive). I risultati evidenziano l’esistenza di effetti interattivi tra sponsorizzazione sul campo e sponsorizzazione online.

An evaluation of the effectiveness of rugby event sponsorship: a study of Dove Men+Care and the Welsh Rugby Union

Purpose – The aim of this study is to evaluate rugby fans’ attitudes toward financial sponsorship, specifically event sponsorship and Dove Men+Care and its association with the Welsh Rugby Union. The study examines four issues: How do rugby fans perceive event sponsorship? How does such sponsorship affect consumption choices? Do fans engage in long-term relationships with the event’s sponsoring brand? Are relationships affected by the event sponsor’s engagement with other international teams and rugby events? Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a theory-building, exploratory study that utilised a qualitative framework. Data were collected over a 12-month period, incorporating the autumn internationals of 2012 and 2013, with 198 fans participating in focus groups before and after games. Findings – The results reveal a distinct lack of brand awareness on the part of the participants, a collective perception of the sponsor as incongruent given the event and a demonstration of enmity arising from rival sponsorships by the sponsoring brand. Additionally, the findings reveal a reluctance to consume the sponsoring brand in either the short or long term given its incongruence, lack of functionality, pre-existing schematic frameworks and obdurate brand preferences. Research limitations/implications – Given that autumn internationals are held every season by several of the international rugby board (IRB) ranked teams, the findings of this research have an immediate and direct application for brand managers involved or implementing sponsorship programs. The research outlines both short and long term mistakes made by the sponsor as perceived by the fans’ themselves, and suggests that those brands considering becoming involved in sport and event sponsorship instigate a more informed, strategic approach to their sponsorship activities. However, the work is context driven and therefore not generalisable. Practical implications – The findings enable marketing brand managers to effectively evaluate events against the backdrop of strategic fit, as well as fan/consumer expectations, their needs and wants and willingness to engage. Originality/value – Despite rugby union’s growing global presence, little or no research has examined sponsorship within the context of rugby union and none exists that has evaluated event sponsorship, and been driven by fans’ perspectives. This paper fills that void. The research delineates fans attitudes, opinions and brand conceptualisations relating to event sponsorship, incorporating evaluations of identity, congruence and fit. Moreover, the paper highlights what to avoid from a strategic and brand building perspective when considering event sponsorship in a rugby union context.

스폰서십 접합화와 접합화 유형 및 사고방식의 조절효과

본 연구의 목적은 이벤트와 스폰서의 자연적 적합성 수준에 따른 접합화 효과와 스폰서십 효과를 살펴보는 것이다. 특히 설득지식의 활성화를 배경으로 기존의 연구와는 다른 접합화 유형의 조절 효과를 살펴보았으며, 사고방식에 따른 조절효과도 살펴보았다. 연구의 결과 1) 이벤트와 스폰서간의 자연적 적합성이 높은 경우보다 낮은 경우에 접합화 효과는 더 크게 나타났다. 2) 접합화 유형의 조절효과도 확인되었다. 즉 자연적 적합성이 낮은 경우에는 상업적 접합화와 비상업적 접합화 간의 접합화 효과차이가 나타나지 않았지만, 자연적 적합성이 높은 경우에는 상업적 접합화보다 비상업적 접합화에서 접합화 효과는 크게 나타났다. 3) 사고방식의 조절효과는 부분적으로 지지되었다. 즉 이벤트와 스폰서 간의 자연적 적합성이 낮은 경우 예상한 바와 같이 분석적 사고자보다 종합적 사고자에게서 접합화 효과는 크게 나타났지만 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 4) 마지막으로 접합화 효과가 클수록 스폰서 효과(스폰서십 평가, 스폰서 브랜드에 대한 태도)는 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 효과적인 마케팅커뮤니케이션 수단으로서의 접합화와 그 효과에 관한 이론적 실무적 시사점을 제공한다. The purpose of this study is to test the effects of articulation and sponsorship according to the native fit level. Especially this study is focused on the moderating effect of articulation type and thinking style. The results of this study are as follows. 1) An articulation effect appears more in the low native fit than the high one. 2), 3) The moderating effect appears in articulation type, but partially in thinking style. Namely, the difference in the articulation effect appears between commercial and non commercial articulation, but it does partially between holistic thinkers and analytic thinkers. 3) The higher articulation effect is, the more sponsorship effect(attitude toward sponsor and sponsor brand) is. The results of this study contribute theoretical and managerial implications about articulation and its effect as an effective means in marketing communications.

Congruency and Engagement Test in an Event Marketing Sponsorship Context

Intercept survey data collected at a medium-size Midwestern ethnic festival are used to assess how top-of-mind and aided brand recall are influenced by ethnic congruence among attendees, brand sponsors, and the event, and by the use of passive or engaging sponsor tactics. The results are contextualized by the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Attendees who identify as ethnically congruent are shown to perform significantly better on the aided brand recall instrument. Engaging tactics are shown to produce higher brand recall than passive tactics, as well as more favorable evaluations and higher purchase intent.

