Concept Of Splitting Research Articles

Novel fragmentation-aware algorithms in space Division Multiplexing Elastic Optical Networks

Space Division Multiplexing Elastic Optical Networks (SDM-EONs) has been presented to provide flexibility and high speed transmission to increase network capacity and optimal use of network resources. Dynamic establishment and release of connections causes fragmentation in EONs, thus increasing blocking probability as a result of increased fragmentation. In this paper, we present three novel algorithms that focus on how to allocate resources in SDM-EONs under Multi-Core Fiber (MCF) in order to reduce blocking probability by reducing bandwidth fragmentation. The Core Classification Aware of Fragmentation (CCAF) is a method based on the core classification mechanism that uses the concept of demand splitting and a cost function to determine the appropriate spectral space for a new request. The Fragmentation Aware Spectrum and Core Assignment (FASCA-without priority) is a routing and spectrum allocation method that uses a cost function to specify the appropriate spectral space to improve spectrum efficiency and reduce fragmentation. The Fragmentation Aware Spectrum and Core Assignment (FASCA-with priority) is a routing and spectrum allocation method that considers priority of requests to improve spectrum efficiency and reduce fragmentation. Simulation results show that the proposed CCAF algorithm can achieve better performance compared with the FASCA-without priority and FASCA-with priority in terms of blocking probability and spectrum utilization. Moreover, FASCA-without priority can provide better performance than FASCA-with priority.

Editorial for Wiley's IJSCN Special Issue “Satellite networks integration with 5G”

Editorial for Wiley's IJSCN Special Issue “Satellite networks integration with 5G”

High-power dual-comb thin-disk laser oscillator for fast high-resolution spectroscopy.

Free-running dual-comb systems based on a single laser cavity are an attractive next generation technology for a wide variety of applications. The high average power achievable by dual-comb thin-disk laser (TDL) oscillators make this technology especially attractive for spectroscopy and sensing applications in the molecular fingerprint region enabled by nonlinear frequency conversion. However, the high noise levels of TDL oscillators, e.g., induced by the turbulent water-cooling of the disk, are a severe challenge for spectroscopic applications. In this contribution, we confirm for the first time the suitability of dual-comb TDLs for high-resolution spectroscopy. Based on the novel concept of polarization splitting inside a TDL, our oscillator generates two asynchronous pulse trains of 240-fs pulse duration at 6-W and 8-W average power per pulse train and ∼97-MHz repetition rate at a central wavelength of 1030 nm. In the first detailed noise investigation of such a system, we identify the repetition frequency as the dominant noise term and show that ∼85% of the frequency noise of the comb lines of both pulse trains is correlated (integrated from 200 Hz to 20 kHz). We detect the absorption spectrum of acetylene in free-running operation within a measurement time of 1 millisecond. Being highly suitable for nonlinear frequency conversion, we believe the here presented result is an important step towards simple yet powerful mid-infrared dual-comb systems for high-resolution spectroscopy.

Optimization of CO2 Transcritical Power Cycle (CTPC) for engine waste heat recovery based on split concept

CO2 Transcritical Power Cycle with a preheater and regenerator has emerged as a promising technology to recover engine waste heat. Jacket water, engine exhaust gas and CO2 exhaust after expansion have been considered the main recovery sources in terms of external and internal utilization objectives. During the three consecutive heating processes, however, the issue of temperature interference may reduce the exhaust gas utilization and thermal efficiency. Therefore, this research proposes a split concept for the objective of investigating temperature interference. Three corresponding split systems are studied. This article develops comprehensive mathematical models to compare the performances and a detailed analysis of each advantage is carried out. The results showed that temperature interference could be solved to achieve maximum utilization of the exhaust gas and increase the thermal efficiency. In addition, the net power could be improved from 14.7 kW to 19.0 kW after optimization. Among the studied systems, the low-temperature split system showed an increment of 90.0% in cycle efficiency, and the medium-temperature split system was found 4.9% improvement in heat recovery efficiency. The high-temperature split system displayed superior characteristics to the others in both the cycle and heat recovery efficiency, which were improved by 18.3% and 10.4%.

