Design Of Split Ring Resonator Research Articles

Design and Development of Ultrabroadband, High-Gain, and High-Isolation THz MIMO Antenna with a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial.

The need for high-speed communication has created a way to design THz antennas that operate at high frequencies, speeds, and data rates. In this manuscript, a THz MIMO antenna is designed using a metamaterial. The two-port antenna design proposed uses a complementary split-ring resonator patch. The design results are also compared with a simple patch antenna to show the improvement. The design shows a better isolation of 50 dB. A broadband width of 8.3 THz is achieved using this complementary split-ring resonator design. The percentage bandwidth is 90%, showing an ultrabroadband response. The highest gain of 10.34 dB is achieved with this design. Structural parametric optimization is applied to the complementary split-ring resonator MIMO antenna design. The designed antenna is also optimized by applying parametric optimization to different geometrical parameters. The optimized design has a 20 µm ground plane, 14 µm outer ring width, 6 µm inner ring width, and 1.6 µm substrate thickness. The proposed antenna with its broadband width, high gain, and high isolation could be applied in high-speed communication devices.

Polarization dependent 1-bit coding metamaterial for radar cross section reduction in microwave frequency applications

The main focus of this investigation was the construction of three kinds of distinctive structures, such as conventional coding metamaterial, tailored metamaterial, and combined coding metamaterial designs at lower microwave frequencies. All of the 1-bit coding metamaterial designs imitate coding particles with 0° and 180° phase responses. In order to achieve the appropriate resonance frequencies and phase response features, this work adopted a square split-ring resonator design. The proposed element ‘1′ exhibits resonance frequencies at 1.43, 3.46, 4.41, 5.60, 6.03, and 7.33 GHz respectively. Alongside this, more than 180° phase difference ranges are satisfactorily manifested, likely at 3.10 to 3.67 GHz and 5.58 to 6.43 GHz, respectively. Analysis of each proposed design was carried out in terms of its scattering parameter properties, monostatic Radar Cross-Section (RCS), and bistatic RCS scattering patterns. In essence, different functionality can be attained via a composite metamaterial design with a unique configuration that affects electromagnetic waves.

Graphene-Based Metasurface Refractive Index Biosensor for Hemoglobin Detection: Machine Learning Assisted Optimization.

Machine learning is the latest approach to optimize the performance of absorbers, sensors, etc. A sensor with behavior prediction using polynomial regression is presented. Three different variations of metasurfaces namely double split-ring resonator, single split ring resonator, split ring resonator with thin wire are analyzed. The proposed design aims to achieve the highest sensitivity by observing different designs and different parameter variation. The highest sensitivity is achieved for double split-ring resonator and single split ring resonator designs. The change in thickness of different parameter affect the absorption and the highest sensitivity is calculated based on these variations. The polynomial regression (PR) model is employed to predict the absorption values for assorted combinations of intermediate wavelength values with angle variation, substrate thickness, substrate length, substrate width, graphene potential, and resonator thickness values. Test Cases R-30 and R-50 are evaluated using R2 score metric to assess the effectiveness of PR model for predicting the values of absorption. R2 score close to 1.0 is achieved for all the experiments at a higher (more than 5) polynomial degree, which proves the prediction efficiency of a regression model. The proposed biosensor designed with a PR model can be applied in biomedical applications for hemoglobin detection.

Enhancement of the microwave photon-magnon coupling strength for a planar fabricated resonator

Planar resonators have a wide usage in modern microwave technologies and perspectives in novel quantum technologies development. As was demonstrated earlier, their utilization allows to achieve high values of microwave photon-magnon coupling strength—an important parameter in technologies of information coherent transfer from electromagnetic GHz range to the optical range. In the present work, the achievement of the high value of the microwave photon-magnon coupling strength by exploiting the increase of the spatial concentration of the magnetic component of the planar resonator electromagnetic field is reported. Starting from the conventional planar split-ring resonator design we increased the coupling strength up to 40% by modifying the resonator shape. The numerical simulation and experimental verification showed a predicted increase in the spatial concentration of the microwave magnetic component and showed the increased value of the microwave photon-magnon coupling strength as a sequence.

Small Split-Ring Resonators as Efficient Antennas for Remote LoRa IOT Systems-A Path to Reduce Physical Interference.