The Influence of Sponsor-Event Congruence in Sponsorship of Music Festivals

Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE This paper focuses the research on the Influence of Sponsor-Event Congruence toward Brand Image, Attitudes toward the Brand and Purchase Intention. Having reviewed the literatures and arranged the hypotheses, the data has been gathered by distributing the question naire to 155 audiences at the Java Jazz Music Festival, firstly with convenience sampling and then snowballing sampling approach. The analysis of data was executed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The result shows the sponsor-event congruence variable has a positive impact toward brand image and attitudes toward the brand sponsor. Brand Image also has a positive impact toward purchase intention; in contrary attitudes toward the brand do not have a positive purchase intention. With those results, to increase the sponsorship effectiveness, the role of congruency is very significant in the sponsorship event. Congruency is a key influencer to trigger the sponsorship effectiveness. Congruency between the event and the sponsor is able to boost up the brand image and bring out favorable attitudes towards the brand for the success of marketing communication program s , particularly sponsorship. In addition to it, image transfer gets higher due to the congruency existence (fit) between sponsor and event and directs the intention creation to buy sponsor brand product/service (purchase intention). In conclusion, sponsor-event congruence has effect on consumer responds toward sponsorship, either on the cognitive level, affective and also behavior.

The Effect of Bi-dimensionality of the Congruity on Consumer Responses

This study attempts to provide a better understanding of the functioning of television sponsorship and to determine the effect of the bi-dimensionality of congruity between a sponsor brand and a television program on consumer responses.
 We used structural equation modeling to validate the theoretical model.
 The final survey show that the relevant side of the association of a pair (TV program/brand) has a positive effect on brand equity, brand image and attitude towards the brand but the expected side of the association between a program and a sponsor does not influence consumers’ responses in terms of brand equity, brand image and attitude towards the brand.
 Our research equally showed that relevance is necessary for the consumer to make sense of the association between the brand and the TV program.
 The contribution of this research at the managerial level consists in providing supporting arguments for television sponsorship.

THE EFFECTS OF IN-GAME ADVERTISING ON PLAYERS� MEMORY

ABSTRACT The study described in this paper examined the effects of in-game advertising in online computer games on players' explicit memory of the brands. An experiment was designed with gamers randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) gamers playing the online computer game with sponsor brands already embedded in the game or (2) gamers selecting the sponsor brands and then playing the same game. No studies seem to exist that measured the effects of in-game advertising when the game players selected sponsor brands before playing the game. Explicit memory was measured using recall and recognition tests. Results showed that when sponsor brands are selected before playing the game, game players’ explicit memory improves significantly. Keywords In-game advertising; Online computer games; Explicit memory; Sponsors.

The Mediating Effect of Perceived Fit on the Sport Involvement and Sponsor Brand Equity in Mega Sporting Event Contexts

The Mediating Effect of Perceived Fit on the Sport Involvement and Sponsor Brand Equity in Mega Sporting Event Contexts

Corporate sponsorship as an image platform: understanding the roles of relationship fit and sponsor–sponsee similarity

Studies have shown that the fit between a sponsoring brand and the sport, art, or charity sponsored influences outcomes such as brand awareness and image. This research adds the role of sponsor–sponsee similarity to the discussion of fit. The authors argue that similarity interacts with fit when conditions evoke suspicion or disrupt typical inferences regarding sponsorship relationships. Interaction is particularly important when the sponsor seeks to develop its image by association with a cause, and is also of consequence for the cause in terms of its branding. Three studies test sponsorship effects with respect to blood donation and cancer prevention organizations. Results support the predicted moderated mediation model, showing that similarity between a corporate sponsor and a sponsored cause can interact with fit, influencing sponsorship evaluations directly and shaping attitudes and behavioral intentions toward constituents indirectly. This work reveals a counterintuitive effect of similarity for some sponsorship relationships.

Consumer responses to on-site Olympic sponsorship activation: the impact of interactivity, emotions, and perceived image fit on brand attitude formation

On-site sponsorship activations have become more prominent in executing a mega-sport event sponsorship program. The current study investigates factors that drive consumers' attitudes towards on-site sponsorship activation and sponsor brand. In particular, this study examines the relationships among interactivity, emotions, fit between on-site sponsorship activation and event, attitude towards on-site sponsorship activation, and attitude towards the sponsor brand. Data were obtained from 205 spectators of the 2012 London Olympic Games who experienced at least one sponsorship activation on-site. The results suggested that interactivity is a significant predictor of arousal, and in turn, arousal increases pleasure. Pleasure and high sponsor-event fit influence attitude towards on-site sponsorship activation, which eventually influences attitude towards sponsor brand. The relationship between fit and attitude towards brand was mediated by attitude towards on-site sponsorship activation suggesting the value of on-site activations for brand equity. The theoretical and managerial implications are discussed along with limitations and future directions for research.