Split Off Research Articles

Electron screening lengths and plasma spectrum in single layer MoS2

We obtain the energy eigenvalues and wave functions of the single layer molybdenum disulfide by using an effective Hamiltonian. Moreover, the density of states and high electron-electron screening length up to 108 cm-1 are also evaluated based on the dielectric function of MoS2. It is shown that the quasi-linear energy bands split off due to the spin-orbit couplings. Plasmons in such a system are investigated theoretically within diagrammatic self-consistent field theory. In the random phase approximation, it is found that two plasma spectra can be produced via intra band transitions induced in conduction bands in monolayer MoS2 because of splitting off. The plasma spectrum frequency increases with increasing wave-vector q and electron density. It is found that the two plasmon modes induced by the spin intra-subband transitions are acoustic-like and depend strongly on wave-vector q. We find that the plasma spectrum is very different from those of graphene and two-dimensional electron gas due to the quasi-linear dispersion and spin-orbit couplings in single layer MoS2. Moreover, the plasmon frequency can be effectively controlled through changing the doping electron density. Our results exhibit some interesting features which can be utilized to realize the plasmonic devices based on the single layer MoS2.

Systematic studies on the Zygophyllaceae of Saudi Arabia: new combinationsin Tetraena Maxim.

During 2013 and 2014, fresh material of Tetraena hamiensis (Schweinf.) Beier & Thulin was collected from four different localities in Saudi Arabia. Some morphological differences, especially in leaf, flower parts, and fruit characters, were observed among individuals of this species within the same location. Principal coordinates analysis and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic algorithm clustering test split off individuals of T. hamiensis with these morphological varieties as three clusters; one comprises individuals with characters overlapping those of T. hamiensis, one comprises individuals with characters overlapping those of T. qatarensis, and one comprises individuals with characters overlapping those of T. mandavillei. Therefore, T. hamiensis, T. qatarensis, and T. mandavillei are herein considered as varieties of T. hamiensis (T. hamiensis var. hamiensis, T. hamiensis var. qatarensis, and T. hamiensis var. mandavillei). Tetraena hamiensis and its varieties are illustrated and morphological characters are supplied to differentiate among them.

Guilt, Resentment, and Post-Holocaust Democracy: The Frankfurt School's Analysis of “Secondary Antisemitism” in the <em>Group Experiment</em> and Beyond

Previous discussions of the Frankfurt School’s work on Judeophobia have almost entirely neglected the Critical Theorists’ pathbreaking analysis of “secondary antisemitism” after Auschwitz. This new form of Jew-hatred originates in the political and psychological desire to split off, repress, and downplay the memory of the Holocaust because such memory, with which Jews are often identified, evokes unwelcome guilt feelings. As Holocaust memory undermines the uncritical identification with a collective, family, or nation tainted by anti-Jewish mass atrocities, the repression of national guilt may unconsciously motivate the reproduction of resentments that helped cause the Shoah. In this light, the article re-examines the empirical postwar German study Group Experiment and other works of the Frankfurt School. Three specific defensive mechanisms in relation to historical collective guilt feelings are identified that engender a variety of antisemitic projections—from “Jewish power” to “Jewish money” and other anti-Jewish tropes—after the Holocaust. It is argued that these insights into post-Holocaust secondary antisemitism, empirically analyzed in the German context, can partly be transferred to other contexts in European democracies and beyond. This article demonstrates that an unprocessed history of national guilt can have a negative impact on democracy and the resilience of antisemitism.

To the reader: On publishing a poem about the abuse in my childhood, and: Reading Robert Lowell at 3 AM, and: Bad Dad, and: Fishermen with catch: Lamu, Kenya, and: On knowing a woman who excuses herself from the table, even in restaurants, to brush her Teeth

