Metamaterial Split Ring Resonator Research Articles

Compact Metamaterial based Antenna for 5G Applications

This research paper presents the design and analysis of a compact antenna used for 5G applications using complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) metamaterials. Here, we use FR4 epoxy substrate. Initially, a rectangular patch antenna with dimensions of 7.5 mm × 5.7 mm was designed, which exhibited resonance at 12 GHz. Subsequently, optimizations were made to the patch design, resulting in resonance at 5.88 GHz. Next, complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) metamaterial was designed and integrated into the ground plane of the antenna. Following the introduction of the CSRR, the resonant frequency of the antenna was further reduced to 3.5 GHz. The simulated results show that the antenna has a compact size of 12 × 12 × 1 mm³ and operates at a frequency of 3.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 200 MHz, return loss of -20.41 dB and gain of -3.7dBi. We were able to achieve up to 92% compactness from its usual size, after redesigning the patch and introducing the CSRR metamaterial. In conclusion, the proposed antenna design offers a compact and efficient solution for 5G communication systems using CSRR metamaterials. The results of this study can be used for the development of low-cost, compact and high-performance 5G antennas for various applications in the future.

Small-Size Eight-Element MIMO Metamaterial Antenna with High Isolation Using Modal Significance Method.

This article presents a symmetrical reduced-size eight-element MIMO antenna array with high electromagnetic isolation among radiators. The array utilizes easy-to-build techniques to cover the n77 and n78 new radio (NR) bands. It is based on an octagonal double-negative metamaterial split-ring resonator (SRR), which enables a size reduction of over 50% for the radiators compared to a conventional disc monopole antenna by increasing the slow-wave factor. Additionally, due to the extreme proximity between the radiating elements in the array, the modal significance (MS) method was employed to identify which propagation modes had the most impact on the electromagnetic coupling among elements. This approach aimed to mitigate their effect by using an electromagnetic barrier, thereby enhancing electromagnetic isolation. The electromagnetic barriers, implemented with strip lines, achieved isolation values exceeding 20 dB for adjacent elements (<0.023 λ) and approaching 40 dB for opposite ones (<0.23 λ) after analyzing the surface current distribution by the MS method. The elements are arranged in axial symmetry, forming an octagon with each antenna port located on a side. The array occupies an area of 0.32 λ2 at 3.5 GHz, significantly smaller than previously published works. It exhibits excellent performance for MIMO applications, demonstrating an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) below 0.0001, a total active reflection coefficient (TARC) lower than -10 dB for various incoming signals with random phases, and a diversity gain (DG) close to 20 dB.

Exploring the Impact of Split Ring Resonator Metamaterial Structure Integration on 4X4 MIMO Antenna Performance in Sub-6GHz Bands for 5G Applications

This research delves into the realm of antenna engineering, with a specific focus on examining the performance of 4x4 MIMO antennas with and without integration of split ring resonator metamaterial structure. The objective is to comprehend the influence of split ring resonator metamaterials on antenna characteristics within the 6 GHz frequency range. Employing CST Studio Suite software, comprehensive simulations are conducted to evaluate various parameters including gain, directivity, radiation efficiency, S-parameters, power distribution, VSWR, and total efficiency. In the frequency band up to 6GHz, observed gain values were 24.62dB without split ring resonator metamaterial integration and ranging from 6dB to 27dB with integration. Through a systematic comparison, the study aims to delineate the precise effects of split ring resonator metamaterials on antenna performance, thereby offering valuable insights into their potential for enhancing MIMO antenna systems.

