Spirulina Platensis Biomass Research Articles

Hydrothermal kinetic modeling for microalgae biomass under subcritical condition cultivated in a close bubble tubular photobioreactor

In this study, the Spirulina platenesis growth and carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and chlorophyll production were investigated by using synthetic wastewater via a mixture experimental design using carbon–nitrogen–phosphorus (C:N:P) relation according to the mixing obtained in the experimental space. In addition, a scale-up in the growth of microalgal biomass in a tubular column photobioreactor was carried out. The activation energy was determined by thermogravimetric analysis from the Spirulina platenesis biomass obtained from the experimental design. Also, kinetic growth analysis and thermal hydrolysis of Spirulina platensis biomass were performed for the experimental case where the carbohydrate concentrations were the highest. The stress induced by phosphorus limitation in the synthetic wastewater enhanced intracellular carbohydrates production. It achieves a maximum concentration of 859.59 ± 80.87 mg/L (60.11% w/w) on run 8. The results showed a relation between the activation energy and carbohydrates concentration in biomass. This indicates that the energy required to start the thermal degradation reaction increases as carbohydrate concentration increases. In terms of hydrothermal pretreatment, the temperature increment in the reactor raises the condition to extract carbohydrates from microalgae biomass. In contrast, the temperature increment decreases the reaction rate on the protein extraction. During the hydrothermal pretreatment, the best condition for the carbohydrates extraction in the Spirulina platensis biomass was 140oC for 45 min. At this condition, cell wall hydrolysis needs an energy supply of 18.65 kJ/mol. The development of this process will allow the fractionation of microalgal biomass and extraction of carbohydrates in terms of a biorefinery.

Evaluation and machine learning-based prediction of Zn2+treatment by the cyanobacterium biomaterial at packed columns

Excessive accumulation of zinc in the environment poses ecological risks. Hence, an approach with cost-effective and eco-friendly treatment media, such as microbial biomass, should be explored to remediate zinc from effluents. This study demonstrated the removal of Zn 2 + by packed columns, comprising Spirulina platensis (cyanobacterium) biomass fixed on polyurethane. Machine learning (ML) was also used to optimize and predict the concentration of Zn 2 + in the effluent. The results show optimum condition for Zn 2 + removal at a biomaterial height of 25 cm, a flow rate of 5 mL/min, and an inlet Zn 2 + concentration of 100 mg/L. Further, the Cubist algorithm predicted the Zn 2 + concentrations (new data) with R 2 of 0.988 and 5.34 mg/L in RMSE, and artificial neural networks (ANN) achieved 0.979 in R 2 and 6.94 mg/L in RMSE. Based on both the estimated accuracy and computing time, the Cubist model was found more advantageous than the ANN and linear regression models. This study provides optimum conditions for scaling up Zn 2 + treatment systems and an ML-based tool to estimate Zn 2 + effluents to support the design of adsorption column systems. • Spirulina platensis -polyurethane packed column built for Zn 2+ removal. • Machine learning used to explore adsorption column for Zn 2+ treatment. • Optimal conditions were height 25 cm, flow 5 mL/min, and inlet 100 mg/L. • Cubist and ANN achieved R 2 0.98 and RMSE 5.34-6.94 mg/L. • Findings could optimize and scale up Zn 2+ treatment column systems.

Statistical Optimization of Total Fatty Acids and Protein Content in Spirulina platensis Biomass.

Statistical Optimization of Total Fatty Acids and Protein Content in Spirulina platensis Biomass.