To the reader: On publishing a poem about the abuse in my childhood, and: Reading Robert Lowell at 3 AM, and: Bad Dad, and: Fishermen with catch: Lamu, Kenya, and: On knowing a woman who excuses herself from the table, even in restaurants, to brush her Teeth Toi Derricotte (bio) To the reader: On publishing a poem about the abuse in my childhood Let me first say that I regret sending this document out into the world. And I regret that it has fallen into your hands, and that, having fallen into your hands, I am asking you to read it. I do this not as a performance of brutality to which I want your witness. I do it because it must exist as a reflection of its contrary. In my body the memories were lodged. This writing is a dim bulb on a black cord in the examiner's room. I prefer you do not attempt to read it. I cannot help but feel responsible for your discomfort. So, as you read, you will feel me tugging it from your hands. I send this document of torture out because it happened to me and happened continuously inside me for the next sixty years. Completing a poem necessitates a struggle to create a work that exhibits balance and symmetry. I have been hampered by an idea of perfection. I have struggled to please one who mirrors back my unworthiness. But poetry is visceral; it recreates the most primal sense of entitlement to breath and music, to life itself. I have fixed together an internal form, like a tailor's bodice. I wear it as a self, stiff but useful, stitched together from scraps. Through it, in this new incarnation, I am as vulnerable as a self without mirror. [End Page 7] Reading Robert Lowell at 3 AM I read, haphazardly,with no purpose except the reading. I sitin the wide armchair for hours, alternatingbetween sleep and contemplation.He finished with poems that didn't speak to meuntil now: not the packed images & tornloyalties of Life Studies. No longer confessingthe past nor obsessed with self-hatred,he wanted "to make / something imagined,not recalled . . ." and missedthe provoking demons. The new poemsseemed "threadbare . . . yet [End Page 8] "(W)hy not say what happened?"—In the end, he encouraged himselflike a loving friend. Bad Dad I thought I had murderedMy brutish father, but here he isOn tv, risen,With orange Technicolor hair. Fishermen with catch: Lamu, Kenya They call us to come see— Today two! So weGo down to the muck of low tide, nothing but theLights of the bars along the harbor. The large one about 12 feet, bellyUp in the shallows, nearly submerged, as if floatingUnderwater on its back, the tide rocking against it. A wide grin cracks its entire head; the lipsPucker around keen teeth. Our flashlights circle the mud-caked men, their machetesSlashing through silvery skin to expose A rusty menstrual-colored meat. [End Page 9] An hour later, when we return,Everything's gone— The ocean bloodless— Except for that huge grinning head. A last manDismantles its composure with his knife. Lamu is Kenya's oldest continually inhabited town and was one of the original Swahili settlements along coastal East Africa, founded in 1370. On knowing a woman who excuses herself from the table, even in restaurants, to brush her teeth I would feel strange to brush my teeth in public. I would feel that I'm fouling the sink more than if I were washing my hands. It's true, you can get excretions on your hands. Still the hands are such pretty little things to wash, so visible and pink or brown, not the same as those things that you must scour inside the mouth, digging out threads of meat and torn, sticky shreds of lettuce; and the tongue seems so phallic, or clitoral, and, in fact is descended from the same cells in the embryo that split off to make the sexual organs. I notice her open mouth, her pink throat, and I dangerously lift one foot from...

Surface-assisted Ullmann coupling.

Surface-assisted Ullmann coupling is the workhorse of on-surfaces synthesis. Among the various couplings that were successfully transferred from solution to solid surfaces, Ullmann coupling is arguably the most reliable, controllable, and widespread coupling reaction. The basic reaction scheme is straightforward: halogenated precursors are deposited onto solid surfaces, normally of coinage metals. In the adsorbed state the halogen substitutents are split off by virtue of the surface's reactivity, thereby generating acitvated species that subsequently recombine by forming C-C bonds. Ullmann coupling is well suited for reticular synthesis of novel organic nanostructures: ideally, the halogen substitution pattern of the precursor - which becomes the monomer upon dehalogenation - predetermines dimensionality and topology of the covalent nanostructures. Also in many relevant systems, side-reactions do not occur. However, in reality topological defects, competing C-H activation on more reactive surfaces, and reaction intermediates render this seemingly simple coupling reaction not only more complex, but also more interesting for fundamental research. This feature article aims to provide an account of the vast amount of already published work and tries to destill important findings and currents trends in surface-assisted Ullmann coupling.

Correlation of enhanced oxidative stress with altered thyroid profile: Probable role in spontaneous abortion.

