Spirulina Biomass Research Articles

The Experimental Development of Emulsions Enriched and Stabilized by Recovering Matter from Spirulina Biomass: Valorization of Residue into a Sustainable Protein Source.

Spirulina consists of a cluster of green-colored cyanobacteria; it is commonly consumed as a food or food supplement rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, predominantly C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which is related to anti-inflammatory action and anticancer potential when consumed frequently. After C-PC extraction, the Spirulina residual biomass (RB) is rich in proteins and fatty acids with the potential for developing food products, which is interesting from the circular economy perspective. The present work aimed to develop a vegan oil-in-water emulsion containing different contents of Spirulina RB, obtaining a product aligned with current food trends. Emulsions with 3.0% (w/w) of proteins were prepared with different chickpea and Spirulina RB ratios. Emulsifying properties were evaluated regarding texture and rheological properties, color, antioxidant activity, and droplet size distribution. The results showed that it was possible to formulate stable protein-rich emulsions using recovering matter rich in protein from Spirulina as an innovative food ingredient. All the concentrations used of the RB promoted the formulation of emulsions presenting interesting rheological parameters compared with a more traditional protein source such as chickpea. The emulsions were also a source of antioxidant compounds and maintained the color for at least 30 days after production.

Effect of light spectrum, salinity, and glucose levels on Spirulina morphology

AbstractThis study evaluated how light spectrum, salinity, and glucose level affect Spirulina morphology, using response surface methodology (RSM). A full factorial experiment was conducted including three light conditions with different predominant spectral characteristics (“white”: 100% white; “red”: 80% red, 15% blue, and 5% green; and “yellow”: 80% yellow, 15% blue, and 5% green), four NaCl concentrations (0, 5, 15, 30 g/L), and four glucose levels (0, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g/L). Light spectrum conditions and salinity had significant effects on the filament length, spiral diameter, and screw pitch length. Glucose only had a significant effect in terms of the spiral diameter. The maximum filament length (1274 μm; under 30 g/L NaCl and 2.5 g/L glucose), spiral diameter (47 μm; under 1 g/L NaCl and 2 g/L glucose), and screw pitch length (112 μm; under 1 g/L NaCl and 2 g/L glucose) were attained under yellow light. In line with the simulation, more compacted filaments, that is, with a greater diameter (41 μm) and shorter screw pitches (78 μm), are observed under “red” light (4 g/L NaCl and 2.5 g/L glucose). Because longer but compact filaments are desirable for easier harvesting, we recommend a light spectrum that is predominantly red with a NaCl concentration of 5.8 g/L deprived of glucose, for the cost‐effective harvesting of Spirulina biomass.

Evaluation of Nutrient Dependent Growth of Spirulina platensis for Pigment-proteins Production

Background: Spirulina is a multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium, belonging to the Phormidiaceae family which appears as blue-green filaments composed of cylindrical cells arranged in unbranched helicoidal trichomes. It contains a wide spectrum of nutrients that include proteins with all essential amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, pigments, carotenoids and super antioxidants apart from trace elements. Methods: The aim of the present study is to optimize the growth of cyanobacterium i.e., Spirulina platensis in selected media such as Zarrouk’s modified medium, Zarrouk’s medium, BG11 medium and F-2 medium. The growth analyses were recognized after 30 days. The temperature was maintained at 30±2°C under 12:12 hour light-dark cycles, light illuminated (4500 lux). Result: The maximum biomass of 0.641 gm/ml was achieved in Zarrouk’s modified medium. The inoculation of S. platensis in the F-2 medium showed the least growth of alga. The maximum concentration of phycocyanin content (0.19 mg/ml) and total carotenoid contents (5.99 µg/ml) were observed in Zarrouk’s modified medium followed by Zarrouk’s medium (0.12 mg/ml and 5.51 µg/ml) and minimum amounts were observed in F-2 medium (0.08 mg/ml and 3.08 µg/ml). According to the results, this study concluded that the growth and biomass of Spirulina with significant cell count and higher pigment proteins can be enhanced by using the naturally modified medium.

Effect of Photoperiod and White LED on Biomass Growth and Protein Production by Spirulina.