Contrastive analysis of nickel (II), iron (II), copper (II), and chromium (VI) removal using modified Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis: Characterization and recovery studies

The concurrent removal of Nickel (II), Chromium (VI), Iron (II), and Copper (II) using chemically modified Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis biomass from water has been studied. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) revealed surface areas of 10.9, 9.6, 14.0, and 17.5 m2/g for the modified biosorbents CV-NC, CV-KC, SP-KC, and CV-KC respectively while the unmodified biosorbents were 1.5 and 2.7 m2/g for CV and SP respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies of Ni (II), Fe (II), Cr (VI), and Cu (II) ions from the multi-metal biosorption media were 100%, 96%, 85%, and 57% respectively. Similarly, the optimum pH conditions for maximum removal of Ni (II), Fe (II), Cr (VI), and Cu (II) were pH 5, 2–3, 2, and 6 respectively using a biosorbent dosage of 0.3 g and at a temperature of 25 °C. The maximum biosorption capacities were16.2, 14.2, 26.7, and 9.4 mg/g for CV-NC, CV-KC, SP-KC, and CV-KC, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the presence of amide peaks (1659–1535 cm−1) which improved the metal removal efficiency. The Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) data showed the presence of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ cations in both algae species which promoted the binding properties of the biosorbents. The equilibrium data were best modelled by Langmuir>Freundlich>Temkin models respectively. The Freundlich constant n values were between 1.52 and 7.38, suggesting favourable biosorption. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) values for Ni (II) were from 0.9 to 5.8, Cu (II) from 6.6 to 9.9, Cr (VI) from 4.3 to 5.9, and Fe (II) from 0.5 to 3.4 kJ/mol which confirmed physisorption. Cu (II) showed the maximum desorption of 56.1% (HNO3) and 47.3% (H3PO4) from the spent SP-KC and SP-NC respectively. This study has shown that modified algae biomass is suitable for the effective removal of multi-metal ions from water.

Strategy Development for Microalgae Spirulina platensis Biomass Cultivation in a Bubble Photobioreactor to Promote High Carbohydrate Content

As a counter to climate change, energy crises, and global warming, microalgal biomass has gained a lot of interest as a sustainable and environmentally favorable biofuel feedstock. Microalgal carbohydrate is considered one of the promising feedstocks for biofuel produced via the bioconversion route under a biorefinery system. However, the present culture technique, which uses a commercial medium, has poor biomass and carbohydrate productivity, creating a bottleneck for long-term microalgal-carbohydrate-based biofuel generation. This current investigation aims toward the simultaneous increase in biomass and carbohydrate accumulation of Spirulina platensis by formulating an optimal growth condition under different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in flasks and a bubble photobioreactor. For this purpose, the lack of nitrogen (NaNO3) and phosphorous (K2HPO4) in the culture medium resulted in an enhanced Spirulina platensis biomass and total carbohydrate 0.93 ± 0.00 g/L and 74.44% (w/w), respectively. This research is a significant step in defining culture conditions that might be used to tune the carbohydrate content of Spirulina.

The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer “Bio Ferti” Application on the Growth Rate of <i>Spirulina platensis</i> by Using Haldane Model

This experimental research was performed to observe the influence of an agricultural liquid organic fertilizer called Bio Ferti on the growth and biomass of Spirulina platensis, aiming at replacing inorganic fertilizer with the liquid organic one. The cultivation of the microalgae was conducted over seven days at Nogotirto Algae Park. The liquid organic fertilizer, namely Bio Ferti, was obtained from the Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, and prepared to have doses of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mL. For comparison, an inorganic fertilizer with the same doses was also prepared. The variables to be observed were cell density, dry cell weight, and growth kinetics. The culture medium conditions observed were temperature, pH, and salinity (the optimum salinity was 20 ppt). The growth kinetic analysis was performed mathematically using numerical simulations using the Contois and the Haldane models. This research’s results showed that Bio Ferti affected the growth rate of Spirulina platensis. With a dose of 2 mL, it became the optimum medium which produced the highest density and dry weight of 1.78x106 cells/mL and 160 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the inorganic fertilizer with a dose of 10 mL produced the highest density and dry weight of 2,13x105 and 80 mg/mL, respectively. The temperature ranged from 28 to 31°C, while the pH ranged from 8.01 to 9.02 for each medium. The suitable model to describe the growth kinetics of Spirulina platensis was the Haldane model.