Sensor and slow light based on plasmon-induced transparency in carbon nanotube rectangular split-ring resonator metamaterials

Sensor and slow light based on plasmon-induced transparency in carbon nanotube rectangular split-ring resonator metamaterials

Evaluating the Impact of Geometric Dimensions of a Multi-Split Ring Resonator

In this paper, a metamaterial unit cell is designed and simulated based on the concept of multiple split-ring resonators (SRRs) in a compact size. The presented nested modified SRR resonator construct has the advantage of achieving more usable split gaps by increasing capacitance, resulting in a lower operational resonance frequency and improved sensitivity over typical SRR metamaterials. The impact of several split ring resonator geometric characteristics, such as the gap space, the width of the copper lines, the inner rings length, and the outer ring length on magnetic permeability and permittivity was analyzed. The modified metamaterial can be utilized for 5G mobile applications.

Compact triple decagon split ring resonator metamaterial for liquid sensing applications

Compact triple decagon split ring resonator metamaterial for liquid sensing applications

Compact 8-port MIMO Antenna for Hot-spot Applications Based on Embedded Double-negative Metamaterial Split Ring Resonators

Compact 8-port MIMO Antenna for Hot-spot Applications Based on Embedded Double-negative Metamaterial Split Ring Resonators

Symmetric left-handed split ring resonator metamaterial design for terahertz frequency applications

This work focused on the novel symmetrical left-handed split ring resonator metamaterial for terahertz frequency applications. A compact substrate material known as Silicon with a dimension of 5 µm was adopted in this research investigation. Moreover, several parameter studies were investigated, such as clockwise rotation, array and layer structure designs, larger-scale metamaterials, novel design structure comparisons and electric field distribution analysis. Meanwhile, two types of square-shaped metamaterial designs were proposed in this work. The proposed designs exhibit double and single resonance frequencies respectively, likely at 3.32 and 9.24 THz with magnitude values of − 16.43 and − 17.33 for the first design, while the second design exhibits a response at 3.03 THz with a magnitude value of − 19.90. Moreover, the verification of these results by adopting High-frequency Structure Simulator software indicates only slight discrepancies which are less than 5%. Furthermore, the initial response of the proposed designs was successfully altered by simply rotating the design clockwise or even increasing the dimension of the design. For instance, the first resonance frequency is shifted to the lower band when the first proposed design was rotated 90°. On the other hand, by increasing the size of the metamaterial, more than nine resonance frequencies were gained in each symmetric design. Furthermore, the symmetric metamaterial with a similar width and length of 10 µm dimension was adopted for both design structures to construct an equivalent circuit model by utilising Advanced Design System software. Finally, both unit cell designs were utilised to explore the absorption performances which exhibit four and five peak points. Overall, the altering behaviour by changing physical properties and compact design with acceptable responses become one of the novelties of this research investigation. In a nutshell, the proposed designs can be utilised in terahertz frequency which gives optimistic or advantageous feedback and is relatively suitable for the adopted frequency range.

Boosting multi-mode strong coupling in a hybrid vertical split-ring resonator metamaterial for magnetoplasmonic sensing

Achieving multi-mode strong coupling between different modes in nanoscale is challenging due to the large damping rate of the system. Here, we report an effective way to achieve multi-mode plasmonic and magnetic resonances strong coupling via introducing the localized surface plasmon resonance into the designed dimer vertical split-ring resonator (DVSRR) magnetoplasmonic metamaterial. Due to strong near-field enhancement and far-field scattering suppression, the Rabi splitting energy could be enhanced from 144 meV to 286 meV. Benefiting from the multi-mode strong coupling, three distinct Kerr reversals are obtained in the Kerr spectrum, which provides a feasible route for achieving multi-mode magnetoplasmon-sensor, with high FoM of 4265/RIU, 135/RIU and 3995/RIU, respectively. The hybrid branches are analyzed with weighting coefficients that are calculated by the three coupled oscillator model.

Design and Development of Ultrabroadband, High-Gain, and High-Isolation THz MIMO Antenna with a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial.

