Growth Of Spirulina Platensis Research Articles

Cultivation of Spirulina platensis for nutrient removal from piggery wastewater.

The discharge of livestock wastewater without appropriate treatment causes severe harm to the environment and human health. In the pursuit of finding solutions to this problem, the cultivation of microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel and animal feed additive using livestock wastewater coupled with the removal of nutrients from wastewater has become a hot research topic. In this study, the cultivation of Spirulina platensis using piggery wastewater for the production of biomass and the removal of nutrients were studied. The results of single factor experiments confirmed that Cu2+ seriously inhibit the growth of Spirulina platensis, while the influences of nitrogen, phosphorous, and zinc on the growth of Spirulina platensis can all be described as "low promotes high inhibits." Spirulina platensis grew well in the 4-fold dilution of piggery wastewater supplemented with moderate sodium bicarbonate, which indicated that it is the limiting nutrients for Spirulina platensis growth in piggery wastewater. The biomass concentration of Spirulina platensis reached 0.56g/L after 8days of culture at the optimal conditions proposed by the response surface method, which were as follows: 4-fold dilution of piggery wastewater, 7g/L sodium bicarbonate, pH of 10.5, initial OD560 of 0.63, light intensity of 3030lx, and light time/dark time of 16h/8h. Spirulina platensis cultured in the diluted piggery wastewater contained 43.89% protein, 9.4% crude lipid, 6.41mg/g chlorophyll a, 4.18% total sugar, 27.7mg/kg Cu, and 246.2mg/kg Zn. The removal efficiency for TN, TP, COD, Zn, and Cu from the wastewater by Spirulina platensis was 76%, 72%, 93.1%, 93.5%, and 82.5%, respectively. These results demonstrated the feasibility of piggery wastewater treatment by the cultivation of Spirulina platensis.

Cultivation of Microalgae Spirulina platensis Biomass Using Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Phycocyanin Productivity and Future Biomass Refinery Attributes

Palm oil mill effluent is a type of wastewater which contains a high concentration of organic nitrogen, phosphorus, and different supplement substances. These substances support and enhance the growth of microalgae. Cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis is a blue-green microalga with two phycobiliproteins as its primary constituents. Phycocyanin is a natural blue colourant used in biomedicines, cosmetics, diagnostics, treatments, and environmental protection. Chlorophyll pigment plays a significant role in photosynthesis where the photosynthetic process uses atmospheric carbon to produce starch and lipid which can eventually be converted into desirable products such as biodiesel. Therefore, in this study, Spirulina platensis was cultivated in different concentrations of diluted POME (10-50%, v / v ) at 26 ± 1 °C room temperature, 90 μmol photon m-2 s-1, and aerated for 24 h continuously. The growth of Spirulina platensis was monitored through optical density at 680 nm for 15 days. The highest biomass yield obtained in the control medium and 30% POME medium were 1.27 ± 0.02 and 1.16 ± 0.01 g/L, respectively. The highest phycocyanin yield obtained from the biomass harvested from 30% nutrient media was 175.12 ± 22.32 mg and followed by 163.55 ± 20.15 mg from control media with purified phycocyanin of 87.11 ± 5.20 mg and 85.31 ± 4.33 mg, respectively. The peak properties of phycocyanin such as the amide group at 1655.17 cm-1 (C=O stretching), FT-IR analysis revealed well-formed Spirulina platensis with all characteristic peaks and distinct fingerprints of phycocyanin. The ultrasound method produces the highest lipid yield ( 28.6 ± 0.7 %) which consists of stearic (38.45%), palmitoleic ( 25.72 ± 0.02 ), and palmitic ( 17.71 ± 0.04 ) fatty acid methyl esters. The FAME produced from the extracted lipid has the potential to be used in biodiesel applications. Since POME contains the essential nutrients which can support the growth of Spirulina platensis in the optimum environment for biomass and lipid productivity, it revealed the potential for biodiesel production.