Background:Spontaneous abortion or miscarriage is defined as the loss of a clinically recognized pregnancy that occurs before 20 weeks of gestational age. Changes in thyroid function can impact greatly on reproductive function before, during, and after conception. Oxidative stress affects both implantation and early embryo development by modifying the key of transcription. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a major breakdown product of split off from lipid peroxidation. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is responsible for detoxification of superoxide anion and required for normal health and reproduction.Aim:The aim of this study was to define the involvement of thyroid hormones, MDA and SOD levels and to establish MDA levels as an index of lipid peroxidation in women with spontaneous abortion by comparing the results with healthy pregnant females as controls.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional case-control study was designed with two groups of women with 30 each in healthy pregnancy and with spontaneous abortion.Results:Demographic characteristics such as maternal age, paternal age, gestational age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio as well as biochemical parameters such as blood pressure, hemoglobin (Hb), sugar levels were found to be similar in both the participating groups. Characteristics like gravida and parity were found to be higher in the study group and differ significantly from control group. Spontaneous abortion before 24 weeks of gestational age was found to be associated with significant increase in mean serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (P = 0.0115) and MDA (P = 0.0001) levels and a significant decrease in mean serum T3 (P = 0.0003) and SOD (P = 0.0005) levels. The linear (Pearson) correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation of TSH with MDA and negative correlation with SOD in women with spontaneous abortion.Conclusion:The study demonstrates that altered thyroid profile, increased lipid peroxidation in terms of increased MDA levels and decreased SOD levels might be involved in the termination of otherwise wanted pregnancy.

Linking genomic reorganization to tumor initiation via the giant cell cycle.

To investigate the mechanisms underlying our recent paradoxical finding that mitotically incapacitated and genomically unstable polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are capable of tumor initiation, we labeled ovarian cancer cells with α-tubulin fused to green fluorescent protein, histone-2B fused to red fluorescent protein and FUCCI (fluorescent ubiquitination cell cycle indicator), and tracked the spatial and time-dependent change in spindle and chromosomal dynamics of PGCCs using live-cell fluorescence time-lapse recording. We found that single-dose (500 nm) treatment with paclitaxel paradoxically initiated endoreplication to form PGCCs after massive cell death. The resulting PGCCs continued self-renewal via endoreplication and further divided by nuclear budding or fragmentation; the small daughter nuclei then acquired cytoplasm, split off from the giant mother cells and acquired competency in mitosis. FUCCI showed that PGCCs divided via truncated endoreplication cell cycle (endocycle or endomitosis). Confocal microscopy showed that PGCCs had pronounced nuclear fragmentation and lacked expression of key mitotic proteins. PGCC-derived daughter cells were capable of long-term proliferation and acquired numerous new genome/chromosome alterations demonstrated by spectral karyotyping. These data prompt us to conceptualize a giant cell cycle composed of four distinct but overlapping phases, initiation, self-renewal, termination and stability. The giant cell cycle may represent a fundamental cellular mechanism to initiate genomic reorganization to generate new tumor-initiating cells in response to chemotherapy-induced stress and contributes to disease relapse.

Time off is crucial.

Most nurses are contracted to work 37.5 hours over five days, followed by two days off. But many areas of the health service are so short staffed that split days off, where nurses do not get two consecutive days off, are becoming more common as managers struggle to provide cover for shifts.

Psychodynamic Improvement in Eating Disorders: Welcoming Ignored, Unspoken, and Neglected Concerns in the Patient to Foster Development and Resiliency

ABSTRACTDrawing upon case examples from their clinical, supervisory, and teaching experience, the authors suggest eating disorder treatment that primarily addresses behavioral change and is relatively short term leaves many patients behind in the search for a fuller sense of self and resilience. They have found that improvement rests upon ferreting out developmental deficits and other factors in early life that have been ignored, unspoken, and neglected; and without reflecting on, working through, and integrating these early experiences patients feel a part of themselves is still missing after symptom reduction. The authors assert that longer-term psychodynamic treatment facilitates therapeutic improvement by addressing six major domains: 1) mitigation of shame; 2) integration of split off affects and defenses; 3) achievement of greater intimacy and/or capacity to play; 4) confrontation of the tendency to spoil forward movement and self-sabotage; 5) identification with benign introjects and amelioration of a primitive, highly punitive superego; and 6) recognition and confrontation of denial of death. By describing the benefits of longer-term work with eating disorder patients, the authors hope to encourage others to expand the knowledge base of what constitutes therapeutic improvement and resilience, leading to lives that that are fuller, more creative, and productive.

Photolysis of Carbonyl Diisocyanate: Generation of Isocyanatocarbonyl Nitrene and Diazomethanone.