The need for high-speed communication has created a way to design THz antennas that operate at high frequencies, speeds, and data rates. In this manuscript, a THz MIMO antenna is designed using a metamaterial. The two-port antenna design proposed uses a complementary split-ring resonator patch. The design results are also compared with a simple patch antenna to show the improvement. The design shows a better isolation of 50 dB. A broadband width of 8.3 THz is achieved using this complementary split-ring resonator design. The percentage bandwidth is 90%, showing an ultrabroadband response. The highest gain of 10.34 dB is achieved with this design. Structural parametric optimization is applied to the complementary split-ring resonator MIMO antenna design. The designed antenna is also optimized by applying parametric optimization to different geometrical parameters. The optimized design has a 20 µm ground plane, 14 µm outer ring width, 6 µm inner ring width, and 1.6 µm substrate thickness. The proposed antenna with its broadband width, high gain, and high isolation could be applied in high-speed communication devices.

Highly Efficient and Multiband Metamaterial Microstrip-Based Radiating Structure Design Showing High Gain Performance for Wireless Communication Devices

High-speed wireless communication devices need antennas to operate at multiple frequencies with high gain. The need for such antennas is increasing day by day. The proposed metamaterial superstrate antenna gives a high gain and multiband performance, which is required in high-speed wireless communication devices. The designed antenna is also applicable for C- and X-band communication devices. The structure consists of a simple patch and multiple split-ring resonator metamaterials on the superstrate region. The performance optimization is achieved by adjusting the feed position, varying the height of the superstrate layer and changing the thickness of metamaterial rings. The proposed design is analyzed for 4 GHz to 12 GHz. The performance analysis regarding the reflection coefficient, directivity, gain and electric field is observed. FR4 is used as a dielectric material that makes the design low-cost. The proposed design represents a minimum reflection coefficient response of −49 dB, a bandwidth of 490 MHz, a maximum electric field of 1.29 × 104 v/m, good directivity and a broader radiation pattern. The comparison between the simulated and the measured results is incorporated in the manuscript. A comparison of the presented design with other articles is included to check the novelty of the design. The proposed method helps to target applications such as WiFi, Earth observation and microwave links.

Design and Fabrication of Compact, Multiband, High Gain, High Isolation, Metamaterial-Based MIMO Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems

We proposed a novel approach based on a complementary split-ring resonator metamaterial in a two-port MIMO antenna, giving high gain, multiband results with miniature size. We have also analyzed a circular disk metasurface design. The designs are also defected using ground structure by reducing the width of the ground plane to 8 mm and etching all other parts of the ground plane. The electric length of the proposed design is 0.5λ × 0.35λ × 0.02λ. The design results are also investigated for a different variation of complementary split-ring resonator ring sizes. The inner and outer ring diameters are varied to find the optimized solution for enhanced output performance parameters. Good isolation is also achieved for both bands. The gain and directivity results are also presented. The results are compared for isolation, gain, structure size, and the number of ports. The compact, multiband, high gain and high isolation design can apply to WiMAX, WLAN, and satellite communication applications.

Triple-Band Square Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial Absorber Design with High Effective Medium Ratio for 5G Sub-6 GHz Applications

This article proposes a square split-ring resonator (SSRR) metamaterial absorber (MMA) for sub-6 GHz application. The unit cell of the MMA was designed and fabricated on commercially available low-cost FR-4 substrate material with a dielectric constant o 4.3. The higher effective medium ratio (EMR) of the designed unit cell shows the compactness of the MMA. The dimension of the unit cell is 9.5 × 9.5 × 1.6 mm3, which consists of two split rings and two arms with outer SSRR. The proposed MMA operates at 2.5 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands with a 90% absorption peak and shows a single negative metamaterial property. The E-field, H-field, and surface current are also explored in support of absorption analysis. Moreover, the equivalent circuit model of the proposed MMA is modelled and simulated to validate the resonance behavior of the MMA structure. Finally, the proposed MMA can be used for the specific frequency bands of 5G applications such as signal absorption, crowdsensing, SAR reduction, etc.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF METAMATERIAL LOADED STACKED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WIMAX APPLICATIONS

