Production Of Spirits Research Articles

Measures against water pollution in the fermentation industries.

The paper is a review of some current practices in the treatment and disposal of the more important fermentation industry effluents. Reference is made to the production of whisky and other potable spirits, malt, beer, vinegar, yeast, cider, antibiotics and vitamins. The most important means of treating distillery effluents is by recovering the soluble and some insoluble material in the liquid residue from the distillation of fermented wash. The process involves evaporation and drying to produce dry, nutritionally rich animal feeding materials by the sale of which the capital cost of the plant may be recovered. Condensate from the evaporation process contains organic acids and must be treated biologically before discharge to rivers, as must other watery residues from the distillery. Treatment may be on conventional mineral packed biological filters, on plastic filled towers or by an activated sludge process. Other methods of disposal of distillery wastes include complete biological treatment of the mixed effluents, disposal to land, to sea and to sewers. Discharges to sewers often attract special charges by the local authority. Burning wastes with the recovery of heat and ash is also practiced. Effluents from the malting process are easily treated biologically, whether on site at the maltings or, after discharging to sewers, at the local authority sewage works in admixture with sewage. Brewery effluents, mostly cooling and wash waters, are usually discharged to sewers, but some biological pre-treatment may be given on site, where plastic packed biological filter units are sometimes used. Vinegar factory effluents are also usually discharged to sewers and are easily treatable. The ease with which most fermentation wastes can be treated biologically has encouraged the industries concerned to ask local authorities to acknowledge the fact by suitably reducing charges for effluents treated at the sewage works. Yeast manufacturing effluents comprise residual wash, yeast washings etc., and are readily treatable biologically. Fears that yeast effluents cause slime growths in sewers are not substantiated in practice, but a case is described in which yeast wastes are piped separately from sewage to the disposal site. Cider effluents are easily treated biologically, either on site with additions of suitable nutrients, or in admixture with sewage. Antibiotics and vitamin fermentation effluents are sometimes difficult to treat biologically, but are often so treated and are sometimes acceptable in sewers. Recovery of solids from residual washes is practiced, with the production of material suitable for animal feeding. In the UK the tendency is for factories to be sited on estuaries or the sea coast where untreated effluent may be discharged

The Origin ofn-Pentanol,n-Hexanol, andn-Heptanol in the Fusel Oil of Sulfite Waste-Liquor

The presence of n-hexanol and n-heptanol in sulfite fusel oils has been difficult to explain as the corresponding keto acid precursors of the fusel alcohols have not been identified in fermentation solutions. On analysis of the sulfite waste liquor utilized as raw material in sulfite spirit production, it has been found that the higher straight-chain aldehydes, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, and octanal, appear in the sulfite waste liquor in concentrations that are sufficiently large to explain the formation of the corresponding alcohols.

Lake Parramatta

Lake Parramatta is about two kilometres north of Parramatta's central business district, on Hunts Creek. The reserve in which Lake Parramatta lies has gone through significant changes in its short history of European settlement. Originally a place of Aboriginal habitation by the Burramattagal clan, it has since seen occupation by people engaging in illicit production of spirits and by bushrangers (as was the case for neighbouring Darling Mills Creek); a short period of farming; a water reservoir supplying drinking water for Parramatta; and subsequently a place of recreation including swimming. These and other uses have left a number of relics still visible, although not obvious.

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF KENTUCKY'S DISTILLED SPIRITS PRODUCTION TAX

Previous articleNext article No AccessECONOMIC EFFECTS OF KENTUCKY'S DISTILLED SPIRITS PRODUCTION TAXCHARLES B. GARRISON and Donald M. SouleCHARLES B. GARRISON Search for more articles by this author and Donald M. Soule Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by National Tax Journal Volume 20, Number 1March 1967 Published for: The National Tax Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41792125 Views: 1Total views on this site © 1967 National Tax Association. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Beer Street: Gin Lane. Some Views of 18th-Century Drinking

In response to measures taken by the British government to encourage the production of spirits distilled from home-grown cereals, the consumption of gin in England rose from 527,000 gallons in 1685...

LUBRICANT ADDITIVES TODAY

THE PRACTICE of adding small quantities of non‐ petroleum bodies to petroleum products—principally lubricating oils and greases—for the purpose of modifying or improving their natural properties has now beon established for at least eighty years. This technique may be legitimately compared with that of alloying iron, although the resulting modification in the properties of the basic raw material are on the whole less spectacular in the case of petroleum hydrocarbons than with the metal. The benefits conferred are also on a rather different level, with one possible exception : Midgley and Boyd's contribution of tetra‐ethyl lead. This additive has been of unquestionable value in the design of more efficient internal combustion engines and at the same time assisted the refiner in the production of high quality motor spirit. There must be very few motorists today who have not heard of TEL, who do not understand its function, and many have a rough idea of its composition.

PURE CULTURE VINEGAR PRODUCTION

Until now the nature of the acetic acid bacteria responsible for producing the vinegar in industrial plant has remained unknown, and attempts to use pure cultures for seeding either large-scale or laboratory acetifiers have produced results inferior to those obtained with a so-called “natural” or spontaneously occurring mixed flora, Koch's third postulate therefore remaining unsatisfied. A strain of Acetobacter has now been isolated which fulfils Koch's postulates and gives better results than a naturally-occurring flora. It is regarded as belonging to the group “mesoxydans” in Frateur's classification, and has been successfully used in experimental acetifiers for the production of malt, spirit and wine vinegar by all the different known acetification processes.

