Split Off Research Articles

Excitation of ray oscillations in quasioptical dielectric cavities with whispering gallery modes

It is observed that ray oscillations may be excited together with whispering gallery modes in quasioptical dielectric cavities. It is shown that as the excitation conditions change, the fields of these oscillations gradually “split off” from the fields of the whispering gallery modes whose characteristics deteriorate. The angular spectrum of ray oscillations in dielectric cavities is determined.

Research article: The formation of the Jan Mayen microcontinent: the missing piece in the continental puzzle between the Møre-Vøring Basins and East Greenland

This paper presents a study of the crustal structure and sedimentary sequences of the Jan Mayen Ridge and the Jan Mayen Basin (Fig. 1). These structures, constituting the Jan Mayen microcontinent, were split off from East Greenland in the late Oligocenc-carly Miocene. By the use of OBS data we define the continent-ocean transition along the western margin of the Jan Mayen Basin, being conjugate to the East Greenland continental margin.

Duhem's Problem, the Bayesian Way, and Error Statistics, or “What's Belief Got to Do with It?”

I argue that the Bayesian Way of reconstructing Duhem's problem fails to advance a solution to the problem of which of a group of hypotheses ought to be rejected or “blamed” when experiment disagrees with prediction. But scientists do regularly tackle and often enough solve Duhemian problems. When they do, they employ a logic and methodology which may be called error statistics. I discuss the key properties of this approach which enable it to split off the task of testing auxiliary hypotheses from that of appraising a primary hypothesis. By discriminating patterns of error, this approach can at least block, if not also severely test, attempted explanations of an anomaly. I illustrate how this approach directs progress with Duhemian problems and explains how scientists actually grapple with them.

Synthesis of 4-aza-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole and biosynthetic preparation of 4- and 7-aza-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide.

We report on the preparation of 4-aza-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide and 5,6-dimethyl-7-azabenzimidazolylcobamide. These vitamin B12-analogs were required as reference compounds for comparison with a corrinoid previously isolated in small amounts for Eubacterium limosum grown in the presence of 4(5)-aminoimidazole. 4(7)-Aza-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole was synthesized from N-1-benzyl-4-nitroimidazole which was reduced to N-1-benzyl-4-aminoimidazole and condensed with 1-dimethylamino-2-methylbutan-3-one to yield N-1-benzyl-4-aza-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole. The benzyl group of this compound was split off by catalytic hydrogenation to form 4(7)-aza-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole. 4(7)-Aza-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole was transformed by a growing culture of Propionibacterium shermanii into 4-aza-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide and 5,6-dimethyl-7-azabenzimidazolylcobamide. Both vitamin B12-analogs were almost as active as Vitamin B12 in a growth test with the vitamin B12-dependent Escherichia coli-mutant DSM 4261.

Excited state luminescence and fine structure in CdSe quantum dots

The lowest and higher excited electron-hole pair states of CdSe quantum dots realized as nanocrystals embedded in glass were investigated for the case of strong confinement. Applying size-selective techniques, a general size dependence of the optical transition energies could be established. For the lowest one-pair state, a fine structure in the luminescence can be explained mainly by a state split off due to the electron-hole exchange interaction. When using time-resolved detection state-filling and luminescence from higher excited states could be detected.

Cardinal's The Words to Say it: The Words to Reproduce Mother

Cardinal's The Words to Say it: The Words to Reproduce Mother

From Lippmann Photography to Selectograms via White Light Holography

We consider the method of reference-free selectograms that allows obtaining 3-D holographic images of objects illuminated by natural light. The method of reference-free selectograms is based on the phenomenon that is relative to the phenomenon being the base for Lippmann color photography. In this connection, the reference-free selectogram method, the Lippmann color photography method, the method of 3-D reflection holograms, and the local reference beam generated hologram method are analyzed and compared. Like the Lippmann color photograph, the reference-free selectogram represents the recording of a picture of standing waves resulting from the interference of the object wave with its “twin”—the wave that is split off from the object wave with the help of an optical element. The methods differ in the direction of the propagation of the twin wave. In the Lippmann color photograph, this wave is formed by means of a mirror and propagates in the direction opposite to the object wave. For the reference-free selectogram case, the twin wave is formed with the help of a diffraction grating and is directed in the same way with the object wave direction. We show that both in the Lippmann photography and in the reference-free selectogram the main information on the angular distribution of the intensity of the radiation recorded is contained in a thin layer that fits snugly to the surface of the optical element. The thickness of this layer is of the order of several microns. However, the information on the fine details of an object is spread in depth by the order of several millimeters.