Enhanced spirulina platensis growth for photosynthetic pigments production in oil palm empty fruit bunch medium

S. platensis is a cyanobacterium known for its richness in protein and bioactive compounds, with very captivating therapeutic and nutritional properties. In Cameroon, the medium commonly used for the cultivation of S. platensis is Jourdan's medium which is expensive and less available. Thus, it is necessary to find an alternative medium that is more efficient, less expensive and more available. Nutrients present in agro-industrial by-products can be used to enhance the production of biomass and photosynthetic pigments of S. platensis. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the growth and Photosynthetic pigments productivity of S. platensis on the Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) medium. The culture medium was formulated by distilling different concentrations (0; 2; 4; 6; 8 and 10 g L-1) of ash from previously dried and incinerated OPEFB medium in distilled water. The highest optical density (1.01 ± 0.09), dry biomass (1.35 ± 0.10 g L-1) and productivity (0.032 g L-1d-1) were recorded on the medium formulated with 8 g L-1 of the OPEFB compared to the standard (Jourdan medium). The same medium showed the highest content of chlorophyll a (4.96 ± 0.31 mg L-1), chlorophyll b (2.21 ± 0.16 mg L-1) and carotenoids (1.43 ± 0.01 mg L-1). However, the protein (156.1 ± 0.70 mg L-1) and sugar (4.50 ± 0.43 mg L-1) contents recorded on the standard medium were significantly high (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the OPEFB medium is a potential medium for S. platensis culture that can replace the expensive and less accessible Jourdan medium.

Optimizing the growth of Spirulina platensis in the enriched water of the Persian Gulf

Optimizing the growth of Spirulina platensis in the enriched water of the Persian Gulf

Treatment and Valorization of Agro-Industrial Anaerobic Digestate Using Activated Carbon Followed by Spirulina platensis Cultivation

The increased production of biogas through the anaerobic digestion (AD) process has raised several concerns regarding the management of liquid digestate, which can present some environmental risks if not properly handled. Among the different techniques to treat AD digestate, microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivation has emerged as a sustainable approach to valorizing digestate while producing valuable biomass for production of biofuels and high value bioproducts. However, the intrinsic parameters of the liquid digestate can strongly limit the microalgae or cyanobacteria growth as well as limit the uptake of residual nutrients. In this study, the detoxification potential of activated carbon (AC) was evaluated on agro-industrial liquid digestate prior to Spirulina platensis cultivation. Different doses of AC, ranging from 5 to 100 g/L, were tested during adsorption experiments in order to determine the adsorption capacity as well as the removal efficiency of several compounds. Experimental results showed the high reactivity of AC, especially towards phosphate (PO4-P), total phenol (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). At a dosage of 50 g/L, the AC pretreatment successfully achieved 54.7%, 84.7% and 50.0% COD, TP and PO4-P removal, corresponding to adsorption capacity of 94.7 mgDCO/g, 17.9 mgTP/g and 8.7 mgPO4-P/g, respectively. Even if the AC pretreatment did not show significant effects on Spirulina platensis growth during toxicity assays, the AC adsorption step strongly participated in the digestate detoxification by removing hardly biodegradable molecules such as phenolic compounds.

Impact of biomass density on growth rates of Spirulina platensis under different light spectra

Light is the core environmental factor that affects the growth and biomass production of microalgae. However, the high density of microalgae will lead to reduction of the growth rate of microalgae culture due to availability of light decreases. Therefore, this experiment was conducted with aim of determining the influence of biomass density on growth of Spirulina platensis under different density of culture and LED lights. The result found that, the growth rate Spirulina platensis was reduced under high biomass density (9:1) due to lacking light penetration into the culture. However, white LED helps maintain the light acclimation process in the cells. Light spectra enhance the growth biomass. However white light contains all the light spectra highly contribute to the biomass production. The maximum light was penetrated into the culture due to minimal density of culture. More light was observed by the cells. Photosynthetic microalage may frequently experience irradiance fluctuations of one to two orders of magnitude in the natural environment. Microalgae have created several acclimation mechanisms to deal with such shifts.

Monitoring effect of nickel, copper, and zinc on growth and photosynthetic pigments of Spirulina platensis with suitability investigation in Idku Lake

Owing to the increase of pollutant sources in oceans, seas, and lakes, there is an expected effect on growth and metabolism of planktonic algae which are considered primary producers in the ecosystem. Therefore, it becomes urgent to carry out laboratory studies to test to what extent these pollutants can affect the growth of algae which is necessary as a food for marine fishes. Spirulina is considered the most important algal species due to its high nutritional value for humans and animals. Therefore, this work investigated the effect of different concentrations of Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ metal ion pollutants on growth of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. EC50 was identified to be around 2 mg/l for the three heavy metals. The suitability of Idku Lake for Spirulina platensis growth was investigated using multi-criteria spatial modeling integrated with remotely sensed data processing. Spatial distribution maps of turbidity, water nutrients, and phytoplankton were the input criteria used to assess Idku Lake’s suitability. The results obtained proved that low concentrations of the tested heavy metals stimulated growth and pigment fractions (chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and total phycobilins content) but to different degrees. The inhibitory effect was more prominent in the case of copper ions than zinc and nickel ions with all concentrations used. The overall suitability map of Spirulina platensis in Idku Lake showed that the whole lake is suitable for growth and proliferation except for the northwestern corner due to the high salinity levels. The present paper helps to understand the behavior of algae responding to environmental pollution, which supports environmental planners with the necessary baseline for investigating the fate of pollutants and the potential risk.

Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi NaNO3 pada Medium Raoof terhadap Kultivasi Spirulina Platensis

Nutrition is one of the factors that affect the growth of Spirulina platensis. The cultivation medium proposed by Raoof is a modified version of Zarrouk medium. Raoof medium requires less nutrients than Zarrouk medium but the biomass produced is almost the same. This study was conducted to vary the concentration of NaNO3 of 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5 g/L in Raoof medium to study its effect on growth and biomass composition of S. platensis. At each concentration of NaNO3 of 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5 g/L obtained the highest biomass concentration of 0.6425; 0.6455; 0.6745; 0,5193 g/L on days 12, 12, 12, 10. Concentration of NaNO3 of 2.5 g/L resulted in the highest specific growth rate of 0.1371/day and the lowest double time of 5.0566 days. In general, increasing the concentration of NaNO3 from 0.5 to 2.5 g/L increased the protein content from 33.30 to 36.98%. The addition of higher NaNO3 (3.5 g/L) actually decreased the protein content to 35.52%.

Production of Spirulina platensis Biomass Under Different Temperature and Nitrogen Regimes

Spirulina is of the worldwide cultivated and consumed microalgae. It is generally used directly or as an additive in the food industry due to its high protein content. Besides the high protein content Spirulina biomass contain important fatty acids, (e.g., GLA), vitamins, minerals, and some bioactive compounds, that are affected by the parameters of biomass cultivation. In the presented study, the limitation of nitrogen (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% N concentration) and temperature fluctuations (25°C and 30°C) on Spirulina platensis growth parameters, biomass, protein, total phenolic, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity were investigated and the production of Spirulina platensis was optimized in terms of biomass and metabolites.While the amount of biomass increased in general with the increase in temperature, dry weight decreased. The highest level of the protein accumulation was determined at 30°C and Spirulina medium with 100% N concentration. Protein, total phenolic substance, and total carotenoid amounts were found at the higher level with the temperature increase to 30°C in all samples.

Study on Spirulina platensis growth employing non-linear analysis of biomass kinetic models

Spirulina platensis has been considered a promising source of food supplement to combat malnutrition worldwide. Numerous investigations have stated its immune activity, ability to absorb CO2 during the growth period, and antioxidant potential. Well-known theoretical biomass kinetic model sheds are capable of qualitative analysis of the fast microalgae growth. In this regard, we considered eight popular biomass models: Monod, Haldane, Andrews & Noack, Teissier, Hinshelwood, Yano & Koga, Webb and, Aiba model comprising analytical investigation within the numerical simulation. Besides, in this study, we establish a new mathematical biomass growth model by merging the well-known Hinshelwood and Yano & Koga models. We explored the most suitable Spirulina growth model to minimize the overstated and understated growth trends in the assorted eight biomass kinetic models. Our findings show microalgae biomass growth and substrate diminishes along with time, and these results were compared with available experimental data. Results present a high value of R2(0.9862), a low value of RSS (0.0813), AIC (-9.7277), and BIC (-8.2148) implied significantly fitted with the investigated data for the growth of Spirulina platensis compared with popular eight studied models.

Influence of Sulphate Nutrition on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Enzymes Activities of Spirulina platensis

The growth of Spirulina platensis is dependent on culture conditions. This study has established adequate conditions for the quality and quantity production of S. platensis. The effect of sulphate salts nutrition on growth performance and biochemical status of S. platensis was assessed in vitro. Prior to culture, the Paracas strain of S. platensis from SAGRIC pond was analysed in different magnesium sulphate (MgSO4; 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64 and 1.28 g/L), potassium sulphate (K2SO4; 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64 and 1.28 g/L) and MgSO4/K2SO4 (0.16/0.00, 0.08/0.08, 0.04/0.12, 0.02/0.14 and 0.01/0.15 g/L) concentrations. Culture media pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity rate were monitored. Microscopic analysis revealed sulphate salt concentrations influenced the number of whorls and filaments of S. platensis. K2SO4 (1.28 g/L) produced the highest number of whorls and filaments. Moreover, pH level fluctuated by sulphate treatments. K2SO4 (1.28 g/L) had a pH level of 8.77±0.01 (day 5 of culture incubation). TDS and conductivity rate, protein and cysteine contents increased with culture age and K2SO4 concentration in a culture medium. Conversely, negative correlations between protein and cysteine contents were observed, and sugar content decreased. Sulphate salt type and concentrations affected polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities. MgSO4/K2SO4 (0.02/0.14 g/L) displayed the best PPO and POD activities. Both enzymes appeared to be negatively correlated to the decreasing sugar content. These results indicate growth performances and biochemical status of S. platensis are significantly improved with the adequate supplementation of sulphate salts (MgSO4 and K2SO4) in culture media.