The constant increase in demand for food, valued bio-based compounds and energy demand has prompted the development of innovative and sustainable resources. New technologies and strategies must be implemented to boost microalgae biomass production, such as using different photoperiods along with (LED) light-emitting diodes to stimulate biomass production and boost profits. This work investigates the cultivation of blue-green microalgae (Spirulina) in a closed lab condition. The current study aims to boost Spirulina biomass production by creating ideal growth conditions using different photoperiods (12:12; 10:14; 14:10) light/dark with a constant light intensity of 2000lx from White LED lights. The obtained optical density and protein content was highest for photoperiod 14L: 10D and values were 0.280 OD, with a protein content of 23.44g/100g, respectively. This study is a crucial first step in identifying the best photoperiod conditions to help S. platensis produce more biomass. The study results showed that increasing photoperiod for S. platensis farming can improve the quality and amount of biomass generated in those cultures without negatively affecting growth.

Optimization of Spirulina’s Phycocyanin Extraction Yield Using Response Surface Method

Besides cultivation, extraction is also a critical stage in enhancing the yield of phycocyanin production - a highly valuable compound from Spirulina biomass. In this study, the combined effect of three important variables in the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process on phycocyanin extraction yield, namely extraction temperature, sonication time, and solvent pH were investigated through a central composite design experiment. Furthermore, the response surface method was applied in order to define an optimal condition to achieve the highest extraction yield. The results showed that when temperature ranged from 35ºC to 45ºC, sonication time from 20 to 50 minutes, and solvent pH from 6 to 8, the average yield of 30.135±1.552 mg/g was obtained with an average purity of 0.871±0.043. A regression model was also successfully developed, which allowed a good prediction of extraction yield based on the three mentioned variables. On the other hand, an optimal condition for extraction was also proposed with sonication time = 43.57 minutes, extraction temperature = 37.6oC, and solvent pH = 6.7. These results were practically valuable for the improvement of phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina biomass.

Kinetic study of the combined effect of high pressure and pH-value on Arthrospira Platensis (Spirulina) proteins extraction

The combined effect of High pressure (HP) and pH-value on the extraction of proteins from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis was studied. Fresh Spirulina biomass (81% moisture, 60.2 g/100 g dm total soluble proteins-TSP, 16.1 g/100 g dm C-phycocyanin-C-pc) was suspended in phosphate buffer 0.1 M (1/20 w/v) (pH range 5.7–8.6). During a 24-h HP (100–600 MPa and 25 °C) post-processing period, the C-pc and TSP concentrations and C-pc purity were monitored. Chroma analysis and cells disruption through optical microscopy were also performed. Data were described by first order kinetics. Increased extraction rates of proteins were received for higher pressures and pH values. Pressures ≥400 MPa and pH-values ≥8.0 led to lower C-pc yield, due to denaturation process. Pressure 300 MPa and pH 7.1 resulted in highest purity in C-pc extracts (C-pc/other proteins = 1.14, reagent grade). The required extraction times for maximum TSP and C-pc extraction yield were estimated for all HP-pH combinations studied. Industrial relevanceAlternative proteins are among the trends of food research worldwide, targeting to partial replacement of meat-based proteins for human consumption, due in part to health and environmental concerns as well as animal welfare. Thus, plant-based food and alternative proteins (including proteins from algae) novel products are expected to significantly grow the coming years.Algae like spirulina are sources of proteins, nevertheless, some processes need to be applied for extracting them from the biomass. These processes are time-consuming and in most cases the yield of the extracted material is really poor, thus novel approaches are studied.Combination of High pressure (HP) technology along with different pH values of spirulina biomass are parameters that could result in high extractability of proteins (reaching a yield of even 99%) while simultaneously obtaining extracts of high-purity. In addition, appropriate combinations of HP and pH result in a fast and effective process for spirulina proteins extraction compared to conventional methods, thus reducing dramatically the needed time for extraction, allowing for integration of this approach into the microalgae production line.

Infl uence of self-discharge generator radiation on the growth of spirulina biomass

The article discusses the possibility of using the electromagnetic fi eld of a high-frequency plasma generator based on self-discharge to activate the processes of spirulina growth and metabolism during cultivation in deep culture. It is shown that the eff ect of this EMF on the spirulina biomass leads to the activation of metabolic processes, as a result of which an increase in the growth rate of the culture and the duration of its storage is observed. There is also an increase in the activity of synthesis of chlorophyll and a complex of biologically active substances with antioxidant activity.