1,7-migration of benzyl group in 2-substituted N-benzylindoles

It has been shown that when 2-substituted N-benzylindoles are heated above 100°C in polyphosphoric acid, the benzyl group is split off and undergoes 1,7-migration.

The Mutative Impact of a Transference Interpretation with a Masochistic Male Patient Exhibiting Sexual Sadism

SUMMARY AND THEORETICAL OVERVIEW In this paper I describe a clinical case in which work around a transference interpretation, with a preoedipal focus, proved to have a powerful impact on the course of treatment. The patient is a thirty-five year old male with a compliant, masochistic character disorder who engaged in sadistic sexual behavior. The patient's pathology was most pronounced in the area of intimate relationships with women. In the following paper I confine myself to this aspect of his life. Splitting women into good and bad, the madonna1 whore dichotomy, that Freud originally described in 1912, this patient had internalized a highly repressed and split off image of an unfulfilled relationship with a distant and emotionally absent mother. With a controlling and domineering father, the patient was unable to integrate love and hate. He involved himself in a series of relationships in which he either felt intellectually and emotionally close to a woman or sexually excited by a woman, but never both at the same time. Unable to integrate love and sex, he was continually frustrated, unfulfilled, and in search of an ideal mate.

SiH bond-bending modes of the HSi-(OSi)3 group in amorphous hydrogenated silicon dioxide

The cluster-Bethe-lattice method is used to investigate SiH bond-bending modes of the HSi-(OSi)3 group in a-SiO2:H alloys. When the HSi-(OSi)3 group has C3 symmetry, the SiH bond-bending mode has a double degenerate frequency at 876 cm−1 as found by experiments. But when the HSi-(OSi)3 group does not have C3 symmetry, the nonsymmetrical coupling between SiH and its local bonding environment may cause the SiH bond-bending mode to split off and have an additional feature in the spectrum that is not revealed by experiments.

Audio signal processing arrangement for deriving a center channel signal and also an audio visual reproduction system comprising such a processing arrangement

An audio signal processing arrangement includes a first filter (20) for splitting off signal components from the left channel signal (L) at least within one frequency band. Signal components are split off from the right channel signal (R) by a second filter (23). The output signals of the filters (20 and 23) are compared with the right channel signal (R) and the left channel signal (L), respectively. The filter parameters of the filters (20 and 23) are adjusted to values at which there is maximum correlation between the compared signals according to a given criterion. The center channel signal is derived in dependence on the filter adjustment. This can be effected by combining the output signals of the filters (20 and 23). In this manner, a center channel signal is obtained formed by the correlating left and right channel signal components, so that the stereo image is hardly disturbed by the addition of the center channel signal, whereas the perceived position of the virtual sources in the stereo image becomes less dependent on the listener's position with respect to the left and right loudspeakers.

Gas phase thermolysis of pyrazolines. 5. Electronic structure and gas phase thermolysis of tetrazole derivatives studied by photoelectron spectroscopy

AbstractThe photoelectron spectra of substituted tetrazoles 1–3, 1,4‐dihydro‐5H‐tetrazol‐5‐ones 4–9, and 1,4‐dihydro‐5H‐tetrazole‐5‐thiones 10–15 have been recorded. Based on PM3 and some ab initio calculations, the ionization potentials have been assigned to molecular orbitals. Gas‐phase thermolyses of 1–15 have been studied by real‐time gas analysis controlled by photoelectron spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 2 lose formaldehyde and thioformaldehyde, respectively, leaving unsubstituted tetrazole (16), which decomposes mainly through extrusion of a nitrogen molecule and formation of cyanamide. Thiirane is split off from 3, and the remaining molecule decomposes into smaller products. Compounds 4–9 are cleaved by [3+2] cycloreversion to isocyanates and azides. Some of the unsymmetrically substituted compounds exhibit a marked selectivity in this reaction. For thiones 10–15 [3+2] cycloreversion is the main way of decomposition affording isothiocyanates and azides. In addition, the sulfur atom can split off and dimerize or abstract hydrogen atoms to form hydrogen sulfide. Some products like thiirene, formaldehyde, thioformaldehyde and acetaldehyde are generated solely from substituents. Photoelectron spectroscopy proved to be an excellent method for such thermolysis studies.