The stepwise decomposition of carbonyl diisocyanate, OC(NCO)2 , has been studied by using IR spectroscopy in solid argon matrices at 16 K. Upon irradiation with an ArF laser (λ=193 nm), carbonyl diisocyanate split off CO and furnished a new carbonyl nitrene, OCNC(O)N, in its triplet ground state. Two conformers of the nitrene, syn and anti, that were derived from the two conformers of OC(NCO)2 (62 % syn-syn and 38 % syn-anti) were identified and characterized by combining IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Subsequent irradiation with visible light (λ>395 nm) caused the Curtius rearrangement of the nitrene into OCNNCO. In addition to the expected decomposition products, N2 and CO, further photolysis of OCNNCO with the ArF laser yielded NOCN, through a diazomethanone (NNCO) intermediate. To further validate our proposed reaction mechanism, ArF-laser photolysis of the closely related NNNNCO and cyclo-N2 CO in solid argon matrices were also studied. The observations of NOCN and in situ CO-trapped product OCNNCO provided indirect evidence to support the initial generation of NNCO as a common intermediate during the laser photolysis of OCNNCO, NNNNCO, and cyclo-N2 CO.

Comprehensive Compositional Study of Torrefied Wood and Herbaceous Materials by Chemical Analysis and Thermoanalytical Methods

In this work, the torrefaction of three biomass materials, black locust wood, wheat, and rape straw, was studied at various temperatures: 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 °C. The thermal stability and formation of the decomposition products of the untreated and treated samples were measured by the thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry method. The degree of hemicellulose and cellulose decomposition during torrefaction at different temperatures was characterized by compositional analysis of the torrefied and untreated samples. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and Klason lignin contents of the raw and torrefied biomass samples were determined by acidic hydrolysis and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The inorganic ion contents of the untreated samples were measured by the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry method. The joint evaluation of the results obtained by various analytical methods revealed that the acidic side groups of hemicellulose were partially split off, while...

Animals that glow for sex are more likely to split off into new species

Animals that glow for sex are more likely to split off into new species

Reactivity Study of Pyridyl‐Substituted 1‐Metalla‐2,5‐diaza‐cyclopenta‐2,4‐dienes of Group 4 Metallocenes

In this work the reactivity of 1-metalla-2,5-diaza-cyclopenta-2,4-dienes of group 4 metallocenes, especially of the pyridyl-substituted examples, towards small molecules is investigated. The addition of H2 , CO2 , Ph-C≡N, 2-py-C≡N, 1,3-dicyanobenzene or 2,6-dicyanopyridine results in exchange reactions, which are accompanied by the elimination of a nitrile. For CO2 , a coordination to the five-membered cycle occurs in case of Cp*2 Zr(N=C(2-py)-C(2-py)=N). A 1,4-diaza-buta-1,3-diene complex is formed by H-transfer in the conversion of the analogous titanocene compound with CH3 -C≡N, PhCH2 -C≡N or acetone. For CH3 -C≡N a coupling product of three acetonitrile molecules is established additionally. In order to split off the metallocene from the coupled nitriles, we examined reactions with HCl, PhPCl2 , PhPSCl2 and SOCl2 . In the last case, the respective thiadiazole oxides and the metallocene dichlorides were obtained. A subsequent reaction produced thiadiazoles.

The “Alternative for Germany:” Factors Behind its Emergence and Profile of a New Right-wing Populist Party

Until 2013, right-wing populist or extremist parties were unable to establish themselves as a relevant political force in Germany. With the advent of the Alternative für Deutschland the party landscape has changed significantly. The window of opportunity for the newcomer was opened in 2013 by the Euro crisis. Combining euroskepticism with liberal economic policies and a conservative social issue agenda the AfD mainly capitalized on the neglecting of these matters by the liberal party and the Christian democrats. Controversy between the market-oriented moderate wing represented by party founder Bernd Lucke and the radical advocates of national populism led to the split off of the former in July 2015. Only with the refugee crisis did the AfD regain its electoral fortunes and obtained its best results thus far in the March 2016 state elections. Most probably, the party’s prospects will remain promising if one considers the voter’s side. The main risks lie in its own ranks, where ideological battles, personal struggles and the unresolved question of how to distance the party from right-wing extremism could further self-destruction.

