Split Architecture Research Articles

A novel floodless service discovery mechanism designed for Software-Defined Networking

The low-cost, self-configuration capability and ?plug-and-play? feature of Ethernet establishes its dominant position in the local area networks (LAN). However, it is hard to extend to large scale because of the legacy broadcast-based service discovery mechanism. Therefore, to solve this problem, a new split network architecture named Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is introduced in this paper, and a novel floodless service discovery mechanism (FSDM) for SDN is designed. For the FSDM, the widespread broadcast messages for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) are considered especially, respectively. Then the DHCP relay and ARP proxy are proposed to handle DHCP broadcast messages and ARP broadcast messages, respectively. The proposed FSDM in this paper can eliminate flooding completely, reserve the auto-configuration characteristics. Particularly, there is no need to change the existing hardware, software and protocols of hosts for the proposed scheme. Finally, the simulation results are demonstrated to show that our proposed model allows redundant links existed in network and has the property of scalability, which can significantly reduce network traffic in data plane and control traffic in control plane, and decrease the overhead of control plane.

A survey and taxonomy of ID/Locator Split Architectures

The IP-based addressing scheme currently supporting the whole routing architecture embeds some well-known limitations that may significantly hinder the deployment of new applications and services on the Internet. Indeed, it is widely accepted that the unstoppable growth of Internet users is producing two well-known problems: (1) depletion of addresses, motivated by a design limitation of the currently deployed addressing scheme, and (2) the semantic overload of addresses. The main negative consequences of these problems may be summarized as: (i) exacerbating the geometrical growth of the routing tables, and (ii) affecting other network features, such as traffic engineering and mobility, in terms of resilience and disruption tolerant communications.The relevant consequences that addressing brings to the overall network operation is pushing the networking community to study and propose new addressing architectures that may limit or even remove the negative effects (affecting network performance) stemmed from the currently deployed addressing architecture. To this end, researchers working on this area must have a perfect understanding of the weaknesses and limitations coming up from the nowadays architecture as well as a comprehensive knowledge of the alternatives proposed so far along with the most appealing research trends. Aligned to this scenario, this paper comes up with the aim of assisting the reader to both: (i) get insights about the most prominent limitations of the currently deployed addressing architecture, and (ii) survey the existing proposals based on ID/Locator Split Architectures (ILSAs) including an analysis of pros and cons, as well as a taxonomy aiming at formulating a design space for evaluating and designing existing and future ILSAs.

INS/GPS Fusion for Navigation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper presents fusion of inertial navigation system (INS) and global positioning system (GPS) for estimating position, velocities, attitude and heading of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A 15 state extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a split architecture consisting of 6 state non-linear complementary filter (NCF) and 9 state EKF are investigated in detail. In both these fusion architectures GPS and IMU consisting of 3 axis accelerometers, 3 axis rate gyros and 3 axis magnetometer have been fused in open loop fashion (loosely coupled) to estimate the navigation states. These architectures have been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and evaluated in closed loop guidance of MAV with Software-In-Loop-Simulation (SILS) setup. Furthermore, the 15-state EKF algorithm is validated with flight test data obtained from onboard data logger using an off-the shelf autopilot board (Ardupilot Mega APM-2.5) for UAV.

Capacity of multiple beamformed spatial stream transmission in millimetre‐wave communication channels

This study deals with the study on the performance of the hybrid transmission scheme combining both beamforming and spatial multiplexing for multiple spatial streams. The capacity of the hybrid scheme is evaluated and compared with that of the beamforming scheme for a single spatial stream in both line-of-sight and multi-path channels. Two kinds of hybrid schemes are considered: the shared antenna architecture, where each antenna processes all spatial streams and the split antenna architecture, where each antenna processes only one spatial stream. The effects of the channel parameters, such as the antenna spacing, the existence of reflected paths etc. On the capacity and the optimal beams and powers are examined. The frequency-selective property of the capacity and optimal beams and powers are also investigated. In this study, a scenario is assumed, where the same analogue radio frequency (RF) beamforming vector (or matrix) is applied to all subcarriers whereas the digital baseband power allocation is executed individually at each subcarrier.

Partitioned-based Fuzzy Clustering to Learn Documents' Triadic Similarity

With the development of the Web and the high availability of storage spaces, more and more documents become accessible. For that reason, similarity learning suffers from a scalability problem in both memory use and computational time when a data set is large. This paper provides a fuzzy triadic similarity measure to calculate memberships in a context of document co-clustering. It allows computing simultaneously fuzzy co-similarity matrices between documents/sentences and sentences/words. Each one is built on the basis of the others. The proposed model is extended to tackle the problem of large data sets by a splitting architecture which deals with a new fuzzy triadic similarity to parallelize both memory use and computation on distributed computers. This architecture is based on fuzzy clustering for partitioning data sets into similar groups (or clusters) in order to create more coherent sub-sets.