Pertoleum Reining as a Chemical Industry

IN an address delivered to a joint meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry (Manchester Section) and of the Institute of Petroleum (Northern Branch) on February 4, Dr. P. Kind outlined the way in which it has become possible for petroleum refiners to adjust production to market requirements, irrespective of raw material. The average crude oil contains 20–25 per cent of hydrocarbons o suitable for motor spirit. Invention and development of the chemical cracking process has increased the potential yield to 50–70 per cent of the crude oil. In fact it has furnished a means of adjusting production of motor spirit and gas oil, kerosene and fuel oil from any given crude to meet demands. Similarly, development of the process of solvent extraction has made possible adjustment of chemical composition to market requirements.

Swedish Forest Products

ACCORDING to the Swedish International Press Bureau, a survey of Sweden's production of forest products of a chemical nature was recently given by Mr. Otto Cyren, director of the Swedish Chemical Office. Speaking of chemical pulp, one of Sweden's most outstanding export products in normal times, he said that Sweden is in a very good position in respect of quality, as the slowly growing timber hi northerly regions gives very long fibres, and consequently thestrongest pulp and paper are obtained from it. The most important by-product of the sulphite pulp production is sulphite spirit, which up to most recent years was the only product recovered. Mixed with petrol, it was of importance as a motor fuel. The purity of the rectified spirit now surpasses that obtained from gram and potatoes, and it is therefore used also for human consumption. Researches on the possibility of using sulphite spirit as the basis of more highly developed products were not initiated until the present crisis made the matter urgent. As an instance he described the work carried on by the Mo and Domsjo Company. In 1941 this company completed a factory for the production of sulphite spirit with a capacity for 10 million litres of 95 per cent spirit a year. At this factory intensive research work is going on, with the view of producing various synthetic products from the spirit. From the black lye obtained in the sulphite pulp process there are produced inter alia certain crude acids, the first factory for using this raw product having been built at the Bergvik och Ala pulp mill. The sebacic acid produced here, called 'pine fatty acid', is used to replace fat in washing mediums, as a substitute for linseed oil in paints, etc.

Tide Mills of England and Wales

IN a very well illustrated lecture to the Newcomen Society on October 12, entitled “The Tide Mills of England and Wales”, Mr. Rex Wailes gave a survey of all the mills of which he had been able to find any traces. In the course of two years he had visited the sites of twenty-three mills, and of these ten were still worked by the tides. Starting with the county of Suffolk, he described the mill at Woodbridge on the Deben Estuary, first mentioned about 1170. This mill is served by a 3,100,000 sq. ft. pond with a six-foot head. The water-wheel is 20 ft. in diameter and 5 ft. 10 in. in width and it is mounted on a 22-in. square oak shaft. It drives four pairs of mill stones controlled by a single pair of governors, the only instance of its kind. There are early references to several tide mills in London but the only ones at work are at the Three Mills Distillery, Bromley-by-Bow. Here in the House Mill are four water-wheels, and in the Clock Mill, three water-wheels, all about 20 ft. in diameter, driving in all eighteen pairs of stones for grinding maize, barley and other cereals for the production of spirits. The mills are semi-tidal, being worked as the water flows outward from the River Lea. Other mills still working are at Stam-bridge, in Essex, Beaulieu and Eling in Hampshire, Carew and Pembroke in Wales, and Emsworth in Sussex. The paper is printed and illustrated in Engineering for October 14.

High-Pressure Plant for Experimental Hydrogenation Processes

The paper gives an account of some of the mechanical difficulties experienced in the development and operation of experimental plant for the hydrogenation of coal and tar for the production of motor spirit. Particulars of the various stages of progress are given, from small autoclaves up to a continuous plant capable of producing up to 300 gallons of spirit per day. The pressure plant is operated at 3,000 to 6,000 lb. per sq. in., and at temperatures up to 950 deg. F. Hydrogen produces complete disintegration of the structure of mild steel under the higher temperature conditions. The use of special alloy steels reduces the liability to hydrogen attack, giving longer working life and allowing higher working pressures, but satisfactory service can best be obtained by insulating the pressure-resisting walls from the heating medium so as to avoid heating the metal beyond 200 deg. F. Various methods of making suitable joints for high-pressure pipes and cylinders are described, and the results of microscopic examination of sections of cylinders are given in Appendixes.

The Production of Motor Spirit from Heavy Oils

IT is obvious that the provision of adequate supplies of motor fuel is a fundamental necessity of modern civilisation. Thirty years ago the light fractions of petroleum were not only a by-product in the preparation of kerosene, but also a positive nuisance, and vast quantities were deliberately burnt. In the interim the demand for motor spirit has steadily increased, and to-day has reached the colossal figure of eleven thousand million gallons per annum, Great Britain consuming nearly four hundred and fifty million gallons in the year.

Societies and Academies

MANCHESTER. Literary and Philosophical Society (Chemical Section), December 18. 1919.—Mr. H. N. Morris in the chair.—H. Moore: Future supplies of motor fuel. The author dealt with the possibility of meeting the future demand by an increased production of petroleum spirit; benzol as a motor fuel; alcohol as a motor fuel; and the advantages of mixed motor fuels, with particular reference to the compression pressures of engines and to the vapour tension of mixed fuels.

A Consideration of the Economy in Food which might be effected by the Prohibition of Brewing.*

Journal of the Institute of BrewingVolume 23, Issue 2 p. 98-108 Free Access A Consideration of the Economy in Food which might be effected by the Prohibition of Brewing.* First published: March‐April 1917 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1916.tb04745.x † The Committee understand that the greater proportion of the distilleries which before the war were engaged in the production of potable spirit are now preparing industrial alcohol. Under these circumstances the need for a report on the loss of energy and proteiun in distilling no longer exists. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume23, Issue2March‐April 1917Pages 98-108 RelatedInformation