The Issue of the Split (Schism) in the Vremya and Epokha Journals (1861–1865)

The article is devoted to the issue of the schism in the Vremya and Epokha journals published by the brothers Fyodor and Mikhail Dostoevskys. The content of the articles and reviews published in them is considered from the viewpoint of pochvennichestvo (native soil) position of the publications. The stance of their editorial board is formulated in the Announcement about the publication of the Vremya journal in 1861, which became a program document. The main concept of Vremya, as well as the Epokha journal that followed it, was the need to merge the educated part of society with the people. There was a spiritual, political and social gap, a split between them, which was caused not only by the church reform of the 17th-century, but also by subsequent state reforms that caused people’s rejection. The idea of the Dostoevskys' journals was to get to know the people, recognize their originality, appeal to the native principle, pochva (soil), the communal form of life, the synthesis of the ideas developed in Europe, which will find their development in the Russian narodnost’ (Russian people). These thoughts were absorbed by F. M. Dostoevsky’s idea of enhanced knowledge of Russia, which was reflected in his article “Two Camps of Theorists.” Using the publications in the Vremya and Epokha journals, it is demonstrated that the concept of split (schism) in the minds of the 19th-century authors was much broader than the historical phenomenon caused by the 17th-century church reform. They consider the split not only as a religious, but also as a social and political phenomenon that requires deep research and rectification, a synthesis of European and popular principles.

Regularized iterative method for ill-posed linear systems based on matrix splitting

In this paper, the concept of matrix splitting is introduced to solve a large sparse ill-posed linear system via Tikhonov?s regularization. In the regularization process, we convert the ill-posed system to a well-posed system. The convergence of such a well-posed system is discussed by using different types of matrix splittings. Comparison analysis of both systems are studied by operating certain types of weak splittings. Further, we have extended the double splitting of [Song J. and Song Y, Calcolo 48(3), 245-260, 2011] to double weak splitting of type II for nonsingular symmetric matrices. In addition to that, some more comparison results are presented with the help of such weak double splittings of type I and type II.

OBSERVATIONS OF THE GREAT SEPTEMBER COMET OF 1882 (C/1882 R1) FROM NEW ZEALAND

In this companion paper to Kapoor's (2020) study of Indian observations made of the Great Southern Comet of 1882 (C/1882 R1), we examine observations of this comet made from another British colony, New Zealand. We review New Zealand newspaper accounts of this impressive comet, and we critically examine the popular claim that someone from Auckland, New Zealand, was one of the first in the world to see and report the comet. We conclude by reviewing the concept of nuclear splitting and the Kreutz family of sungrazers.

Emergency 5G Communication on‐the‐Move: Concept and field trial of a mobile satellite backhaul for public protection and disaster relief

SummaryA secure and flexible communication infrastructure for the use of broadband and IP‐based services is becoming more and more important in the context of Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR). Government agencies and emergency responders need to be able to react quickly to emergencies across the globe. In particular, satellite‐based 5G mobile networks can support government agencies during their critical tasks. To support the standardization committees and the industry, it is required to evaluate new architectures for such networks by utilizing testbeds and field trials. In this article, we propose and investigate architectures for mobile PPDR networks with satellite backhaul to ensure Communication on‐the‐Move. The flexibility within the architectures comes with the distribution of the core network nodes at the edge of the network applying the Core‐Edge Split concept. The presented results show that already existing interfaces of the Evolved Packet Core 3GPP standard allow satellite‐based 5G networks tailored to the needs of government authorities.

Diffusion and dissipation in acoustic propagation simulation by convection-pressure split algorithms in all Mach number form

The topic of the paper is accuracy analysis of acoustic propagation simulation in low Mach number flows, by finite volume co-located discretisation methods of the time-dependent compressible fluid Euler equations that use the concept of convection-pressure splitting (CPS). These are algorithms that split the flux vectors into a part associated to the convection by the fluid particles, and a part associated to the propagation of the pressure waves. For the convection part, the appropriate space discretisation is the upwind one. For the pressure part, there are alternatives. We discern five types of algorithms that all are adapted for use in low Mach number flows, and thus are considered as all Mach number algorithms. We study the behaviour of the different types for the propagation of small pressure perturbations, of discontinuous or smooth shape, in low Mach number flows. We demonstrate that four of the proposed algorithms of convection-pressure split type are dissipative for such applications, although they are designed for low Mach number flows. The objective of the paper is to analyse why some algorithms are appropriate for acoustic propagation simulation and why some are not appropriate.