Enhanced Microalgae Growth for Biodiesel Production and Nutrients Removal in Raw Swine Wastewater by Carbon Sources Supplementation

In the present work, effect of two carbon sources, namely, sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate, on the growth of Spirulina platensis, raw swine wastewater (RSW) nutrients removal, and lipid production efficiency was thoroughly investigated. Experimental results showed that maximum biomass concentration and total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), and ammonium removal percentage of 1.70 g L−1, 91.24%, 87.44%, 100% were achieved, respectively, when sodium bicarbonate was supplemented to the RSW, which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the control. With regard to sodium acetate as extra carbon source, maximum biomass concentration and TN, TP, and ammonium removal percentage reached 2.18 g L−1, 85.72%, 87.02%, and 100%, respectively, which were notably enhanced compared to that of the control. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids content in the obtained biomass ranged from 68.01–69.44% to 30.56–31.99%, respectively, and hexadecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, octadecenoic acid and linoleic acid were found to be the major fatty acid components in the algal lipids. Thus, sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate supplementation to RSW are technically feasible strategies to enhance Spirulina platensis growth for simultaneously nutrients removal and biodiesel production.

Effect of different nitrogen ratio on the performance of CO2 absorption and microalgae conversion (CAMC) hybrid system

CO2 absorption hybrid with microalgae conversion (CAMC) could be a promising alternative for the conventional CO2 capture technologies. The hybrid process could avoid the challenges of thermal energy consumption in the conventional desorption process and nutrition consumption in the typical algae cultivation process. In this work, the influence of different nitrogen ratio (NH4HCO3:NaNO3) on the performance of the proposed hybrid CAMC process was investigated. Experimental results indicated that adding NH4HCO3 into cultivation solution could promote Spirulina platensis growth. When the ratio of NH4HCO3 and NaNO3 was set at 1:4, carbon utilization efficiency of the hybrid process could achieve 40.45%, which was higher than the conventional microalgae CO2 fixation processes (around 10%–30%). In addition, carbon sequestration capacity increased to 178.46 mg/L/d. It could be observed that CO2 absorption-microalgae conversion (CAMC) hybrid system has the potential for cost-effective CO2 capture and utilization.

Potential concentration of heavy metal copper (cu) and microalgae growth Spirulina plantesis in culture media

Water is an important environmental component for life. Heavy metal water pollution comes from many industries. Heavy Metals Copper (Cu) is one of several other heavy metals that are harmful to living things. One way to anticipate the increased pollution of heavy metals Copper (Cu) in waters is bioremediation using microalgae. This study aims to determine the ability of Spirulina plantesis in absorbing heavy metals Copper (Cu) and to determine the influence of heavy metal Copper (Cu) on the growth of Spirulina platensis. This study used an experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of four treatments and five replicates, namely A (S. platensis 0 ppm), B (S. platensis 1 ppm), C (S. platensis 3 ppm), D (S. Platensis 5 ppm). The results showed that Spirulina platensis was able to absorb heavy metal of Copper (Cu) so that it can be used as a heavy metal bioremediation agent. On treatment B (1 ppm) absorption of 87,719%, C (3 ppm) equal to 97,886% and D (5ppm) equal to 95,872 % Growth with the addition of Cu affects Spirulina platensis growth

Factors influencing the growth of Spirulina platensis in closed photobioreactors under CO2 – O2 conversion

Factors influencing the growth of Spirulina platensis in closed photobioreactors under CO2 – O2 conversion

PENAMBAHAN PUPUK KOMERSIAL PADA MEDIUM BBM UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN SPIRULINA PLANTENSIS DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN

The productivity and quality of Spirulina platensis is determined by the medium growth. One nutrient that can be used for growth Spirulina platensis microalgae are commercial fertilizers including Urea, ZA and TSP. The nitrogen contained in Urea and ZA fertilizers and phosphate in TSP fertilizer will used as an additional nutrient into the growth medium. This research aims to optimize the Spirulina platensis growth medium and test antioxidant activity. Spirulina platensis extract is obtained by sonication and maceration with methanol solvent. The antioxidant activity test was carried out withcalculate IC.50 by spectrophotometry by method1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed that fertilizervariations ontreatments P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6 provide optimum growthattreatment P5 (40% urea, 10% ZA and 40% TSP). Spirulina platensis growthon BBM, P5 and BBM medium combined with P5highest cell density on different days of growth. highest is availableon medium C (50% BBM + P5 50%) on day 11. Antioxidant activity inmedium C69,103m g / l, antioxidant activities are classified strong.