Chemical Composition and Palatability of Nutraceutical Dog Snacks

The aim of this study was to evaluate self-produced nutraceutical treats, taking into account the nutritional preferences of dogs, and to analyze the proximate composition, macrominerals and trace elements content. Four variants of snacks were prepared—two extruded and two baked. The snacks consisted of wholegrain buckwheat flour, wholegrain spelt flour, banded cricket meal, dried hemp inflorescences, dry spirulina biomass, linseed (in the case of baked snacks) and guar gum (in the case of extruded snacks). The proximate composition was determined according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. Mineral and heavy metal content was analyzed by colorimetry and mass spectrometry. The extruded and baked snacks were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. The two-bowl test was used as the palatability test. It should be mentioned that when comparing baked snacks to the extruded ones, spaces between starch granules and protein were less visible in the baked snacks but air bubbles were observed suggesting a higher expansion. The mean level of crude fat was twice as high in the baked snacks compared to the extruded snacks. In the case of total carbohydrates, the extruded snacks had a higher content compared to the baked. The analyses showed differences in terms of magnesium content. The average content of trace elements was significantly higher in baked snacks than in the extruded snacks. Dogs preferred the baked variant and the difference between the buckwheat flour content also influenced their preferences—variants richer in buckwheat were chosen less often. This could probably be related to the bitterness in the variant with a higher content of buckwheat flour, which translated into less frequent selection of this variant by dogs. Treats containing insect meal and spirulina can be used in dog nutrition due to their good nutritional value and potential health benefits.

Interfacial and rheological investigation of enhanced oil recovery agents derived from Spirulina biomass

This study investigates interfacial and rheological properties of novel, Spirulina-based fluids developed for potential use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the driving mechanism(s) behind the EOR performance of these materials after a previous study concluded that the EOR fluids are a promising technology with up to 96% recovery of the original oil in place (OOIP). It was then hypothesized that the EOR mechanism arose from the interfacial energy effects and/or the rheological properties. In this study, Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) biomass is modified by different denaturants (sodium hydroxide, citric acid, and urea) and tested for a wide range of interfacial and rheological properties. The interfacial properties include surface tension, interfacial tension with hydraulic oil, contact angle against silicon dioxide, and work of adhesion between the fluid and the silicon dioxide surface. The rheology focuses on determining fluid viscoelastic properties and flow behaviors. Additionally, this study compares and correlates the results amongst each other, which also includes pH, EOR performance, and denaturant concentration.The EOR performance of these fluids strongly correlates with the increased viscosity, reduced interfacial tension (IFT), and increased wettability in the EOR fluids. All of the investigated EOR solutions reduced the IFT. Most of the EOR solutions were found to be mostly shear-thinning with shear-thickening approximately in the 2,000–5,000 s−1 range. From the results, it is concluded that the performance of the different types of EOR fluids is based on different mechanisms. Sodium hydroxide-based fluids are driven by increased low-shear viscosity, reduced IFT, alkaline pH shift, and improved wettability. The citric acid-based fluids do not exhibit high viscosity values in the low shear range, which indicates that their EOR performance seems to be driven by reduced IFT, acidic pH shift, improved wettability, and increased fluid rigidity by the generation of crosslinks in the macromolecular structure. Urea-based fluids did not exhibit improved viscosity, which means that their modest EOR performance is likely driven by reduced IFT and improved wettability. While a shear-thickening rheology is often considered to be a mechanism for improving EOR, it is concluded that the shear-thickening effect is not a dominant mechanism for these fluids, especially since the highest performing EOR fluid (highest NaOH concentration) did not display shear thickening.

