Spirit Of Enlightenment Research Articles

Co-Existence of Civilizations in the Global Era

In the most general terms, “civilization” relates to the unique constitution of a “life-world”, defined by a coherent “worldview” (Weltanschauung) on the basis of continuity. This includes a community’s religious beliefs and metaphysical views, its social organization, value system, esthetical perceptions, etc. These factors also determine specific notions of dignity and societal behavior. Civilization in this multidimensional sense may comprise a variety of different cultures as sub-sections, mainly on the basis of different languages. In today’s global environment, the constant encounter and interaction between different – often incompatible – worldviews and value systems has an entirely new potential for conflict – with one humanity, whose members are constantly aware of their living in one “global village,” but with more than one, indeed a multitude, of competing global civilizations. Culture-driven conflicts – or conflicts where antagonists use culture as a tool of legitimation – are much more difficult to resolve or contain compared to conflicts where diverging (economic) interests are clearly defined and not hidden behind “ideals”. Values are not a field for realpolitik whereas interests are negotiable. The rapid development of technology, in tandem with the global pursuit of economic interests, has made interaction (encounter) with the “other” a structural fact of society. One of the major challenges of our time will be whether civilizations can agree on a set of meta-values on the basis of mutuality (such as tolerance, non-interference, etc.). Only this will enable them to avoid confrontation at the level of values of the first order (“material” values). This could also open the field for a new dialogue of civilizations in the spirit of Enlightenment, transcending the traditional missionary paradigm. Such a “meta-dialogue of civilizations” would also fit into a new approach of realpolitik towards issues of cultural identity.

Effective ways to study the works of great ancestors

In Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to the study of historical, national and spiritual values ​​in the context of socio-economic, spiritual and educational changes. All necessary conditions for the education of young people are now created. The fundamental task of today is to radically change the education system, to educate the younger generation in the spirit of enlightenment, and to encourage patriotism and creativity of the young. In this article, I will discuss the importance of studying the works of ancient great thinkers and to conduct lessons by using topics related to the personality and works of great ancestors in terms of shaping the students' spiritual outlook.

Enlightenment Spirit in the 21st Century: Hipertextual Reached Material of “Collected Works of Dositej Obradović”

Enlightenment Spirit in the 21^st Century: Hipertextual Reached Material of “Collected Works of Dositej Obradović”

Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev and Destiny of Russian Enlightenment

The main framework of the present paper is constituted by the problematics of the Russian Enlightenment in its characteristic features and tendencies of its formation. The author expounds Enlightenment as an intellectual symbol representing the Western thought in Russian environment not only of the 18 th century. Enlightenment as a period in the history of Russian philosophical thinking is fundamentally determined by the reign of Empress Catherine II. Her enlightening and reactive attitudes following from the events of 1789 are the subject of the author’s interest. To illustrate the turbulent changes in Russian intellectual milieu after the French Revolution, the author uses an example of A. N. Radishchev who, in the spirit of Enlightenment, published his A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 1790. The author also describes the impact of publishing this work on Radishchev himself as well as its influence on the later period in the form of strong interpretative tradition.