Diminished frequency of T17 cells in menstrual blood of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion

αβ and γδ T cells develop in the thymus from a common precursor. Although lineages initially were defined by the type of TCR they express, it soon became clear that the TCR type per se does not play a deterministic role in the lineage decision, since in various transgenic and knockout models, as well as in a small fraction of cells in wt mice, the TCRγδ can drive the differentiation of αβ lineage cells and the TCRαβ can drive differentiation of γδ lineage cells. Thus until recently it was unclear what determines lineage choice and at which stage the two lineages diverge. Recent observations suggest that TCR signal strength determines lineage fate and that lineage choice is made at or shortly after the first TCR-controlled checkpoint. While it is clear that the decision between αβ and γδ lineages is made at the first TCR-controlled checkpoint and the αβ sublineages split off later, it is less clear whether γδ sublineages divert already at the first TCR-controlled checkpoint or later. Recent experiments support the former view.

Introduction to Body Meets Mind: Eating Disorders and Body Image—A Twenty-First Century Perspective

This special issue of the Clinical Social Work Journal looks at problems in eating and body image from a twenty first century perspective. Contemporary scientific research and medical innovations have influenced current clinical theory and thinking about these complex disorders. Increasingly, we have come to recognize a fundamental link between body and mind, as well as the need for ways to integrate these interlocking systems in both assessment and treatment of individuals with eating disorders. Our clinical lens now includes advances in technology and specifically social media, which have exponentially increased the cultural domain for body image scrutiny and concomitant body shame. A paradoxical dilemma of our time is that the ability to transform our bodies through surgeries and multiple diet/exercise regimes has also exacerbated problems of self-objectification and associated body shame, commonly associated with problems in eating and body image. The current volume is made up of articles by authors with a wide range of contemporary perspectives on eating disorders and body image. Their blend of expertise and innovative thinking takes us on a journey into an extremely important aspect of eating disorders: the crucial interplay of body image and disordered eating issues. Introducing a new feature to the journal, we begin this special issue with an interview of Susie Orbach by guest co-editor Holly Starkman. An international spokeswoman on the topic, Orbach has been influential in both professional and public arenas. Her now classic book, Fat is a Feminist Issue, opened wide the door to women’s problematic relationships to their bodies and their eating. The interview presents not only some of Orbach’s historic contributions to the field, but also her take on these dynamics today. A significant focus of Orbach’s work is her integration of psychological and cultural contexts that can thwart healthy body image development. She addresses her concerns about the pervasiveness of this link in the interview and underscores that clinicians are in a unique position to increase awareness of cultural as well as psychological influences in our work with clients. Following the interview with Orbach are several clinically oriented articles that integrate an understanding of psychodynamics with a variety of symptom-focused interventions. The first article, ‘‘Psychodynamic Issues in the Treatment of Binge Eating: Working with Shame, Secrets, No-Entry, and False Body Defenses’’ is by Kathryn Zerbe, whose widely read books and articles have made a significant contribution to the field. She has long encouraged clinicians to pay attention to body image in clients with eating disorders and has been a leading voice for the value of bringing together psychodynamic and symptom-focused interventions when working with clients with these symptoms. In this article Zerbe presents two clients diagnosed with binge eating disorder who struggle with body image issues that they ignore or deny. She explores and explains how understanding defense mechanisms such as ‘no entry’ fantasies and ‘the false body’ can help a client uncover and work through split off aspects of their bodily self. She also introduces a theme that readers will find throughout this special issue: the importance of a clinician’s relationship to her or his own body and the transference and countertransference issues that may & F. Diane Barth fdbarth@gmail.com

An illustrated and annotated checklist of freshwater diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Livingston, Signy and Beak Island (Maritime Antarctic Region)