Optimization and Antioxidant Activity Of C-Phycocyanin Isolated from Spirulina Platensis Under Different Salinity Stress

Background: Following preliminary investigations, Spirulina platensis was chosen for cultivation in either normal or stress medium (Zarrouk) under room conditions to assess the possibility of increasing the total phycobiliprotein content (TPC) and their chemical constituents: C-phycocyanin (C-PC), allophycocyanin (APC), and phycoerythrin (PE), as well as the biomass production of the selected algae under the following stressed conditions. Method: Various techniques were used to separate, purify, and characterize TPC material. The antioxidant activity of DPPH against free radicals was determined. According to this study, salinity stress with an optimal amount of carbon and nitrogen affects the biomass production of Spirulina platensis as well as its pigments. The results showed that increased TPC content in SP cells was closely related to rising NaCl concentrations in the medium. This study found that NaCl increases the biomass of Spirulina sp. and its total pigment content, which was 5g/L. Result: Culture growth in the Freezing-thawing method produced the highest C-PC (65.76 mg/g) and purity (0.475), while the sonication method produced 50.18 mg/g and 0.6. Increasing the NaCl concentration above 5 g/l, on the other hand, had no discernible effect on phycocyanin content or purity. TPC of SP (grown in stress NaCl) with high levels of C-PC groups demonstrated strong antioxidant potential when compared to ascorbic acid (standard antioxidant). Isolation, purification, and determination of antioxidant activity of C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis cultured under different salt stress should be further investigated. Conclusion: The model’s adequacy was confirmed by extracting the C-phycocyanin under the optimum values suggested by the models. Results showed that could be a better method for C-phycocyanin extraction from S. platanssis in terms of antioxidant activity.

Bioresource potential of Phytoplankton of lake Khadicha (Bukhara, Uzbekistan)

The most complete state of the aquatic ecosystem can be assessed by the composition of communities of aquatic organisms. The intensive supply of nutrients reduces the diversity and productivity of water bodies and increases the production of a limited number of species. In this article, the ecological state of the lake and its influence on the abundance and biomass of the phytoplankton composition of this lake are carried out. In the study of the shallow Lake Hadicha, a massive vegetation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina tenuissima Kütz was found. Large reserves of raw spirulina biomass in summer make it possible to use the lake as a source of valuable biological raw materials. Suburban reservoirs perform an important function of the regulator of the water regime of landscapes, they largely maintain its balance and redistribute moisture. At the same time, suburban water bodies are characterized by a high level of vulnerability, not only in case of excessive use of water resources, but also in the development of the adjacent territory.

Use of Refractance Window Drying as an Alternative Method for Processing the Microalga Spirulina platensis.

Microalgae such as Spirulina platensis have recently attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical, nutritional and food industries due to their high levels of proteins and bioactive compounds. In this study, we investigated the use of refractance window (RW) drying as an alternative technology for processing the microalga Spirulina biomass aiming at its dehydration. In addition, we also analyzed the effects of operating variables (i.e., time and temperature) on the quality of the final product, expressed by the content of bioactive compounds (i.e., total phenolics, total flavonoids, and phycocyanin). The results showed that RW drying can generate a dehydrated product with a moisture content lower than 10.0%, minimal visual changes, and reduced process time. The content of bioactive compounds after RW drying was found to be satisfactory, with some of them close to those observed in the fresh microalga. The best results for total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) content were obtained at temperatures of around 70 °C and processing times around 4.5 h. The phycocyanin content was negatively influenced by higher temperatures (higher than 80 °C) and high exposing drying times (higher than 4.5 h) due to its thermosensibility properties. The use of refractance window drying proved to be an interesting methodology for the processing and conservation of Spirulina platensis, as well as an important alternative to the industrial processing of this biomass.

Application of solar photovoltaic for the cultivation of Arthospira platensis (Spirulina)

Spirulina farming can be a solution to provide nutritious food for the increasing global population. Mixotrophic cultivation technique using wastewater nutrient to supply the energy for biomass growth beside the light energy is a promising technology to grow more Spirulina biomass. Electricity from solar energy can be utilized as a clean energy to power the aeration and illumination in Spirulina cultivation. A rooftop monocrystalline silicon (m-Si) solar panel with an area of 27 m2 was used to power Spirulina starter incubation (7 days) and mixotrophic or photoautotrophic cultivation at room temperature, various light intensity (1500–6000 lux), and fix aeration rate at 4 L/min for 5 days. MSI (Maris Sustainable IndonesiaTM, PT Maris Indonesia) medium supplemented with tempeh industry wastewater (1% v/v to MSI media) was used as organic carbon and growth nutrient source in mixotrophic cultivation. Mixotrophic culture grew faster than photoautotrophic culture (0.2615/day vs. 0.2107/day) due to its capability to harness catabolism activity for growing and multiplying. Growth inhibition by high photon density was implicitly observed in the slower or no increase of specific growth rate with the increasing light intensity in photoautotrophic culture. Application of solar panel lowered about 5.9% of carbon footprint in contrast to the fossil fuel sourced electricity. Net negative carbon footprint could be achieved through carbon fixation into Spirulina biomass.