Adorno and Marx's Tradition of Critical Philosophy of History

Adorno's philosophy inherited and developed Marx's critical philosophy of history from the perspective of philosophy of history. Marx advanced the two principles in his philosophy of history: one is the criticism of capital or reason, the other the criticism of morality or culture. Adorn took the two principles to research into the cultural industry in late capitalism and rethink Auschwitz, while he criticized Enlightenment reason and developed Marx's concept of the critical philosophy of history at the microcosmic level of human nature. In the critique of the cultural industry, Adorno first pointed out the essence of the capitalization of the cultural industry. He emphasized that the so-called cultural industry is to turn culture into industrial production and become a sector in the economy, subjecting it to the need for capital accumulation. Therefore, economic benefit, that is, maximizing the acquisition of currency, becomes the inherent power and direct purpose of cultural development, which will inevitably lead to a complete alienation of culture from content to form. Furthermore, he reflected the spirit of enlightenment, emphasizing that the essence of the enlightening spirit was deceit and lies, and it was through deception and lies that the cultural industry stepped out of its place of production and had an impact on people's leisure, entertainment, consumption, and the entire way of life. In the reflection on Auschwitz, Adorno presents a profound philosophical question: ‘Can on live after Auschwitz?' This issue is a search for the value of human life, and is also a condemnation of the barbaric practices of imperialism, even more a reflection on the history of human civilization. Adorno uses the principles of moral criticism of Marx's critical historical philosophy, criticizes the enlightenment spirit with a mode of civilized and barbaric dialectics, and pointed out that the deceptive elements of the spirit of enlightenment was the cultural roots of imperialist barbarism, in which he developed Marx's critical historical philosophy on the micro level in studying this issue. On this basis, he constructed the metaphysics of culture taking the concept of negation as core and presented the character of criticism of culture in Marx's critical philosophy of history.

Moral Rebellion and Religiusity in Pious Muslim Novels: Chavchay Saifullah and Muhidin M Dahlan Review of Sociology of Literature

This article argues that novelists Muhidin M Dahlan and Chapchay Syaifullah tried to make moral and religious rebellions in their work as a result of existing social conditions. They rebel against normative and established values, old order and social arrangements. They are creative in the context of literature as a fictional world built with the spirit of renewal and enlightenment. And here, imagination is a significant creative process for deconstruction and enlightenment as well as upheaval in religiosity, religious rebelion, religious dissent.In this context, Muhidin and Syaifullah novels do not place religious life as a problem solver. Borrowing Goenawan Mohamad's definition that works that can be categorized as "religious literature" are works that "place religious life as a solution to problems", it appears that Muhidin and Syaifullah's novels cannot be called "religious literature" in the conventional sense. In this case, as a religiosity rebellion - where religiosity is defined as a philosophy of life or awareness of 'His breath' in everyday life, that is an awareness that is entirely personal and because it is personal, everyone has the right to sue, question, reject or deconstruct his own religious teachings.

Shifting epistemologies for discipline and rigor in educational research: Challenges and opportunities from digital humanities

This article historicizes “rigor,” discipline,” and “systematic” as inventions of a certain rational spirit of Enlightenment that was radicalized during the 19th century. These terms acquired temporary value in a transition during the 19th century when a culture of research was established within a modern episteme. Beginning in the 20th century, this development was perceived as problematic, triggering criticism from philosophy and the arts, and even within the sciences. “Discipline,” “rigor,” and “systematic” have changed meanings over time, and recent contributions from digital humanities are promising for a renewed critical debate about rigor in research. Both digital humanities and quantitative research deal with big data sets aimed at providing a large-scale analysis. However, unlike most quantitative research, digital humanities explore uncertainties as their main focus. Attention to the human-machine collaboration has led to more expansive thinking in scientific research. Digital humanities go further by advancing a metaperspective that deals with the material hermeneutics of data accumulation itself.

El trasfondo de la filosofía kantiana en el compromiso político del pensamiento de Ernst Cassirer (Una presentación a su artículo sobre <em>Judaísmo y los mitos políticos modernos</em>)

Se traza aquí una panorámica del itinerario intelectual de Cassirer, enfatizando el creciente compromiso político de su pensamiento, al querer combatir la ideología nacionalsocialista desde la historia de las ideas y su filosofía de la cultura simbólica, invocando para ello al espíritu de la Ilustración en general y a Kant muy en particular. Su refutación ideológica del nazismo comienza en 1928 con su homenaje a la República de Weimar y llega hasta 1945 con El mito del Estado, pero aquí se presenta su interpretación del significado peligrosamente moral que tuvo el judaísmo para la ideología totalitaria del nacionalsocialismo.

V. Telychko’s “Children’s Album” as an example of the modern tonal image of the world: peculiarities of the musical vocabulary and melodic ideas.

V. Telychko’s “Children’s Album” as an example of the modern tonal image of the world: peculiarities of the musical vocabulary and melodic ideas.