Secure and scalable mobility management scheme for the Internet of Things integration in the future internet architecture

Internet of Things is becoming a reality with the rapid development of communication technologies. This evolution presents an enrichment of the users' experiences, but also challenges regarding network scalability, security, privacy vulnerabilities, and mobility support. Mobility support for the Future Internet is focused on ID/Locator split architectures since the limitations of the current internet. This work analyses the security challenges for the HIMALIS Heterogeneity Inclusion and Mobility Adaptation through Locator ID Separation architecture for the particularities from the Internet of Things and the ID/Locator management messages vulnerable to attacks. This work proposes a secure and scalable mobility management scheme that considers the constraints from the Internet of Things, solving the possible security and privacy vulnerabilities of the HIMALIS architecture. The proposed scheme supports scalable inter-domain authentication and secure location update and binding transfer for the mobility process. The proposed scheme has been verified and evaluated successfully with the AVISPA framework.

An operational mobility model over IPv6: design, modeling, and evaluation

SUMMARYThe fast Internet evolution and rapid development of wireless technologies have made it possible for users to communicate while on the move. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a candidate solution for next generation mobile Internet. Despite its popularity, MIPv6 still suffers from various limitations, for example, lack of business model and management of enormous and discrete home agents, preventing it from being deployed in large‐scale commercial environments. Recently, the ID/Locator split architecture has demonstrated its significant predominance in next generation mobile networks. With the aim of pushing the global deployment of mobility support over IPv6, this study makes an effort to design and evaluate an operational mobility model over IPv6 (OMIPv6) based on the ID/Locator split architecture to tackle the problems raised by the current form of MIPv6. In particular, a distributed cloud mobility management system is employed to be responsible for maintaining the identification and locations of mobile hosts, and providing the name resolution services to the mobile hosts. Furthermore, this paper develops an analytical model considering all possible costs required for the operation of OMIPv6, and adopts it as a cost‐effective tool to evaluate various costs and operation overheads on the performance of the OMIPv6 protocol. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Introducing multi-ID and multi-locator into network architecture

The present-day Internet has no separate namespace for host IDs. It uses IP addresses as host IDs, which are in fact locators. This dual role is problematic for mobility, multihoming, security, and routing on the Internet. To solve these problems, research has recently begun on ID/locator split architectures. Some standardization activities based on this concept are also progressing in ITU-T Study Group 13 and in the IETF. We expect that introduction of the ID/locator split concept into the new generation network or future Internet architecture can bring about additional functions, such as heterogeneous network protocol support, multicast, QoS, resource or service discovery, and flexible human-network interaction. Toward realization of these functions, this article discusses some approaches to introducing multi-ID and multilocator support into the network architecture. This also lists items that have the potential to be investigated and standardized in ITU-T.

Mobility Management in Identifier/Locator Split Networks

In the traditional Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack, IP address represents not only the identifier but also the location of a node so that it can not provide global roaming seamless. To address this problem, MIP (Mobile IP) uses dynamical care-of-address to indicate the location of a mobile node (MN) and stable home address to indicate its identifier. However, such a separation of MIP can not support routing scalability, location privacy, and manageability. In this paper, we propose an identifier/locator split architecture which contains an overlay mapping system to store identifier-to-locator mappings and manage mobile nodes' behavior. In addition, we design a novel mobility management scheme based on the identifier/locator split architecture (MMILS) which can address the above issues of MIP. To reduce the amount of signaling and enhance the performance, we distinguish micro-mobility and macro-mobility by introducing an Agent Tunnel Router (ATR). For micro-mobility, the ATR keeps the MN's identifier-to-locator mapping invariable, so it avoids the mapping update in the mapping system and the Tunnel Route (TR) of each correspondent node. For macro-mobility, to support fast update and handover, we design a united mapping table in the ATR. And then, we estimate the number of entries and the required storage space to validate it feasible. To evaluate the efficiency of MMILS, we analyze the signaling cost by establishing an analytical model and implement it in our test-bed. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively reduce signaling traffic and has a low handover delay compared to MIP and HMIP (Hierarchical Mobile IP).

MILSA: A New Evolutionary Architecture for Scalability, Mobility, and Multihoming in the Future Internet

Many challenges to the Internet including global routing scalability have drawn significant attention from both industry and academia, and have generated several new ideas for the next generation. MILSA (Mobility and Multihoming supporting Identifier Locator Split Architecture) and related enhancements are designed to address the naming, addressing, and routing scalability challenges, provide mobility and multihoming support, and easy transition from the current Internet. In this paper, we synthesize our research into a multiple-tier realm-based framework and present the fundamental principles behind the architecture. Through detailed presentation of these principles and different aspects of our architecture, the underlying design rationale is justified. We also discuss how our proposal can meet the IRTF RRG design goals. As an evolutionary architecture, MILSA balances the high-level long-run architecture design with ease of transition considerations. Additionally, detailed evaluation of the current inter-domain routing system and the achievable improvements deploying our architecture is presented that reveals the roots of the current difficulties and helps to shape our deployment strategy.