Isolation-Aware 5G RAN Slice Mapping Over WDM Metro-Aggregation Networks

To accommodate the heterogeneous requirements of emerging 5G services, 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) will support the rising paradigm of network slicing, where a single physical RAN infrastructure is divided into multiple logical networks characterized by diverse requirements in terms of performance, cost, latency, and security, etc. The optimality of RAN slicing depends on various factors, such as slice requirements, resource availability and adopted network architecture. In 4G, RAN architecture evolved from a distributed architecture towards a 2-layer architecture that separates remote radio heads (RRHs) from baseband processing units (BBUs). However, this architecture has soon shown scalability limitations. To address this problem, the concept of flexible 5G functional split has been proposed, where RAN functions are distributed on a 3-layer architecture featuring a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). Besides RAN architecture, isolation among different slices, which is necessary for slicing security, has a significant influence on the RAN slicing. In this work, we consider the isolation-aware RAN slice mapping problem considering advanced functional splits and a 3-layer RAN architecture. We propose a dual-objective heuristic algorithm for RAN slice mapping over a physical infrastructure represented by a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) metro-aggregation networks. The proposed heuristic targets the minimization of 1) the number of active COs (i.e, hosting DUs and/or CUs) and 2) the number of established wavelength channels under constraints of network capacity and latency requirements. As our algorithm is also designed to map the RAN slices with least amount of physical resources for a given level of isolation, we also investigate the impact of slice isolation on resource utilization. Results show how higher isolation results in higher network cost.

A novel thermo-mechanical coupling approach for thermal fracturing of rocks in the three-dimensional FDEM

This paper presents a new three-dimensional thermo-mechanical (TM) coupling approach for thermal fracturing of rocks in the finite–discrete element method (FDEM). The linear thermal expansion formula is implemented in the context of FDEM according to the concept of the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient. The presented TM formulation is derived in the geo-mechanical solver, enabling thermal expansion and thermally induced fracturing. This TM approach is validated against analytical solutions of the Cauchy stress, thermal expansion and stress distribution. Additionally, the thermal load on the previously validated configurations is increased and the resulting fracture initiation and propagation are observed. Finally, simulation results of the cracking of a reinforced concrete structure under thermal stress are compared to experimental results. Results are in excellent agreement.

Myopic tractional maculopathy: An overview

The concept of splitting of the retinal layers was known since 1958 when first described by Calbert Phillips. However it was not until the advent of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) when this pathology was studied with more depth. The term Myopic Foveoschisis was first suggested by Takano in 1999 to describe the separation of retinal layers in patients with degenerative myopia coupled with posterior staphyloma. With the advancement of imaging technology, we have been able to understand more about the forces responsible for the pathology and the risk factors. However, the indications, timing and type of surgical intervention in the spectrum of this macular pathology stays controversial. Our aim in this review article is to present the different options, pros and cons of each.

Gaussian Mixture Model Based Hierarchical Clustering in Prediction of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism is one of the most complex and divergent class disorders which accompany various lacking in symptoms needed for classification, societal interaction, abridged verbal communication, and monotonous behavior. Timely and proper diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder can ensure the offering of medical treatment and guidance to get cure. In this paper, Gaussian Mixture Model based Hierarchical Clustering is proposed for efficiently predicting the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Also, Flexible splitting concept was proposed for hierarchical clustering in order to increase the quality of guessing and classification accuracy. The proposed algorithm is validated to check the performance against the existing method. The results shows that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithm in terms of classification accuracy.

Burnout Syndrome, Mental Splitting and Depression in Female Health Care Professionals.