While wireless IOT modules can be made extremely compact, antennas typically protrude from the module, providing the potential to catch near moving/rotating equipment or transfer loads to the PCB through end forces, which can lead to failures. This work explores the use of split-ring resonator (SRR) designs to achieve a planar antenna with a maximum dimension less than a monopole working at the same frequency. The very narrow bandwidth of the SRR required detailed physical models to create printed circuit board (PCB)-based antenna designs that could be used at LoRa frequencies of 433 MHz and 915 MHz. Uncertainty analysis allowed for the impact of geometrical and physical tolerances on the resonant frequency to be evaluated. Nearfield and farfield measurements were performed allowing for the resonant frequency, directionality, and range of the antenna to be evaluated. An unbalanced SMA port was added to the SRR design to allow for the use of a network vector analyser to determine the input impedance of various designs. The optimum design achieved an input resistance of 44 Ω at a resonant frequency of 919 MHz, close to the target values (50 Ω at 915 MHz). Field measurements of the received signal strength from a planar antenna design indicated a gain of 5 dB over a conventional quarter-wave monopole antenna, in a footprint that was 40% smaller than the monopole.

Meta-malzeme Yapılı Ayrık Halka Rezonatörün Performans İyileştirmesi için MOGA Algoritması Kullanılarak Üç Boyutlu Elektromanyetik Analizi ve Optimizasyonu

The study presents 3D electromagnetic analysis and optimization of metamaterial constructed split ring resonator. The analysis was carried out under electromagnetic analysis conditions by using electromagnetic boundary conditions master and slave. The operating frequency range, in other words the performance characteristic, has been analysed from 1 GHz to 20 GHz. The split-ring resonator design has been analysed on triple co-axes in accordance with its actual use. Surface current density, electric field strength and magnetic field strength values were examined in the analysis. Metamaterial based split-ring resonators are used in many fields. Today, it has many applications as measurement and sensor or as antenna in 5G applications. In order to obtain a suitable design at high frequencies, micron-level designs are required. Newly developed objective functions are presented in the study. In this study, good results were obtained with an optimized SRR design by using multi-objective genetic algorithm in the range up to 20 GHz that can achieve negative refractive index capacity. These results are presented in the study with the relationship between permittivity and permeability. Furthermore, when the results obtained from the design are examined, it is seen that it is suitable for wireless applications. Performance improvement have been carried out SRR negative refractive index capacity which before has 11 GHz was increased to 15.5 GHz.

SRR and Rectangular Stubs Loaded Novel Fractal Antenna Realization for Multiband Wireless Applications

This manuscript presents the novel design of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) and rectangular stubs loaded Circular Fractal Antenna for multiband wireless applications. Initially, the antenna is designed by introducing various fractal iterations from 0th to 3rd and the final iteration is designated as Antenna-I. This antenna exhibits the maximum bandwidth of 8.35 GHz from 4.12 to 12.47 GHz. Further, this bandwidth has been enhanced and inflated as 10.29 GHz from 2.07 to 12.36 GHz, by introducing the SRR structure in the geometry of 3rd iteration of the designed antenna and designated as Antenna-II. Similarly, to further improve the performance parameters the rectangular stubs are introduced in the structure of Antenna-II to obtain the proposed antenna final geometry called Antenna-III. The final structure of the proposed antenna shows improved impedance matching and exhibits the bandwidth of 11.43 GHz (1.30–12.73 GHz) and 5.17 GHz (14.83–20.0 GHz) in 1 to 20 GHz frequency range. The total dimensions of the proposed antenna is 36 × 32 mm2 and can be valuable for different multiband wireless applications such as a DCS, PCS, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiMAX, GSM, IEEE 802.16e, ITU, IEEE802.11a (WLAN)/b/g, C/S/X/Ku and K band.

The Design of Split Ring Resonator (Srr) Based Terahertz Bandpass Filter and Comparison of Various Types of Filters.

Terahertz (THz) research has practiced an amazing progression in the past two decades. Terahertz filters plays a key role in THz applications. Terahertz filters with high bandwidth, tunable center frequency, and low insertion loss are the challenging design. This article comprises the investigation of the frequency response of terahertz filters using various metamaterials, frequency selective surfaces, and parallel plate waveguides. The proposed work includes the design of SRR based terahertz bandpass filter with tunable center frequency and bandwidth. Also, the proposed THz filters is simulated using the Comsol software and the simulated results are observed. This proposed design is used for numerous applications like spectroscopy, wireless communication, and imaging, etc.

A Metamaterial-Inspired Approach to Mitigating Radio Frequency Blackout When a Plasma Forms Around a Reentry Vehicle

Radio frequency (RF) blackout and attenuation have been observed during atmospheric reentry since the advent of space exploration. The effects range from severe attenuation to complete loss of communications and can last from 90 s to 10 min depending on the vehicle’s trajectory. This paper examines a way of using a metasurface to improve the performance of communications during reentry. The technique is viable at low plasma densities and matches a split-ring resonator (SRR)-based mu-negative (MNG) sheet to the epsilon-negative (ENG) plasma region. Considering the MNG metasurface as a window to the exterior of a reentry vehicle, its matched design yields high transmission of an electromagnetic plane wave through the resulting MNG-ENG metastructure into the region beyond it. A varactor-based SRR design facilitates tuning the MNG layer to ENG layers with different plasma densities. Both simple and Huygens dipole antennas beneath a matched metastructure are then employed to demonstrate the consequent realization of significant signal transmission through it into free space beyond the exterior ENG plasma layer.