Experimental investigation of the interaction of 100 TW laser with solid targets (abstract)

We report on the first plasma experiments with the 100 TW laser at LLNL. We have experimentally investigated the interaction of 1 μm, 40 J, 400 fs, 5×1019 W/cm2 laser pulses with multilayer solid targets. Various diagnostics were used to characterize this interaction. An x-ray pinhole camera monitored laser spot size and plasma location on target. Part of the laser beam was split off to probe the density scale length of the preformed plasma. An optical system for Schlieren photography was designed to record the images of plasma with electron density gradients as low as 1021 cm−4 with characteristic scale length of 10 μm. The range of electron densities was 1018–2020 cm−3. CR-39 plastic track detectors were employed to measure the fast ion blowoff from the plasma. Using a foil-filter technique the proton energy spectrum up to 6 MeV was measured. It was found that the high energy tail usually had a narrow (FWHM ∼10°) cone of expansion. Energy conversion to the fast ions (above 0.5 MeV) was estimated to be ∼0.3%–1% of laser energy. In addition, charge-coupled devices were used for detecting characteristic K α emission caused by fast (>1 MeV) electrons. (See article by K. Wharton for further discussion of the fast electron measurements.) Estimated fast electron yield ∼3%.

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy and perversion of the maternal instinct

Abstract The key to understanding full-blown Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP) is in the recognition that unconscious processes are operating. MSBP mothers are psychotic at the core of their personalities. They have, deep in their internal object world, an aspect of their relationship with their own mothers. This traumatic, psychotic core, perhaps experienced at a pre-verbal phase of development, has become split off and encapsulated. Early childhood trauma, passively experienced by the mother whose own mother displayed perverse and perverting attitudes towards her, mobilizes a perversion of the maternal instinct in adulthood when she herself becomes a mother or is in the role of nurse or carer, occupying a maternal role.

Advantages of flame retardants based on nitrogen compounds

Nitrogen compounds are a small but rapidly growing group of flame retardants (FR) which are in the focus of public interest concerning environmentally friendly flame retardants. Today their main applications are melamine for polyurethane flexible foams, melamine cyanurate in nylons, melamine phosphates in polyolefines, melamine and melamine phosphates or dicyandiamide in intumescent paints, guanidine phosphates for textiles and guanidine sulfamate for wallpapers. Their main common advantages are their low toxicity, their solid state and, in case of fire, the absence of dioxin and halogen acids as well as their low evolution of smoke. Their efficiency lies between that of halogen compounds and that of aluminum trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide. The metallic hydroxides split off water and are environmentally friendly, but their low activity requires high concentrations which change the mechanical properties of the matrix that they are applied to. In contrast to many halogen compounds, flame retardants based on nitrogen do not interfere with the set of stabilizers added to every plastic material. Recycleability has become important as many plastics are recycled. Flame retarded materials based on nitrogen compounds are suitable for recycling as the nitrogen flame retardants have high decomposition temperatures. In the field of cable jacketing they evolve less corrosive gases during combustion and do not damage the electrical installations. Flame retardants based on nitrogen are environmentally friendly because they do not add any new element to those already present in the polymers such as polyurethanes, nylons and ABS. In regard to waste disposal they are comparable with fertilizers as they possess the same elements of importance, namely nitrogen and phosphorous. In comparison with metallic hydroxides they are more efficient and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the plastic material less. The final and best argument is their moderate price.

Thick anodically formed oxide coatings on high strength aluminium alloys: Their fracture behaviour in the vicinity of the oxide/metal interface

A simple spalling procedure has been employed to split off oxide flakes from coatings on anodized aluminium alloys, thus exposing the metal interface for microscopical examination. The main material used for this work was the high strength aluminium alloy AA7010, but two lithium containing alloys, AA8090 and AA8091, were also included. Oxide fracture faces and oxide/metal interfaces on both unsealed and sealed coatings have been examined. The unsealed coatings on the three alloys showed a tendency to split along the oxide/metal interface forming small flakes, whereas sealed ones, under the same experimental conditions, usually fractured within the thickness of the coating, albeit very close to the interface. In the unsealed state, over the limited areas where the fracture occurred at or very near the interface, patches of uniformly thin oxide film remained attached to the metal, although there were less retained fragments on the 8091 alloy. In general, all fractures could be described as conchoidal in nature, crack paths ignoring the presence of even the coarser residual suspended particles. The 8090 oxide fractures exhibited, to a greater degree than the other two, disjointed scaly fracture features. Although these scaly features were dimensionally similar to the grains of the parent metal, their boundaries did not coincide with those of the original microstructure. Crack growth within the oxide, near the oxide/metal interface, progressed in an undulating manner to form ripples on fracture faces and then climbed away towards the coating surface to form a characteristic flake. Etching oxide coatings, particularly those on the 7010 alloy, by producing an opaque deposit in the bottom of the pores, revealed that the crack path oscillated about the porous layer/boundary layer plane. Series of uniformly spaced deformation bands were frequently observed on the metal surface delineating successive crack front positions as it progressed in a spasmodic manner. Other deformation bands were sometimes observed that were thought to be the result of the unbalancing of residual stress from anodizing.