BackgroundThe early days of a given experience are associated with typically what might be characterized as an idealized enthusiasm. Conversely burnout syndrome experienced later in the given experience is associated with disillusionment, disappointment, and symptoms which resemble a depression. This very common propensity is a parallel to the concept of “splitting” described by Kernberg with a pronounced “black and white” perceptual dichotomy between the early idealization and later disillusionment. This study intends examination of relationships between burnout syndrome, depression, and Kernberg’s concept of splitting.Material/MethodsIn this present study, we assessed 132 female health care professionals working with a population of diabetic patients utilizing Burnout Measure (BM) Splitting Index (SI), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and additional psychometric instruments, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Trauma Symptoms Checklist.ResultsThe study results indicated significant Spearman correlations between burnout syndrome as measured by BM and depression (BDI-II) (R=0.62, P<0.01), and burnout syndrome as measured by BM and splitting (SI) (R=0.45, P<0.01). These findings may have implications for prevention and treatment of burnout syndrome.ConclusionsThe current study findings provide implications that the defensive mechanism of splitting may allow for the prediction of burnout symptoms which in turn may allow for the prediction of burnout syndrome. This dynamics may potentially be of use in both the potential detection and prevention of burnout syndrome.

A 5.5‐inch full HD foldable AMOLED display based on neutral‐plane splitting concept

AbstractSplitting of the mechanical neutral plane is a promising concept for foldable displays because it reduces the folding stress in each layer of the display. We verified the splitting concept experimentally and revealed a linear relation between the relative position of the neutral plane and the logarithm of the adhesive's elastic modulus. As the modulus decreased, the position of the neutral plane approached that of perfect splitting. On the basis of the neutral‐plane splitting concept, we developed 5.5‐inch full high‐definition foldable active matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) displays, which endured 150 k inward folding cycles and 150 k outward folding cycles with folding radii of 3 and 5 mm, respectively. This study is expected to improve the flexibility of designing foldable AMOLED displays, enabling better balance of the portability versus practicality trade‐off in mobile displays.

Enhanced photocatalytic N2 fixation by promoting N2 adsorption with a co-catalyst

Photocatalytic N2 fixation involves a nitrogen reduction reaction on the surface of the photocatalyst to convert N2 into ammonia. Currently, the adsorption of N2 is the limiting step for the N2 reduction reaction on the surface of the catalyst. Based on the concept of photocatalytic water splitting, the photocatalytic efficiency can be greatly enhanced by introducing a co-catalyst. In this report, we proposed a new strategy, namely, the loading of a NiS co-catalyst on CdS nanorods for photocatalytic N2 fixation. Theoretical calculation results indicated that N2 was effectively adsorbed onto the NiS/CdS surface. Temperature programmed desorption studies confirmed that the N2 molecules preferred to adsorb onto the NiS/CdS surface. Linear sweep voltammetry results revealed that the overpotential of the N2 reduction reaction was reduced by loading NiS. Furthermore, transient photocurrent and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the charge separation was enhanced by introducing NiS. Photocatalytic N2 fixation was carried out in the presence of the catalyst dispersed in water without any sacrificial agent. As a result, 1.0 wt% NiS/CdS achieved an ammonia production rate of 2.8 and 1.7 mg L−1 for the first hour under full spectrum and visible light (λ > 420 nm), respectively. The catalyst demonstrated apparent quantum efficiencies of 0.76%, 0.39% and 0.09% at 420, 475 and 520 nm, respectively. This study provides a new method to promote the photocatalytic efficiency of N2 fixation.

Verbalizing phylogenomic conflict: Representation of node congruence across competing reconstructions of the neoavian explosion.

Phylogenomic research is accelerating the publication of landmark studies that aim to resolve deep divergences of major organismal groups. Meanwhile, systems for identifying and integrating the products of phylogenomic inference–such as newly supported clade concepts–have not kept pace. However, the ability to verbalize node concept congruence and conflict across multiple, in effect simultaneously endorsed phylogenomic hypotheses, is a prerequisite for building synthetic data environments for biological systematics and other domains impacted by these conflicting inferences. Here we develop a novel solution to the conflict verbalization challenge, based on a logic representation and reasoning approach that utilizes the language of Region Connection Calculus (RCC–5) to produce consistent alignments of node concepts endorsed by incongruent phylogenomic studies. The approach employs clade concept labels to individuate concepts used by each source, even if these carry identical names. Indirect RCC–5 modeling of intensional (property-based) node concept definitions, facilitated by the local relaxation of coverage constraints, allows parent concepts to attain congruence in spite of their differentially sampled children. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we align two recent phylogenomic reconstructions of higher-level avian groups that entail strong conflict in the "neoavian explosion" region. According to our representations, this conflict is constituted by 26 instances of input "whole concept" overlap. These instances are further resolvable in the output labeling schemes and visualizations as "split concepts", which provide the labels and relations needed to build truly synthetic phylogenomic data environments. Because the RCC–5 alignments fundamentally reflect the trained, logic-enabled judgments of systematic experts, future designs for such environments need to promote a culture where experts routinely assess the intensionalities of node concepts published by our peers–even and especially when we are not in agreement with each other.