Simulated Triple Circular Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial Unit Cell for THz application

Metamaterial used widely nowadays to overcome the limitation of the natural material in manipulating the electromagnetic wave and radiation. Split-Ring Resonator (SRR) have been used widely as a design to manipulate the electromagnetic waves but none of them used for higher frequency such as light frequency. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to design SRR unit cell that is capable to bend the light wave. The negative value of material properties obtained from the simulation of the metamaterial at three different part which are at phase=0, real value and imaginary value. CST Microwave Studio 2018 used as a simulation software. The results show all the negative value of material properties obtained at different frequency range. However, the negative value of material properties at phase=0 and imaginary part is obtained at same frequency range. While for real part, the negative value for all material properties occurred at different frequency range. This SRR design is suitable to manipulate the lights radiation waves.

Metamaterial-Inspired Microwave Microfluidic Sensor for Glucose Monitoring in Aqueous Solutions

A high-sensitive microwave microfluidic sensor based on improved split ring resonator (SRR) for detecting glucose concentration in aqueous glucose solutions is proposed. The novel SRR design of the proposed sensor incorporates inter-digital capacitor (IDC) in the gap of the resonator for enhanced electric field concentration over a larger surface area, which provides higher sensitivity for testing of dielectric liquids. In order to facilitate the measurement of lossy fluids using the proposed sensor, a microfluidic channel is appropriately positioned over the IDC region of the SRR, through which the glucose solutions are made to pass. The microfluidic channel, made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is biocompatible, economical, which is customized to preserve the sample from external contamination. Aqueous solutions with glucose concentrations ranging from 0 to 5000 mg/dl are characterized based on the shift in the resonant frequency and the normalized peak attenuation of the SRR sensor. The measured sensitivity of the proposed PDMS integrated novel SRR sensor for glucose testing is found to be 2.60E-02 MHz/mgdl−1, which is a fair improvement compared to earlier proposed sensors employing similar sensing methodologies. The applicability of the proposed sensor for quantitative analysis of aqueous glucose solutions is verified using both simulation and experimental procedures.

New split-ring resonator design paves way for high-resolution electron streak imaging

The use of a new split-ring resonator in relativistic electron streak cameras can improve the amplitude of the deflection field by an order of magnitude and increase temporal resolution.

Eigenmode hybridization enables lattice-induced transparency in symmetric terahertz metasurfaces for slow light applications

Traditional lattice-induced transparency demonstrations are activated by varying the meta-atom lattice constant such that the plasmonic and lattice modes interfere. Here we report on the observation of enhanced coupling between two eigenmodes (first- and second-order) by varying the lattice parameter in a symmetric split ring resonator design. The higher-order quasi-dark mode blueshifts, introducing strong coupling with the fundamental bright mode for periods above 345 μm. Numerical simulations are verified experimentally and supplemented with a two-oscillator model showing good agreement. Furthermore, larger positive group delay values are achieved in the vicinity of the transparency window with minimal absorption, indicating a strong potential for slow light applications.

Design of Split Ring Resonators for Enhanced Two-Color Operation of Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors

In this paper, we propose using metamaterials for enhanced operation of quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) in one- and two-color detection and theoretically calculate its absorption and responsivity. To do so, first, a split ring resonator (SRR) is designed and proposed to resonate at the wavelength of intersubband transition from ground state to first excited state of quantum dots, which is around 9.8 $\mu \text{m}$ . The results show enhanced absorption and responsivity by a factor of 1.5. In addition, another SRR is proposed to support two operation wavelengths and designed to resonate with the two peak absorption wavelengths of QDIP. The results of simulation confirm enhanced absorption and responsivity for both the wavelengths at 9.8 and $6~\mu \text{m}$ by a factor of 1.5.

Mathematical Modeling of n-Sided Polygon Metamaterial Split Ring Resonators for 5.8 GHz ISM Band Applications

Metamaterials have become an interesting area of research in electromagnetism due to their unique characteristics which can radically change the world of wireless communication. Split ring resonator (SRR) is the most commonly used metamaterial structure which is used for preventing signal propagation at the desired frequency band due to its capability to exhibit negative permeability and stop band characteristics. This paper presents SRR designs for 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical band applications. Rings of the designed SRRs are n-sided regular polygons. We have proposed a mathematical model for the SRR to estimate the shape of SRR for given values of coupling and bandwidth at 5.8 GHz. Subsequently, mathematical equations are proposed for the estimation of coupling and bandwidth from given shape of SRR for 5.8 GHz band. Proposed SRR designs and their mathematical models find applications in the areas such as reduction of mutual coupling in antenna arrays and design of microwave band stop filters.