The design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna for WiMAX applications is carried out with the help of metamaterial and a stacked antenna fed with proximity coupling. A square split ring resonator metamaterial is used at the feed location to improve the performance of the conventional radiating patch. The &amp;mu;-negative metamaterial antenna is designed at 3.82 GHz. The proposed metamaterial antenna provides a -56 dB return loss and 5.06 dbi improved gain, and the VSWR is very much nearer to 1. CSTMW 2018 was used to model the simulation outcomes, such as radiation, voltage standing wave ratio, gain, and return loss, and also to observe the simulation characteristics of the metamaterial. After that, the stacking method is proposed for bandwidth enhancement. The bandwidth is enhanced from 3.7 to 3.9 GHz.The gain improved from 5.06 to 7.09 dB. The proposed antenna's results were found to be well suited for WiMAX applications.

Design and Minimization of Mutual Coupling Steered Array Lens Antenna for 5G Communication

Examining and evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance the performance by the initial objectives are the main contribution of this paper. To achieve multiband operation, the patch's shape is first adjusted later microstrip patch with the slot presented. With the help of the Ansoft HFSS antenna simulator, functional analysis has been shown to examine the impact on antenna resonant frequency. A probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is developed in this work via the HFSS tool for wireless applications operating between 2 to 5GHz. To achieve multiband operation, the structure of the patch is varied. The impacts on antenna resonant frequency are examined through numerical simulations. The length, as well as the width of a traditional patch antenna, is initially computed, and further, an appropriate patch dimension of 28.3mm x 36.9mm has been determined. For multiband operation over the frequency ranging between 2 and 5GHz wireless applications, a probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is built via the HFSS tool. The proposed architecture of a traditional microstrip patch antenna is imprinted on an FR4 epoxy substrate with a 1.6mm thickness and a 4.4 dielectric constant. The proposed antenna design is illustrated for the 3D structure of the Mutual Coupling Steered Array-Lens Antenna System (MPA) with an improved patch. To achieve multiband operation, two slots are inserted on the edges of the patch, and both the slots are 2mm wide, as well as the depth of the slots is modified to see how it corresponds to the resonant frequency. This work is mainly concentrated on (i) Examining as well as evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance its performance, (ii) Examining, evaluating, as well as assessing the performance of an improved split ring resonator metamaterial, and (iii) Exploring, analyzing, as well as evaluating the performance of dielectric lens base patch array antennas and (iv) Developing as well as analyzing the transmission line phase shifter. The groundwork for developing this work is being carried out, and a comparative study is made on (i) techniques for improving the antenna's performance through the application of a modified patch antenna, a Modified split ring resonator, a Dielectric lens structure, and Transmission line phase shifter.

Ultra-compact half-mode substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filters with IRCSRR metamaterial on reinforced hydrocarbon polymer ceramic composites

In this work, metamaterial-enabled ultra-compact evanescent-mode half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) bandpass filters are developed by loading inner-rotary complementary split-ring resonator (IRCSRR) on reinforced hydrocarbon polymer ceramic composites substrate. In the proposed IRCSRR, inner-rotary slots are etched inside the conventional complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) metamaterials to enhance the product of equivalent inductance and capacitance without occupying extra circuit area. Therefore, the proposed HMSIW-IRCSRR filters can obtain more size reduction with the same operation frequency as compared with the conventional CSRR-based ones. Similar as the conventional CSRR case, the evanescent-mode transmission below the dominant cutoff frequency of HMSIW can be produced by the negative permittivity effect of IRCSRR, and a transmission zero (TZ) at the upper stopband can be simultaneously generated by the mutual coupling between HMSIW and IRCSRR. Then, to improve the upper stopband performance, source-load coupling topology is utilized in the two-pole filters, which can produce multiple extra TZs. Meanwhile, multiple microstrip L/T-shaped open stubs are employed to introduce hybrid low-pass effect to further extend the upper stopband much wider. To demonstrate the availability of the aforementioned concepts, a series of HSMIW-IRCSRR filters are experimentally designed, fabricated and verified. Measured results shows that both ultra-compact sizes and excellent frequency-selecting performance are achieved simultaneously, as well as good agreement with simulations, all of which illustrating quite good promises for the practical radio frequency and microwave applications.