Analysis and Performance Evaluation of a Burst-Based TCP for Satellite DVB RCS Links

ESA Satlabs proposed a splitting architecture, named Interoperable-Performance Enhancing Proxy (I-PEP), which defines a protocol stack for the edges of a Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channal over Satellite (DVB-RCS) link with the aim of improving performance of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)-based applications. At the transport layer of I-PEPs, the Space Communications Protocols Standards-Transport Protocol (SCPS-TP) provides a reliable connection to upper layers, although resulting in very poor performance in tests. In fact, standard congestion-control mechanisms under-perform mainly due to long latency and Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) access schemes, especially in the case of short transfers, as for Web traffic, when optimum window may not be reached. In this paper, a burst-based TCP, named TCP Noordwijk (TCPN), is introduced to improve on these aspects. To evaluate performance, the protocol has been implemented on the Network Simulator NS-2. Definitively, details on the protocol design, implementation, and a vast gamut of results coming from simulations are reported.

Optimum design for BB84 quantum key distribution in tree-type passive optical networks

We show that there is a tradeoff between the useful key distribution bit rate and the total length of deployed fiber in tree-type passive optical networks for BB84 quantum key distribution applications. A two stage splitting architecture where one splitting is carried in the central office and a second in the outside plant and figure of merit to account for the tradeoff are proposed. We find that there is an optimum solution for the splitting ratios of both stages in the case of Photon Number Splitting (PNS) attacks and Decoy State transmission. We then analyze the effects of the different relevant physical parameters of the PON on the optimum solution.

An ID/locator split architecture for future networks

The ID/locator split concept has recently been introduced in the standardization activities of ITU-T study group 13 for use in future networks. To contribute to ITU-T's initiative, we first propose a naming system to configure host-names and identifiers and map them to locators. We then propose a network architecture that is based on the ID/locator split concept and the naming system. The proposed architecture allows the network layer to change protocols and locators without disturbing the upper-layer communication sessions. This capability is helpful for designing efficient solutions for mobility, multi-homing, routing, and security as well as for integrating heterogeneous network layer protocols.

A 12-bit 1MS/s SAR ADC with Rail-to-Rail Input Range

As CMOS technology continues to scale down, signal processing is favorably done in the digital domain, which requires Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter to be integrated on-chip. This paper presents a design methodology of 12-bit 1-MS/s Rail-to-Rail fully differential SAR ADC using Deep N-well Switch based on binary search algorithm. Proposed A/D Converter has the following architecture and techniques. Firstly, chip size and power consumption is reduced due to split capacitor array architecture and charge recycling method. Secondly, fully differential architecture is used to reduce noise between the digital part and converters. Finally, to reduce the mismatch effect and noise error, the circuit is designed to be available for Rail-to-Rail input range using simple Deep N-well switch. The A/D Converter fabricated in a TSMC 0.18um 1P6M CMOS technology and has a Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion-Ratio(SNDR) of 69 dB and Free-Dynamic-Range (SFDR) of 73 dB. The occupied active area is .

Operand-Load-Based Split Pipeline Architecture for High Clock Rate and Commensurable IPC

The increase in the complexity of a wide-issue processor with its pipeline width is one of the primary concerns of processor designers. In the conventional design, the hardware in the processor core is laid out to handle multiple instructions with two source operands in each pipeline stage. However, an analysis of SPEC2000 programs reveals that an integer program on the average constitutes 25.2 percent of two-op (both source registers) integer instructions and 72.5 percent of one-op/zero-op integer instructions. Floating-point (FP) programs are found to constitute on the average 15.8 percent of two-op integer instructions and 44.1 percent of one-op/zero-op integer instructions. The analysis observes that the hardware laid out for worst-case requirements in the integer pipeline is highly underutilized for a significant portion of time. To alleviate the complexity issues, we propose the split pipeline architecture, a novel technique to distinguish and process instructions based on their source operand requirements. The conventional pipeline is split into two after the decode stage, and the two pipelines are again converged at the execution stage. This leads to a capability of processing instructions at a higher clock rate and at almost the same instruction-per-cycle (IPC) throughput, as compared to a conventional processor. Various flavors of the proposed architecture are simulated and analyzed in this paper, with a circuit level analysis to determine the impact on the critical path delays. Results show that a processor that can fetch, decode, and commit eight instructions in each cycle and with split pipelines of two two-source integer instruction and six zero/one-source integer instruction can achieve a clock rate that is 15.8 percent faster than an eight-wide conventional processor while reducing the IPC throughput by only 0.7 percent for SPEC2000 benchmarks. Similarly, a four-wide processor with split pipelines of one two-source integer instruction and three zero/one-source integer instructions can achieve a clock rate that is 19.69 percent faster than a four-wide conventional processor while reducing the IPC throughput by only 1.9 percent.