The Effects of Probiotic-Prebiotic on the Biomass and Protein Content of Spirulina platensis in Different Temperatures and Illuminations

The blue-green algae Spirulina platensis Geitler 1925 has been used by people since ancient times due to its high protein content. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a Probiotic-Prebiotic (P-P) product, which contains Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium thermophilum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides as probiotic bacteria, and beta-glucan and oligosaccharide as a prebiotic mixture on S. platensis. In the study, four groups were one of which was a control. In this study, we investigated whether the P-P product contributed to the biomass development and protein production of S. platensis under different temperatures and lighting conditions. In terms of biomass, the P-P product gave different responses at different temperatures and light intensities, but its results were positive in all groups in terms of protein ratio. The most positive effect on biomass and protein content was in the group where 0.1 ml/L P-P product was added, at 40°C and 3200 lux with 68.71% protein content and an average OD of 0.727.

Early prediction of Spirulina platensis biomass yield for biofuel production using machine learning

Early prediction of Spirulina platensis biomass yield for biofuel production using machine learning

Effect of Spirulina platensis and kelp biomass addition on the fatty acid composition of wheat bread

Effect of Spirulina platensis and kelp biomass addition on the fatty acid composition of wheat bread

Spirulina platensis biomass enhances the proliferation rate of Lactobacillus acidophilus 5 (La-5) and combined with La-5 impact the gut microbiota of medium-age healthy individuals through an in vitro gut microbiome model

This study first evaluated the stimulatory effect of S. platensis biomass on the growth of L. acidophilus and the metabolic activity during fermentation (37 °C, 72 h) in a culture medium. The results demonstrated a higher impact of S. platensis biomass than fructooligosaccharide (FOS), an established prebiotic. Higher L. acidophilus proliferation rates and metabolic activity were observed (lower pH values and higher concentrations of acetic, lactic, and propionic acids) in the presence of S. platensis. Then, we evaluated the effects of the S. platensis biomass (1.5 g, twice a day, 5 days) in association with L. acidophilus (106 CFU/g) on the gut microbiota composition of medium-age healthy individuals through the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®) and measurement of metabolites. L. acidophilus (La5) and L. acidophilus + S. platensis (Spi-La5) could positively modulate the intestinal microbiota. The administration of La5 resulted in increases in Bacteroides, Megasphaera, Lactobacillus, and Parabacteroides genus abundance, with a consequent decrease in ammonium ions. The administration of Spi-La5 increased the abundance of the genus Erysipelatoclostridium, Roseburia, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae UCG-003, Enterobacter, and Paraclostridium. The results demonstrate that the intestinal microbiota was differently modified by administrating La5 and Spi-La5 and indicate the latter as an alternative for microbiota positive modulation in healthy individuals.

Accumulation and Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Functionalized with Spirulina platensis on Rats.

The effect of unmodified and functionalized Spirulina platensis biomass silver nanoparticles on rats during prolonged oral administration was assessed. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy, while their uptake by the biomass was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis. The content of silver in the different organs of rats after a period of administration (28 days) or after an additional clearance period (28 days) was ascertained by using neutron activation analysis. In animals administrated with the unmodified nanoparticles, the highest content of silver was determined in the brain and kidneys, while in animals administrated with AgNP-Spirulina, silver was mainly accumulated in the brain and testicles. After the clearance period, silver was excreted rapidly from the spleen and kidneys; however, the excretion from the brain was very low, regardless of the type of nanoparticles. Hematological and biochemical tests were performed in order to reveal the effect of nanoparticles on rats. The difference in the content of eosinophils in the experimental and control groups was statistically significant. The hematological indices of the rats did not change significantly under the action of the silver nanoparticles except for the content of reticulocytes and eosinophils, which increased significantly. Changes in the biochemical parameters did not exceed the limits of normal values. Silver nanoparticles with the sizes of 8–20 nm can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, and their persistence after a period of clearance indicated the irreversibility of this process.