Metacognitive capacity and negative symptoms in first episode psychosis: Evidence of a prospective relationship over a 3-year follow-up

Negative symptoms can be linked to Bleuler’s concept of splitting or fragmentation of thought, affect, and will. Research has shown a link between disturbances in metacognition and negative symptoms, although relatively few studies have examined this relationship longitudinally. The aim of this article is to examine whether metacognitive capacity among patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) predicted negative symptoms after a follow-up period of 3 years. Metacognition was assessed using the Metacognition Assessment Scale abbreviated and symptoms were assessed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale among 59 adults with FEP. Symptoms were then reassessed at a 3-year follow-up. Significant correlations were found between baseline metacognitive scores and the expressive component of negative symptoms as well as for individual negative symptoms such as blunted affect, poor rapport, and alogia at 3-year follow-up after controlling for baseline negative symptoms. Self-reflectivity was significantly correlated with the expressive component of negative symptoms at 3-year follow-up. The results are partly consistent with a Bleulerian model which understands the emergence of negative symptoms as a response in part to the experience of fragmentation, particularly in terms of sense of self and others. Future research should clarify the likely role of metacognition in the development and maintenance of negative symptoms.

Do not bet on your favourite football team: the influence of fan identity-based biases and sport context knowledge on game prediction accuracy

ABSTRACTResearch question: While the influence of sport context knowledge, such as home advantage and team ranking, on prediction accuracy has been discussed in the previous literature, the role of identity-based biases, such as fans’ level of team involvement and the selection of their favourite team, in betting behaviour remain unclear. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of how sport fans’ biases and sport context knowledge influence the accuracy of sport game predictions.Research methods: A smartphone application enabled us to collect real soccer game predictions and results. A total of 529 football fans participated in 53,943 predictions of 2353 professional football games within a mobile smartphone application. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were used to analyse the data.Results and findings: Chi-square test results indicate that individuals overestimate their favourite team to win, as well as they split their predictions into dichotomous outcomes by overestimating wins and losses and underestimating draws. Logistic regression analyses indicate that identity-based biases negatively influence prediction accuracy, whereas individuals’ sport context knowledge positively contributes to prediction accuracy.Implications: The study contributes to our understanding of the Psychological Continuum Model, individual biases, social identity theory and the psychological concept of splitting. Findings have implications for organizations who need to understand fans’ sport gambling behaviour and sport fans who seek to optimize their game prediction accuracy to improve their bets and fantasy team selections.

Size effect on splitting strength of hardened cement paste: Experimental and numerical study

Cement paste possesses complex microstructural features including defects/pores over a range of length-scales, from nanometres to millimetres in size. As a consequence, it exhibits different behaviour under loading depending on the size. In this work, cubic specimens in a size range of 1: 400 were produced and tested by a one-sided splitting concept using different testing instruments. The smallest specimen with size of 100 μm showed a high nominal splitting strength (18.81 MPa), an order of magnitude higher than the measured strength of 40 mm specimen (1.8 MPa). The test results were used to fit existing analytical size effect models. Although a good fit can be found for the existing size effect models, special attention should be given to the physical meaning behind these empirical parameters. In addition, a multi-scale modelling strategy that considers microstructural features at different length scales was adopted to model the trend of decreasing strength with specimen size observed in experiments. A good agreement between experimental observations and modelling results indicates that the featured material structure dominates the observed size effect on measured strength in the size range considered.