V. Telychko’s “Children’s Album” as an example of the modern tonal image of the world: peculiarities of the musical vocabulary and melodic ideas.

V. Telychko’s “Children’s Album” as an example of the modern tonal image of the world: peculiarities of the musical vocabulary and melodic ideas.

Akad Wakalah Bil Ujrah PT. Takaful Keluarga RO Tanwir Nusantara (Gedong Kuning) Yogyakarta Ditinjau Dari Maqasid Syari’ah Imam Syatibi

Insurance as one of the financial institutions engaged in the field of coverage is a modern institution of the findings of the western world that coincided with the spirit of enlightenment (renaissannce). Sharia Asuransi has two contracts tabarru‘ and tijārah contract. Derivatives contained in the tijārah contract is wakālah bil ujrah contract which is one of the transactions in sharia insurance. Islam considers that every transaction or economic activity that occurs must have maslahah element in it. Imam Syatibi is one of the classical scholars who discuss about the maslahah with maqāsid syari’ah . The results of this research will show us the level of syari’ah of the system of the wakālah bil ujrah applied by PT. Takaful Family RO Tanwir Nusantara (Gedongkuning) Yogyakarta with maqāsid syari’ah Imam Syatibi as the indicator.

Implementasi Inovasi Pendidikan Akhlak Pendekatan Saintifik Berbasis Manajemen Qolbu

The impact of evil is felt in almost every aspect of community life. This happens because the spectrum of evil is so widened that it encompasses various aspects of social life. That is one of the phenomenon of moral crisis that is now befall our nation. In addition, there are still many other moral matters, such as drunkenness, drug abuse, bribery and so forth. Based on the background of the problem and the formulation of the above problems, the author hopes that this paper can be a contribution of thought for education to achieve a better change The purpose of this paper is: To examine how to implement the Innovation of Education Innovation Akhlak Scientific Approach-Based Qolbu Management. The type of research in this research is qualitative that is focusing on library research (library research), where the author uses descriptive research method with more emphasis on the power of data analysis on the sources in the can from books and other scientific papers by relying theories that exist to be interpreted widely and deeply. The results of this study can be mentioned that the way of implementing the Innovation of Educational Innovation Scientific Approach Based on Qolbu Management is: 1) Tazkiyah an Nafs (purification of the soul), 2) Tasyfiyah al Qolb (cleansing of the heart), 3) Tajalliyah ar ruh (enlightenment spirit). Furthermore, in the opinion of Aa Gym which is also similar to Ibn Miskawayih's opinion that there are several steps that must be taken to cleanse the heart, among others: 1) The existence of strong adherence, 2) Have knowledge about understanding or self-knowledge, 3) Evaluate yourself , 4) Learning from others. The conclusion that got is that Implementation of Innovation of Education Akhlak Scientific Approach-Based Management Qolbu is a new idea or method offered by the author for use in implementing moral education. It is expected that this new idea or method, will be able to improve the quality of moral education that is felt increasingly declining today.

Implementasi Inovasi Pendidikan Akhlak Pendekatan Saintifik Berbasis Manajemen Qolbu

The impact of evil is felt in almost every aspect of community life. This happens because the spectrum of evil is so widened that it encompasses various aspects of social life. That is one of the phenomenon of moral crisis that is now befall our nation. In addition, there are still many other moral matters, such as drunkenness, drug abuse, bribery and so forth. Based on the background of the problem and the formulation of the above problems, the author hopes that this paper can be a contribution of thought for education to achieve a better change The purpose of this paper is: To examine how to implement the Innovation of Education Innovation Akhlak Scientific Approach-Based Qolbu Management. The type of research in this research is qualitative that is focusing on library research (library research), where the author uses descriptive research method with more emphasis on the power of data analysis on the sources in the can from books and other scientific papers by relying theories that exist to be interpreted widely and deeply. The results of this study can be mentioned that the way of implementing the Innovation of Educational Innovation Scientific Approach Based on Qolbu Management is: 1) Tazkiyah an Nafs (purification of the soul), 2) Tasyfiyah al Qolb (cleansing of the heart), 3) Tajalliyah ar ruh (enlightenment spirit). Furthermore, in the opinion of Aa Gym which is also similar to Ibn Miskawayih's opinion that there are several steps that must be taken to cleanse the heart, among others: 1) The existence of strong adherence, 2) Have knowledge about understanding or self-knowledge, 3) Evaluate yourself , 4) Learning from others. The conclusion that got is that Implementation of Innovation of Education Akhlak Scientific Approach-Based Management Qolbu is a new idea or method offered by the author for use in implementing moral education. It is expected that this new idea or method, will be able to improve the quality of moral education that is felt increasingly declining today.

The Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts 1767–87: Promoting Practical and Theoretical Knowledge Based on Cameralist and Physiocratic Ideas

The Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts, often somewhat loosely called the Carniolan Farming Society, worked between the years 1767 and 1787 in the Habsburg duchy of Carniola on the southern border of Holy Roman Empire, which now forms the central western part of Slovenia with its capital Ljubljana (Laibach), northeastern Italy with the city of Duino, and a part of Croatian Istria with the city of Pazin. The official name of the Society (referred to as Society or Carniolan Society in this article) was Kaiserlich Königliche Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und nützlicher Künste im Herzogthume Krain. It published two important periodicals: the Sammlung nützlicher Unterrichte (Collection of useful instructions) and a weekly magazine titled Wöchentliches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain (Weekly news of the Duchy of Carniola). Both publications promoted intellectual and scientific developments of the time and reflected a progressive spirit of Enlightenment and rationalism, characteristic of the eighteenth century in Europe.

Happiness Is Not Only Your Right; It’s Your Duty!

Salto Quântico is a rapidly growing religious movement based in Aracaju, Brazil. Syncretizing New Age, Spiritist and Christian precepts, the group exposes followers to spiritual discourse and ideology imparted by enlightened spirit guides through leader and medium Benjamin Teixeira de Aguiar Machado. Followers are encouraged to embrace the adage, “Happiness is not only your right; it’s your duty!” This article will draw on ethnographic fieldwork and semi-structured interviews conducted in Aracaju in 2012 to depict a profile of the group. It will also critically consider and explore ways in which the group encourages adherents to seek happiness in the midst of the challenges of late-modern life in Brazil, through participation in the group’s spiritual community, progressive interpretations of sexual identity and sexuality, and spiritual discourse around happiness and the combating of depression.

HUMANITY’S CURSED BLESSING: THE CONFUSION AND CONTRADICTIONS OF ENLIGHTENMENT/MODERNITY – A MARXIST PERSPECTIVE

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how Marxist literary theory affirms and protests the spirit of Enlightenment and modernity. The argument is made here that the road from tradition to modernity is not a single strait road, that in fact, it is a path littered with contradictions, ambivalences and discontents. When it came, the Enlightenment was heralded and lauded as a breakthrough; it ushered in a new spirit of interrogating everything. Ironically, that spirit has come back to haunt the Enlightenment itself. Indeed, it has proved to be its very nemesis such that modernity/Enlightenment cannot be taken as “givens” which are out there and immune to questioning. It is thus imperative that this discussion begins by defining the “spirit of Enlightenment/modernity.” The next step will be to outline the tenets of Marxist literary theory. The third and final part will illustrate how the said theory affirms and/protests Enlightenment and modernity. To this end, George Orwell’s Animal Farm and The Trial of Dedan Kimathi by Thiong’o Ngugi wa and Micere Mugo will be used.

20 Context, Perspective and Research Method: Several Problems of the Research on Publicness

Abstract Due to the Reform and Openness of China’s market, Chinese people are increasingly aware of subjective and civic consciousness. What’s more, the attention to and demand for public affairs, public life and public spirit is increasing. Correspondingly, the research on publicness is becoming an academic hotspot, and divergent opinions are inevitable. This paper discusses publicness from the philosophical perspective. The difference between eastern and western contexts and disciplinary perspectives is noteworthy as is a self-conscious critical spirit and democratic consciousness of enlightenment. Finally, the real problems of contemporary China should be focused on, so that research on publicness can play its due role in the realization of China’s modernization.