Microscopic and Biochemical Identification of Spirulina spp. for its Biomass Cultivation by Using Different Types of Photobioreactors at Lab and Pilot Scale

This study enlightens the methods used for the identification as well as the growth of Spirulina species in Pakistan. Spirulina was identified based on morphology using microscopic technique along with its biochemical identification using SDS PAGE. After the endorsement of spirulina species via microscopy and SDS PAGE, Spirulina was subjected to growth in Zarrouk’s media. Efficacy of growth was observed using three different methods Tubular photobioreactors, Fed-batch photobioreactors, and Attached cultivation which boosts the yield of Spirulina biomass via improving its biochemical composition. Hence, it concludes that production of the Spirulina using tubular photobioreactors on pilot-scale yields cost-effective benefits and provides us with an enhanced biochemical content ratio of Spirulina and can easily be identified by using several approaches including biochemical, molecular, and microscopic methods.

Efficient Nitrogen Recovery from Agro-Energy Effluents for Cyanobacteria Cultivation (Spirulina)

The present study aimed to obtain an efficient liquid nitrogen fertilizer from the by-product of anaerobic digestion for its subsequent use in the production of cyanobacteria (Spirulina). A simple recovery technology was tested based on the stripping and acid absorption, modifying temperature (50 and 70 °C) and pH (10 and 12), of the ammonia nitrogen contained in the digestate produced in a large-scale plant treating livestock manure and grass silage. The results demonstrated how, at a relatively low temperature (50 °C), using sulfuric and citric acid solution, it is possible to recover nitrogen from a digestate in the form of ammonium sulfate and ammonium citrate with yields of 70% and 72.1% respectively. By carrying out Spirulina growth tests, promising results were obtained under semicontinuous production, with a maximum dry biomass daily productivity of 0.344 g L−1 day−1 with ammonium sulfate and 0.246 gDW L−1 day−1 with ammonium citrate. The results showed that nitrogen can be efficiently recovered on site by using the organic acid, digestate and waste heat from anaerobic digestion for Spirulina biomass production.

Cost Reduction in the Production of Spirulina Biomass and Biomolecules from Indole-3-Acetic Acid Supplementation in Different Growth Phases.

Despite the great potential for the industrial application of microalgae, production costs are still too high to make them a competitive raw material for commodities. Therefore, studying more efficient cultivation strategies in biomass production and economic viability is necessary. In this sense, this work aimed to reduce the production costs of biomass and biomolecules using phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid in different phases of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultivation. The experiments were conducted on bench scale indoor for 30days. In each couple of experiments, the phytohormone was added on different days. The supplementation of indole-3-acetic acid on half of the growth deceleration phase of the microalga showed a cost reduction of 27%, 34%, and 75% for biomass, proteins, and carbohydrates, respectively. In addition, the strategy increased the final biomass concentration and carbohydrate content at 31.2 and 33.8%, respectively, compared to the condition without phytohormone. This study is the starting point for implementing phytohormone supplementation in industrial microalgal cultures.

Maillard reaction-based conjugation of Spirulina protein with maltodextrin using wet-heating route and characterisation of conjugates

Spirulina protein concentrate (SPC) was extracted from Spirulina biomass and its structure and technofunctional properties were modified through Maillard reaction with maltodextrin (MD). Wet-heating route was adapted and Maillard reaction was controlled within initial to intermediate stage by avoiding or minimising the formation of melanoidins. A glycation degree of up to 29.1 % was achieved after reaction between SPC and MD, and molecular weight of the SPC increased accordingly. The solubility of SPC was improved only in the pH range around its isoelectric point after conjugation. The antioxidative property of the SPC–MD conjugate was also improved as the DPPH radical scavenging activity increased 19.7 to 30.2 %. Oil-in-water emulsion stabilised by SPC-MD conjugate produced at 6 h had significantly reduced droplet size, increased surface charge, and higher physical stability in temperature range 25–60 °C. The outcome of this research will help broaden the application of SPC in food as emulsifier and encapsulating shell material.