POTENSI PENURUNAN KONSENTRASI LOGAM BERAT TEMBAGA (CU) DAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROALGA SPIRULINA PLANTESIS PADA MEDIA KULTUR

ABSTRACT Water is an important environmental component for life. Heavy metal water pollution comes from many industries. Heavy Metals Copper (Cu) is one of several other heavy metals that are harmful to living things. One way to anticipate the increased pollution of heavy metals Copper (Cu) in waters is bioremediation using microalgae. This study aims to determine the ability of Spirulina plantesis in absorbing heavy metals Copper (Cu) and to determine the influence of heavy metal Copper (Cu) on the growth of Spirulina platensis. This study used an experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of four treatments and five replicates, namely A (S. platensis 0 ppm), B (S. platensis 1 ppm), C (S. platensis 3 ppm), D (S. Platensis 5 ppm). The results showed that Spirulina platensis was able to absorb heavy metal of Copper (Cu) so that it can be used as a heavy metal bioremediation agent. On treatment B (1 ppm) absorption of 87,719%, C (3 ppm) equal to 97,886% and D (5ppm) equal to 95,872 % Growth with the addition of Cu affects Spirulina platensis growthKeywords: Bioremediation, Spirulina platensis, Copper, Growth

Enhancement of Spirulina biomass production and cadmium biosorption using combined static magnetic field

The effect of static magnetic field (SMF) on Spirulina platensis growth and its influence on cadmium ions (Cd2+) removal efficiency were studied. Application of 6 h day−1 SMF resulted in the highest significant biomass productivity of 0.198 g L−1 day−1. However, 10 and 15 mg L−1 of Cd2+ resulted in significant reduction in biomass productivity by 8.8 and 12.5%, respectively, below the control. Combined SMF showed 30.1% significant increase in biomass productivity over the control. On the other hand, increase of initial Cd2+ concentration resulted in significant reduction of Cd2+ removal efficiency, representing 79.7% and 61.5% at 10 and 15 mg L−1, respectively, after 16 days. Interestingly, application of SMF for 6 h day−1 enhanced Cd2+ removal efficiency counted by 91.4% and 82.3% after 20 days for cultures with initial Cd2+ concentration of 10 and 15 mg L−1, representing increase by 6.3 and 25.3%, respectively, over the SMF-untreated cultures.

Quantitative analysis of Spirulina platensis growth with CO2 mixed aeration

Quantitative analysis of Spirulina platensis growth with CO2 mixed aeration

Cultivation of Spirulina platensis in Digested Piggery Wastewater Pretreated by SBR with Operating Conditions Optimization

Digested piggery wastewater(DPW) contains high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus which could be used as a cost-effective culture medium for Spirulina platensis. However, Spirulina platensis would be limited by many factors in the complex composition of DPW, especially the high concentration of ammonium. In this paper, a traditional sequencing batch reactor(SBR) was used to remove these inhibitors in DPW. The retention of nitrate and nitrite in the effluent, which was used as nitrogen source for cultivating Spirulina platensis, was studied at different ratios of chemical oxygen demand(COD) to total nitrogen(TN) in the influent. By comparing the growth of Spirulina platensis in the related effluents, the operation condition of SBR was optimized. The lab-scale cultivation results showed that Spirulina platensis possessed a high biomass yield of 0.084 g·(L·d)-1 in the effluent when the COD/TN ratio of SBR influent was 3.0. In particular, the concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite in the effluent were 51.2 mg·L-1, 91.6 mg·L-1and 213.1 mg·L-1, respectively. Furthermore, the aforementioned effluent was also used to culture Spirulina platensis in a 120 L outdoor raceway pond, and the growth rate of Spirulina platensis reached(0.075±0.003)g·(L·d)-1 after 10-day culture. The protein content of Spirulina platensis was approximately 60% and the removal efficiency of ammonium was 99%. This study provides an alternative method for the utilization of DPW.