Screening of biological properties of MoV2O2S2- and MoV2O4-based coordination complexes: Investigation of antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidative and antitumoral activities versus growing of Spirulina platensis biomass

This paper deals with the biological potential of coordination compounds based on binuclear core [MoV2O2E2]2+ (E = O or S) coordinated with commercially available ligands such as oxalates (Ox2−), L-cysteine (L-cys2−), L-histidine (L-his−), Iminodiacetate (IDA2−), Nitrilotriacetate (HNTA2− or NTA3−) or ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA4−) by means of various in vitro assays in a screening approach. Results suggest that the obtained complexes show weak antibacterial and antifungal properties while not being cytotoxic on cancerous and mammalian cells. In contrast, [Mo2O2E2(L-cys)2]2− complexes stand out as powerful antioxidant, whereas [Mo2O2E2(EDTA)]2− associating tetraphenylphosphonium counter-cations display strong antibiotic activity. Finally, some complexes have evidenced a positive activity towards the growing of spirulina platensis together with a modification of the proportions of biological components inside the cells. These findings reveal promising bioactivity of the bridged binuclear Mo(+V) cores inside complexes and encourage further research for new highly active yet non-toxic molecules for biological and biomedical applications.

Efficient extraction of food grade natural blue colorant from dry biomass of Spirulina platensis using eco-friendly methods

Eco-friendly methods for extraction of phycocyanins (C-PC and A-PC) from dry biomass of Spirulina platensis were carried out employing nanoparticles (NP), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and salts. There are practically no reports on such methods of extraction of phycocyanins from S. platensis. Standardization of process parameters such as concentration of NP/salt/PEG, extraction time, temperature and solvent was carried out for all the methods employed to achieve maximum productivity (yield and purity). The standardized conditions for NP, salt and PEG based extractions were observed to be 10 μg/mL, 3 mg/mL and 10% w/w concentration, respectively, phosphate buffer as an extraction solvent, 160 min of extraction time and 35 °C of extraction temperature. Silver nanoparticles based extraction resulted in the highest yield (47.68 and 34.18 mg/g db) and purity (0.98 and 0.33) of C-PC and A-PC, respectively. These results are among the highest reported in the primary extraction (itself) without any additional field intervention or process aids.

PASTRIES WITH FUNCTIONAL SPIRULINA PLATENSIS INGREDIENTS

The aim of the research is to develop new bakery products with increased functional value by adding ingredients from the biomass of Spirulina platensis. High quality wheat flour (P1), oatmeal (P2) and whole wheat flour (P3) sticks were formulated with the addition of 3% S2 preparation based on spirulina, thus increasing the bioavailability of the active components in microalgae. It was established that the addition of S2 preparation in sticks results in an increase in the total polyphenol content by 41.67% in the P2 samples of oatmeal sticks and by 56.17% in the P3 samples of whole wheat flour. The addition of S2 leads to a decrease in the content of reducing sugars by up to 2.56% in P1, by 2.50% in P2 and by 2.19% in P3 compared to the control. In sticks with the addition of S2, the fat content of cyanobacterial origin increases by almost 3.2% in sample P1, by 4.4% in P2 and by 6.0% in P3 compared to the control samples. The research results show that the use of the preparation based on Spirulina platensis contributes to increasing the nutritional value of flour products through the increased intake of amino acids, fatty acids of cyanobacterial origin, minerals, vitamins and bioactive substances, which are missing in conventional products, consumed daily. The S2 preparation based on microalgae, rich in pigments - chlorophylls, carotenes and phycocyanins with beneficial properties for health, could be used as a natural food dyes.

Effect of zinc-containing systems on Spirulina platensis bioaccumulation capacity and biochemical composition.

Cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis due to its high biosorption and bioaccumulation capacity toward metal ions can be considered as an excellent candidate for environmental bioremediation. The effect of Zn and in different combinations on the accumulation capacity of Spirulina platensis biomass and its biochemical composition was investigated. Four Zn-containing systems with a different combination of metal ions (Zn; Zn/Cu/Sr; Zn/Cu/Ni; Zn/Cu/Sr/Ba) and different metal concentrations were modeled. Studied systems were introduced in the cultivation medium on the fifth day of biomass grow and experiments were performed in three variants, which differed by metal ions concentrations. Metal uptake by biomass was traced using neutron activation analysis. Spirulina platensis showed a high accumulation capacity for all metal ions present in the analyzed system. Because the metals were added at the beginning of the stationary growth phase, the contact with the biomass was only 24 h, even at the highest metal concentration in the systems, the accumulation of Spirulina platensis biomass was reduced by no more than 11.2%. Spirulina platensis biomass grown in a mono-metallic system expressed two biochemical indicators of stress: decrease of phycobiliprotein content and increase of malondialdehyde content. In biomass grown in the presence of Zn-containing multi-metallic systems, three indicators of stress were expressed: decrease of protein content, reduction of phycobiliprotein content, and increase of malondialdehyde content. Spirulina platensis biomass can be considered as an effective accumulator for the treatment of zinc-containing industrial effluents.

Current aspects of standardization of <i>Spirulina platensis</i> biomass

The food spirulina [Spirulina platensis (Nordst.) Geitl.] is a blue-green multicellular filamentous microscopic alga widely cultivated in many countries of the world, including the Russian Federation. The aim of this study is to develop approaches to the standardization of biomass of Spirulina platensis. As a result of the conducted research, approaches to the standardization of biomass of Spirulina platensis have been developed. It is aimed to determine the content of -carotene, phycocyanin and proteins by using TLC and spectrophotometry. It was determined that the content of -carotene in the samples of biomass of Spirulina platensis calculated on absolutely dry raw material varies from 63.0 mg% to 94.0 mg%, phycocyanin from 3.50% to 4.30% and protein from 53.50% to 61.09%. It was established that -carotene, C-phycocyanin and protein were the most important diagnostically significant biologically active compounds of the biomass of Spirulina platensis. The analytical aspects of the study of Spirulina platensis biomass considered in this paper are the scientific basis for the substantiation of the creation of pharmaceuticals based on it.

Barras de cereais formuladas com bagaço de malte, maçã e Spirulina platensis: atividade antioxidante e efeito antiglicêmico

Em face da crescente incidência de diabetes se faz necessário desenvolver alimentos práticos que contenham menos carboidratos disponíveis e/ou nutrientes que apresentem efeito positivo sobre a glicemia pós prandial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do bagaço de malte (BSG) em diferentes proporções e granulometrias, e a adição de Spirulina platensis na elaboração de barras de cereais com maçã desidratada. Através da análise da composição proximal, propriedades físicas e sensoriais, verificou-se que a adição de BSG (1.44 e 1.09 mm) proporcionou aumento na concentração de fibras alimentares totais, proteínas e cinzas nas barras de cereais. O índice de aceitabilidade foi superior a 70% para as formulações que continham maior percentual de maçã desidratada. Na sequência, foram avaliadas a atividade antioxidante in vitro, a resposta glicêmica (RG), o índice glicêmico (IG) e carga glicêmica (CG) in vivo de barras de cereais com bagaço de malte e maçã desidratada (G), barras de cereais com S. platensis (SP) comparando com barra de cereal comercial (BC). A SP apresentou maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos (124,28 ± 10,67 mg GAE/ 100 g), além de 22.47±0.39 g/ 100gde fibras alimentares que auxiliaram na redução da resposta glicêmica.