Hybrid electric vehicle propulsion system architectures of the e-CVT type

There is now significant interest in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) propulsion systems globally. Economics play a major role as evidenced by oil prices in North America pressing upwards of $100/Bbl coupled with a customer preference for full size crossover and sport utility vehicles. The situation in Oceania is milder, but emerging markets such as China are experiencing automotive sector growth rates of 37%/year. Europe remains least affected by hybrids since nearly 47% of all new vehicles sold are diesel fueled and have economy ratings on par with that of gasoline-electric hybrids. In the global economy there are presently some 57 Mil new vehicles manufactured each year. Toyota and Honda have projected that HEVs will be 10 % to 15 % of the U.S. market by 2009, with Toyota raising the bar further by stating they will produce 1 Mil hybrids a year in the 2012 time frame. Hybrid propulsion system types are only vaguely comprehended by the buying public, and to a large measure, even by technical professionals. This paper addresses this latter issue by presenting a summary of the globally accepted standard in hybrid power trains-the power split architecture, or more generically and in common usage, the electronic-continuously variable transmission

An object-oriented cryptosystem based on two-level reconfigurable computing architecture

Cryptosystem is a system that needs a secure software and hardware environment. The performance of hardware has made great progress year by year. Hence, it is important to change the architecture of cryptosystem and complicate the computation of cryptography algorithm to catch the trend of modern hardware. If the system is built with software then it is not difficult to change the architecture and complicate the computation. However, in this way, the main disadvantage is poor performance. Using hardware to design a cryptosystem is a good choice because it is highly more secure and efficient than software, but it is a fixed system that cannot be changed. So, it is an important topic to implement a flexible, secure, and efficient cryptosystem which can coordinate with novel hardware. In this article, a new method to implement cryptosystems based on hardware design is proposed. It can fast implement a new cryptosystem because it separates system into two levels: one is system architecture and the other is system algorithm. To combine different architectures and algorithms can implement varied cryptosystems. Otherwise, to split architectures and algorithms will lead to improve the security of system. An application of data transfer between stream cipher and block cipher is also implemented in this system and successfully verified the flexibility, security, and efficiency of this proposed method.

Eye-fixation behavior, lexical storage, and visual word recognition in a split processing model.

Some of the implications of a model of visual word recognition in which processing is conditioned by the anatomical splitting of the visual field between the two hemispheres of the brain are explored. The authors investigate the optimal processing of visually presented words within such an architecture, and, for a realistically sized lexicon of English, characterize a computationally optimal fixation point in reading. They demonstrate that this approach motivates a range of behavior observed in reading isolated words and text, including the optimal viewing position and its relationship with the preferred viewing location, the failure to fixate smaller words, asymmetries in hemisphere-specific processing, and the priority given to the exterior letters of words. The authors also show that split architectures facilitate the uptake of all the letter-position information necessary for efficient word recognition and that this information may be less specific than is normally assumed. A split model of word recognition captures a range of behavior in reading that is greater than that covered by existing models of visual word recognition.

Electronic Instrumentation for Control

Advancements in the area of electronic devices, particularly the wonder chip “Micro-processor”, have indeed pushed electronic systems in process control, far ahead of other known and established systems. With increased reliability of the present day devices and provision of redundant systems of marginal extra cost, the confidence of the plant operator in electronic instrumentation is restored to the same level as with the conventional pneumatic systems. Intrinsic safety features limiting the energy at the field equipments at the minimum permissible level, have rendered electronic systems acceptable for the most hazardous plant environments.The early electronic analog system on the low level current signal concept (4–20 Ma) is being fast replaced by digital systems with visual display units, the underlying emphasis being ergonomics or human engineering. In this system the process control components have been made functional by split architecture, wherein controllers are de-linked from display systems and operator control. Large control panels with analog instruments have been dispensed with and large process plants can now be operated from a small console with a couple of visual display units and operator key-board for command, together with the advantages of obtaining a fund of management information, plant review, process calculations, etc. which would otherwise could have been provided only by a computer.Cost Analysis have shown that the digital systems are much cheaper than conventional analog systems. The added feature on digital systems is the easy hook up of a process computer for optimisation. Industry reports have indicated that investments on process computers have paid back in less than a year in terms of increased yield, product quality and reduced cost of utilises.Distributed control systems should perhaps be the technology of the next decade in electronic instruments for process control with digital display system, analog controllers and pneumatic final control elements.