Unique 3D metamaterial split ring resonator for wireless communication with high negative refractive index and for medium ratio

This article presents the unique 3D metamaterial split ring resonator (3D-MTM SRR) model with high negative refractive index and effective medium ratio at 2.45 GHz frequency. It is integrated with two layers: one square bracket structure printed on the back side of the substrate and another dual split ring with an air gap placed above the substrate. Both structures are coupled by metallic vias, which serve as connecting vias to create the 3D-MTM SRR model. Simulation and experiment results shows good agreement for high negative refractive index and effective medium ratio of −17 and 6.16, respectively. To fully comprehend the resonance phenomena of the proposed 3D-MTM model, an analogous circuit analysis is carried out. In addition, to validate the MTM activities, array topologies based on 3D-MTM cells are analyzed. Thus the unique properties of 3D-MTM SRR allow to develop the high-performance RF devices for wireless applications.

Design of negative refractive index 3D metamaterial split ring resonator for IoT applications

AbstractThis article presents the unique 3D metamaterial split ring resonator (3D‐MTM SRR) with a high negative refractive index at 2.45 GHz frequency. It is integrated with two layers: one square bracket structure printed on the backside of the substrate and another dual split ring with an air gap placed above the substrate. Both structures are coupled with metallic vias, which serve as connecting vias to create the 3D‐MTM SRR. Simulation and experiment results show good agreement for a high negative refractive index and the effective medium ratio of −30 and 6.16, respectively. To fully comprehend the resonance phenomena of the proposed 3D‐MTM, an analogous circuit analysis is carried out. Thus, the unique properties of 3D‐MTM SRR allow development of the high‐performance radio frequency devices for IoT applications.

Metamaterial split-ring resonators applied as reduced-size four-port antenna array for MIMO applications

A reduced-size four-port antenna array with highly electromagnetic isolation based on a metamaterial structure is presented. The radiator antenna unit is created using the split ring resonator (SRR) arrangement, which has been widely demonstrated to perform as metamaterial. The metamaterial comportment allows increasing the slow-wave factor on the structure, and as a result, the array size is 42×42mm2, where each radiator presents a 52% length reduction compared to a conventional disc monopole with lower cutoff frequency of 2.5 GHz. The separation among elements is very small, achieving values of 0.045λ at the resonance; however, despite the proximity among elements, the electromagnetic isolation reaches values around 30 dB all over the working band. The antenna has a wide bandwidth, going from 2.5 GHz to almost 4 GHz. The array performs a very low Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), achieving levels lower than 0.035 and a steady Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), obtaining a system bandwidth of 1.38 GHz for a TARC ≤−10dB, resulting a suitable structure for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) applications.

SRR metamaterial-based broadband patch antenna for wireless communications

This paper presents the design and analysis of a broad-band patch antenna using split ring metamaterial. The SRR metamaterial structures are embedded in a unique and novel way in the patch antenna, so that subwavelength modes get introduced in the patch cavity and a broad bandwidth antenna with good performance characteristics is obtained. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is taken as a reference antenna, which resonates at a frequency of 5.2 GHz and has an impedance bandwidth of 70 MHz. To improve the bandwidth of the patch antenna, firstly the split ring resonator (SRR) is designed according to the reference patch antenna. The optimized SRR metamaterial is placed in between the patch and ground plane of the proposed antenna. The – 10 dB impedance bandwidth of the metamaterial-embedded proposed antenna is 1.63–4.88 GHz and has an average gain of 4.5 dB. The Prototype of the proposed antenna and reference antenna is fabricated and experimental results are obtained. Experimental and simulated results are in good agreement. The presented antenna can be used for LTE, GSM, WiMAX, Bluetooth, and other wireless applications.