Comparative Analysis of Different Drying Techniques Based on the Qualitative Characteristics of Spirulina platensis Biomass

ABSTRACT Over the last years, the cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis (SP) has attracted special attention, as it possesses remarkable antioxidant activity and high amounts of bioactive compounds, such as phycocyanin, carotenoids and phenolics. Since Spirulina platensis biomass shows extremely high moisture content, dehydration is a crucial treatment step, which ensures the prolonged shelf life of the final product. However, drying affects drastically the qualitative characteristics of heat-sensitive foodstuffs with high nutritional value, such as SP. In this study, four different drying techniques, atmospheric drying (AD), freeze drying (FD), vacuum drying (VD) and accelerated solar drying (ASD), were examined and compared considering crucial parameters, i.e., moisture content reduction, change of structure, colour deterioration, pigment content and antioxidant activity. As shown from the obtained results, vacuum drying achieves faster moisture lowering and higher carotenoid content equal to 0.58 + 0.01 mg (g dry solids)−1. On the other hand, atmospheric drying is efficient in preserving phycocyanin since its content was found equal to 9.65 + 0.19%dry weight, but in general cannot be industrially applied due to the long dehydration time. Finally, accelerated solar dried biomass showed the highest antioxidant activity (31.28 ± 0.90% dry weight) mainly due to the degradation products after heating at high temperatures and stress conditions.

A comprehensive investigation on Spirulina platensis – Part I: Cultivation of biomass, thermo–kinetic modelling, physico–chemical, combustion and emission analyses of bio–oil blends in compression ignition engine

The present work involves an investigation of Spirulina platensis bio–oil (SPO) with its engine performance in the compression–ignition engine. Spirulina platensis biomass was successfully cultivated in standard Zarrouke medium for few decades, hence in this work S. platensis is cultivated in Zarrouke and economic Zarrouke media show the maximum growth rate of 0.30 and 0.29 g/L/d respectively. The calculated average activation energy (Ea) values are 100.76, 157.21, 153.88, 167.67, 291.38, and 186.60 kJ/mol for Kissinger, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Tang, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Friedman, and Coast Redfern (Jander 3D diffusion) models respectively. Friedman model shows highest Ea (365.81 kJ/mo1 at α = 0.7) value with more accuracy than others, hence this model is most favored for S. platensis biomass pyrolysis process. Positive ΔG and ΔH values imply that the pyrolysis process follows spontaneity with endothermic nature. A single–stage fixed bed reactor is utilized to extract SPO with 20% yield at 600 °C and its characterized by physico–chemical, spectral (GC–MS & FTIR), elemental, heat of vaporization, Reid vapor pressure, dynamic viscosity and surface tension methods. Engine performance and emission analysis were performed 5% and 10% SPO blends with 0.50:4.75:4.75 and 1:4.50:4.50 (SPO: Ethanol: Diesel) ratio, respectively under 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% load conditions. 5% SPO blend shows better brake thermal efficiency with lower brake specific fuel consumption values than 10% blend. Furthermore, the emissions of HCs, (NO)x and smoke are slightly higher in SPO blends than diesel.

Estudo da biossorção de magnésio, zinco, ferro e selênio em cultivos de alta concentricão de Spirulina platensis

A biossorção de minerais é uma técnica que pode trazer ganhos significativos na produção de biomassa funcional. Os resultados podem garantir economia (por não adicionar minerais na biomassa seca), minimização do tempo e eliminação de etapas no processo produtivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a incorporação de zinco, magnésio, ferro e selênio na biomassa de Spirulina platensis por meio da aplicação de Planejamento Fatorial Composto Central. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em fotobiorreatores de 10 litros, tendo por objetivo a biossorção máxima dos minerais em cinco dias. Foi observada influência significativa na incorporação de magnésio (410 mg.100-1g) e zinco (34,84 mg.100-1g). Também foi observado na incorporação de Fe (73,5 mg.100-1g) e selênio (1.738,81 mg.100-1g), evidenciando o potencial de uso da técnica para incorporar esses minerais na biomassa de Spirulina platensis e garantir ampla aplicação desta matéria prima em alimentos e suplementos.