Tunable split-ring resonators using germanium telluride

We demonstrate terahertz (THz) split-ring resonator (SRR) designs with incorporated germanium telluride (GeTe) thin films. GeTe is a chalcogenide that undergoes a nonvolatile phase change from the amorphous to crystalline state at approximately 200 °C, depending on the film thickness and stoichiometry. The phase change also causes a drop in the material's resistivity by six orders of magnitude. In this study, two GeTe-incorporated SRR designs were investigated. The first was an SRR made entirely out of GeTe and the second was a gold SRR structure with a GeTe film incorporated into the gap region of the split ring. These devices were characterized using THz time-domain spectroscopy and were heated in-situ to determine the change in the design operation with varying temperatures.

Tunable multi-band chiral metamaterials based on double-layered asymmetric split ring resonators

We have numerically demonstrated chiral metamaterials based on double-layered asymmetric Au film with hollow out design of split ring resonators on either side of the polyimide. Multiple electric dipoles and magnetic dipoles resulted from parallel and antiparallel currents between the eight split ring resonators. Multi-band circular dichroism is found in the visible frequency regime by studying the transmission properties. Huge optical activity and the induced multi-band negative refractive index are obtained at resonance by calculating the optical activity and ellipticity of the transmitted E-fields. Chirality parameter and effective refractive index are retrieved to illustrate the tunable optical properties of the metamaterials. The underlying mechanisms for the observed circular dichroism are analyzed. These metamaterials would offer flexible electromagnetic applications in the infrared and visible regime.

Operation Characteristics and Optical Emission Distribution of a Miniaturized Silicon Through-Substrate Split-Ring Resonator Microplasma Source

There are many new microplasma sources being developed for a wide variety of applications, each with different properties tailored to its specific use. Microplasma sources enable portable instruments for, e.g., chemical analysis, sterilization, or activation of substances. A novel microplasma source, based on a microstrip split-ring resonator design with electrodes integrated in its silicon substrate, was designed, manufactured, and evaluated. This device has a plasma discharge gap with a controlled volume and geometry, and offers straightforward integration with other microelectromechancial systems (MEMS) components, e.g., microfluidics. The realized device was resonant at around 2.9 GHz with a quality factor of 18.7. Two different operational modes were observed with the plasma at high pressure being confined in the gap between the electrodes, whereas the plasma at low pressures appeared between the ends of the electrodes on the backside. Measurement of the angular distribution of light emitted from the device with through-substrate electrodes showed narrow emission lobes compared with a reference plasma source with on-substrate electrodes.

Square-tooth split ring resonator – a novel metamaterial for bandwidth and radiation improvement in microstrip-based radiating structure design

A square multiband truncated microstrip patch antenna was investigated using a square-tooth split ring resonator for multiband applications in both S- and C-bands. The square-tooth split ring resonator is formed from metallic inclusions in a substrate to create a metamaterial. We introduce a new square-tooth split ring resonator which increases the radiation of the antenna as well as the bandwidth. This new design creates a slow wave structure. The square-tooth addition to the split ring resonator works like a slow wave structure. The square-tooth split ring resonator design is compared with the simple split ring resonator design. The square-tooth design has four bands with center frequencies of 3.88, 4.81, 5.4, and 5.62 GHz, whereas design with the simple split ring resonator has just three bands with center frequencies of 3.88, 4.74, and 5.50 GHz. The bandwidth is increased by 20% to 30% using the square-tooth split ring resonator compared to the simple split ring resonator.

A 10 GHz Low Phase Noise Split-Ring Resonator Oscillator

In this project, a method of designing a series feedback split ring resonator (SRRs) oscillator with emphasize on phase noise study has been proposed. The split ring resonator oscillator is consisted of an active device of ATF-36077, a GaAs PHEMT from Agilent, an array of split ring resonator for frequency determining element and microstrip-based output matching network. Mainly, this work focused on modeling and designing an optimum performance of SRRs oscillator in emphasizing the phase noise result. The simulation of SRRs oscillator has been modeled using Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) and CST Microwave Studio software. Three designs of SRRs have been compared for Q-factor in which a high Q-factor of 6476 has been obtained from File C of SRR design. Subsequently, based on this design, the oscillator exhibited a low phase noise of -122.0 dBc/Hz at offset frequency of 100 kHz and an output power of 7.46 dBm at the oscillating frequency of 10.05GHz.