Background and aims – Non-marine diatom communities in the Antarctic Region are characterized by a typical species composition, dominated by a large number of Antarctic endemic species. Despite recent advances in our knowledge about the diversity and biogeography of non-marine Antarctic diatoms, the flora of many Antarctic localities is still only poorly known, which can result in incorrect conceptions of species' distributions. The present paper provides a taxonomically consistent illustrated checklist of the diatom flora observed in recent and (sub)fossil non-marine sediments of three islands in the proximity of the northern Antarctic Peninsula, namely; Signy Island (South Orkneys), Livingston Island (South Shetlands) and Beak Island (James Ross Island group). Methods – The diatom flora of 66 samples collected from a wide variety of lakes and localities on the three above-mentioned islands has been studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The biogeographical distribution of the composing taxa has been assessed on the basis of quality-checked distribution data from the recent literature. Key results – One hundred and two diatom taxa, belonging to thirty-four genera, were observed. Pinnularia (twelve taxa), Chamaepinnularia, Luticola, Planothidium, Psammothidium and Stauroneis (seven taxa each), Nitzschia (six taxa), Humidophila and Navicula (five taxa each) proved to be the most species-rich genera. Original morphometric data (including length, width and stria density) and illustrations are presented for all taxa observed. Forty-one species are hitherto only known from the Antarctic region. The exact taxonomic identity of twenty species remains uncertain and requires further study. It is suspected that many of these will also turn out to be restricted to the Antarctic region, suggesting that about half of all taxa observed are probably endemic to the Antarctic. Conclusions – The diatom flora of the three investigated localities comprises a large proportion of typical Antarctic taxa, many of which have only recently been split off from their presumably cosmopolitan relatives.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cucurbitaceae tribe Benincaseae urge for merging of Pilogyne with Zehneria

The tropical cucurbitaceous genus Zehneria as traditionally circumscribed displays much morphological diversity. Recent taxonomic revisions have resulted in its redefinition through both recognition and subsequent lumping of several additional genera. This study utilized plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data to reconstruct a molecular phylogeny of Zehneria and its close relatives in order to test whether these revisions reflected the molecular evolution in this group. The results suggest that Neoachmandra is monophyletic, and that Zehneria in a restricted sense and Neoachmandra accessions form a single monophyletic clade, whereas Pilogyne in its present understanding is polyphyletic. In the light of these results Pilogyne should be merged back into Zehneria from which it was split off earlier.

Calculation of Valence Band Structure and Band Dispersion in Indium containing III–V Bismides by k⋅p method

Valence band anticrossing (VBAC) model has been used to explain the strong reduction in band gap as well as the increase in spin–orbit splitting energy with increasing bismuth incorporation in InAs1−xBix, InSb1−xBix and InP1−xBix. This effect is shown to be due to the restructuring of the valence band as a result of the anticrossing interaction of the extended states of the valence band of the host semiconductor with the Bi related impurity states. The anticrossing interaction causes the splitting of the light hole (LH), heavy hole (HH) and spin–orbit split-off (SO) bands into E+ and E− sub bands. The upward movement of the LH/HH and SO E+ energy level is responsible for the reduction in bandgap and increase in spin–orbit splitting energy in bismides. The calculated values of the band gap reduction show good agreement with available experimental results. Band dispersion relations for these bismides in the Λ, Δ, and Σ directions are also calculated using the k⋅p method.

Drought and flood effects on macrobenthic communities in the estuary of Australia's largest river system

Estuaries are prone to drought and flood events, which can vary in frequency and intensity depending on water management and climate change. We investigated effects of two different drought and flow situations, including a four year long drought (referred to as Millennium drought) and a major flood event, on the macrobenthic community in the estuary and coastal lagoon of the Murray Mouth and Coorong, where freshwater inflows are strictly regulated. The analysis is based on ten years of annual monitoring of benthic communities and environmental conditions in sediment and water. The objectives were to identify changes in diversity, abundance, biomass and distribution, as well as community shifts and environmental drivers for the respective responses. The Millennium drought led to decreased taxonomic richness, abundance and biomass of macrobenthos as hypersaline conditions developed and water levels dropped. More taxa were found under very high salinities than predicted from the Remane diagram. When a flood event broke the Millennium drought, recovery took longer than from a shorter drought followed by small flows. A flow index was developed to assess the biological response subject to the duration of the preceding drought and flow volumes. The index showed higher taxonomic richness, abundance and biomass at intermediate and more continuous flow conditions. Abundance increased quickly after flows were restored, but the benthic community was initially composed of small bodied organisms and biomass increased only after several years once larger organisms became more abundant. Individual densities and constancy of distribution dropped during the drought for almost all macrobenthic taxa, but recoveries after the flood were taxon specific. Distinct benthic communities were detected over time before and after the drought and flood events, and spatially, as the benthic community in the hypersaline Coorong was split off with a salinity threshold of 64 identified by LINKTREE analysis. Salinity, low dissolved oxygen saturation and sediment properties accounted for further community splits in the estuarine Murray Mouth. This long term monitoring revealed ecological benefits of intermediate and continuous flow and that resilience of estuarine macrobenthos to drought and flood events was affected by flow history. The index can be applied to other flow regulated estuaries and inform environmental watering targets.