Molecular Phylogenetic Study of a Myrmecophyte Symbiosis: DidLeonardoxa/Ant Associations Diversify via Cospeciation?

TheLeonardoxa africana(Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) complex is a group of four closely related taxa (L1 to L4) exhibiting various grades of specificity and specialization in mutualistic associations with ants. Each of the two most specialized species,Leonardoxataxon 3 (L3) andL. africanasensu stricto (L4), interacts with a specific species of formicine ant, respectivelyAphomomyrmex aferandPetalomyrmex phylax,which nests in specialized swollen twigs. These two monotypic genera are the sole African members of the tribe Myrmelachistini, and their occurrence in closely related plants suggested the hypothesis that the two associations L4/Petalomyrmexand L3/Aphomomyrmexare derived by cospeciation from an ancestral association. Phylogenies based on DNA sequences were reconstructed for the ants and compared with phylogenies available for the plants in order to test for this hypothesis of cospeciation. The resulting topologies suggest either that the association with myrmelachistine ants arose several times or that a plant species (L2) and an ant population split off from an ancestral association. Furthermore, dates of speciation events appear to differ between ants and corresponding plants. An estimate of at least 4 million years was obtained for the separation ofAphomomyrmexandPetalomyrmex,whereas biological, biogeographic, and molecular–genetic data suggest a much more recent divergence for the plants. Thus, we reject the hypothesis of cospeciation and conclude thatAphomomyrmexandPetalomyrmexindependently colonized different taxa ofLeonardoxa.This striking instance of parallel evolution supports the notion that specific ant–plant associations originated by ecological fitting of preadapted partners. We discuss alternative evolutionary scenarios that are consistent with molecular data.

Experimental study on the abrasive wear in metal cutting

Experiments were carried out in an attempt to analyze the influence of cutting conditions and parameters of the abrasive inclusions in the work material on the amount of abrasive wear of the carbide cutting loads. The specimens were prepared by powder metallurgy from high manganese steel with a controlled structure and varied with the kind, concentration and granularity of the abrasive particles. The results show that abrasive wear increases approximately linearly with the cutting temperature due to the change of the abrasive capability of some abrasive inclusions with work hardness comparable with that of the tool material. The amount of abrasive wear w ABR was found to depend non-linearly on the particle concentration pa; w ABR ∼ pa 2 3 . Another conclusion is that the amount of worn metal increases to some extent with the size of the abrasive particles due to the larger size of the carbide conglomerates split off by the particles when they move along the tool surface.

Combined Solid Phase and Solution Synthesis of the Fully Protected Segment 74-99 of HIV 1-Protease with the Application of a New Trityl-Linker

A new trityl-linker for the strategy of combined solid phase and solution synthesis has been used for the synthesis of the fully protected segment 74-99 of HIV 1-protease. The fully protected fragments 74-81, 82-99 and 90-99 have been synthesized on the polystyrenepolyethylenglykol resin TentaGel, split off with dilute acetic acid and assembled in solution without loss of side-chain protecting groups. After protection of the C-terminus of the fragment 90-99, the second fragment was coupled with TBTU/NMM. The couplings were monitored by IS-MS and HPLC. Racemization was checked by chiral gas-chromatography on a Chirasil-Val capillary.

Regulation of red blood cell production

Erythropoietin, which is produced by peritubular capillary lining cells of the kidney, is critical to the production of red blood cells. Endogenously produced erythropoietin circulates in the plasma to act on specific target cells in the marrow through cell surface receptors. The primary target of erythropoietin action is the erythroid colony-forming cell. In addition to proliferative effects, high circulating erythropoietin levels result in the premature release of marrow reticulocytes and the mobilization of marrow progenitor cells. Production of endogenous erythropoietin increases in response to the stress of anemia or hypoxemia. Iron, an important element in hemoglobin synthesis, is bound to the iron transport protein transferrin, and the complex is internalized, along with the transferrin receptor, by the developing erythroid cell. Within the cell, the iron molecule is subsequently split off and either used for hemoglobin synthesis or stored within the cytoplasm as ferritin. Administration of recombinant human erythropoietin induces changes in iron metabolism, which are reflected by decreases in both the serum iron level and transferrin saturation. These reductions can be marked, even in healthy individuals, and can occur in the presence of normal or even increased iron stores.