Improving the growth of Spirulina in CO2 absorption and microalgae conversion (CAMC) system through mixotrophic cultivation: Reveal of metabolomics

Mixotrophic cultivation was proposed to enhance the biomass and carbon sequestration efficiency of Spirulina in CO2 absorption and microalgae conversion (CAMC) system, and the underlying metabolic mechanism was also explored. The result showed that mixotrophic enhanced the performance of CAMC system, the maximum biomass, total carbon conversion capacity and efficiency was obtained at 0.5 g/L acetate group, which was 60.47 %, 63.06 % and 59.77 % higher than control. Adding 0.5 g/L acetate enhanced the activities of Rubisco and Acetyl-CoA, arrived at 89.59 U/g and 5.16 nmol/g, respectively. Metabolomics analyses suggested that mixotrophic changed metabolic flux and affected intracellular composition. Mixotrophic up-regulated Calvin cycle, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, induced more carbon fluxes into central carbon metabolism for the growth of Spirulina. These results suggested that mixotrophic could supply effective energy and carbon skeleton for rapid growth of Spirulina, and provided a theoretical basis for large-scale application of CAMC system.

Arthrospira platensis as Bioremediator of Rhenium Mono- and Polymetallic Synthetic Effluents.

Rhenium is a scarce and highly important metal for industry and technology. In the present study, the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) was used to remove rhenium and related elements (Mo and Cu) from mono- and polymetallic synthetic effluents. Metal ions in different concentrations were added to the culture medium on the first, third, and fifth days of biomass growth, and their uptake by the biomass was traced using ICP-AES technique. The accumulation of rhenium in the biomass was dependent on the chemical composition of the effluents, and the highest uptake of 161 mg/kg was achieved in the Re-Cu system. The presence of rhenium, copper, and molybdenum affected the productivity of Spirulina biomass and its biochemical composition (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phycobiliproteins, the content of chlorophyll α and β-carotene). With the growth of biomass in the presence of rhenium or rhenium and molybdenum, a pronounced increase in productivity and protein content was observed. The presence of copper in systems has a negative effect on biomass productivity and biochemical composition. Arthrospira platensis may be of interest as a bioremediator of rhenium-containing effluents of various chemical compositions.

Spirulina and açai as innovative ingredients in the development of gummy candies

The gummy industry is showing a growing interest in adding novel ingredients to conventional formulations since consumers are looking for healthier and more nutritious products. Thus, this work aimed to develop sucrose-free gummy candies without artificial food dyes and incorporated with Spirulina biomass and freeze-dried açai pulp (FDAP) at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%. Gummy candy enriched with 5% Spirulina (GSP5) showed the nutritional (increase of 36.7% and 414.3% in protein and mineral contents, respectively) and functional increments (0.081 mg GAE g−1 of phenolic compounds and 11.4% DPPH scavenging activity) when compared to control (GC; 0% Spirulina). Gummy candy added with 3% FDAP (GAC3) showed 1.7% lipids, 0.4% minerals, 0.190 mg GAE g−1 of phenolic compounds, and 27.0% DPPH scavenging activity. The acceptability index was satisfactory for both formulations GSP5 (78.7%) and GAC3 (83.8%). Therefore, Spirulina biomass and FDAP could be used as innovative ingredients in sucrose-free gummies manufacturing. Novelty impact statement The addition of Spirulina biomass and freeze-dried açai pulp in gummy candies improved their nutritional and functional value. Spirulina biomass addition increased gummy candies protein and mineral content, whereas gummy candies enriched with freeze-dried açai pulp exhibited antioxidant capacity up to 36% and the highest phenolic content. Besides, the sensory evaluation of gummy candies indicated a high acceptability index of around 80%.