Ilustración católica para niños. La enseñanza de la religión a los niños en el Imperio de los Habsburgo de José II a la Restauración

During Joseph II’s reign a deep cultural shift took place within the intellectual and religious establishment, with the acceptance of philosophical and pedagogical ideas that bore a distinctive Enlightenment and Protestant stamp. This cultural shift was applied to the teaching of religion by some relevant figures of the episcopal and pedagogical elites (J. A. Gall, F.M. Vierthaler, F. de Paula Gaheis, J. M. Leonhard). New handbooks and textbooks of the catechism were written which introduced new dialogic methods, more narrative, and borrowed Rochow’s typology of moral short stories. The content of Bishop Gall’s books was heavily rationalistic, whereas subsequent texts tried to balance reason and faith. Vierthaler, Gaheis, and Leonhard used a language that was more suitable for children and closer to the New Testament, with the use of parables and short stories. The so-called Socratic method was used in different ways by these authors.In the age of the Restoration, in spite of the process of school confessionalization, the heritage of the spirit of Enlightenment was still present, since by law the pedagogy taught in the Empire’s academic chairs and teacher training courses was the one defined by Milde, which bore a Kantian imprint, and stressed the importance of developing inner moral law in pupils. Leonhard was a follower of Milde, and his catechism, eventually approved for elementary schools for decades, bore this stamp.So at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries a new way of teaching religion was introduced, debated and contested in Habsburg Catholic territories. Rousseau’s and Salzmann’s theories were discussed; rationalism and faith, natural religion and revelation were confronted. In the end more attention was devoted to child psychology and language. The cultural fracture caused by Josephinism became less severe: orthodoxy was restored, but new pedagogical ideas actually entered the teaching of religion.

Hyperbolic Naturalism: Nietzsche, Ethics, and Sovereign Power

ABSTRACT This article addresses whether Nietzsche's naturalism is best understood as exemplifying the principles of scientific method and the spirit of Enlightenment. It does so from a standpoint inspired by Eugen Fink's contention that Nietzsche's endorsements of “naturalism” are best read as hyperbole. The discussion engages with Enlightenment-orientated readings (by Walter Kaufmann, Maudemarie Clark, and Brian Leiter), which hold Nietzsche's naturalism to endorse of the spirit of empirical science, and an alternative view (provided by Richard Schacht and Wolfgang Müller-Lauter), which holds Nietzsche's “extended naturalism” to be an informing ethos of historically aware thought rather than a mere “method.” The ensuing discussion endorses the latter approach in terms that seek to take more seriously the implications of Fink's point about the hyperbolic and figural aspects of Nietzsche's naturalism. I argue that Nietzsche's naturalism is indeed often hyperbolic and figural but that this exaggerated form of naturalizing thought allows insights that invite explicit theorization. Turning to an approach suggested by Adorno and Horkheimer, I argue that Nietzsche's exaggeratedly “naturalistic” take on morality is best appreciated as a form of disturbing and disruptive political intervention in the dominant discourse of modernity in which it overtly situates itself, namely, the instrumentalizing, methodologically fixated liberal discourse of scientific Enlightenment. If we approach his thinking in this way, Nietzsche's naturalism serves as a valuable resource for critical reflection on the hegemony of contemporary scientific culture. The context for such critical reflection is provided by Giorgio Agamben's work on sovereign power and modernity. Nietzsche's naturalism, I argue, is foremost biopolitical in its implications. These implications invite critical reflection on aspects of Agamben's work; they also, following Agamben's lead, suggest that we must step beyond the fundamental concepts of liberalism.

El Mercurio Peruano del siglo XVIII: La Sociedad de Amantes del País y la prensa de Ilustración

During the last decade of the XVIII century, four periodic publications came together in the Peruvian capital: the Diario de Lima, the Mercurio Peruano, the Semanario Critico and the Gaceta de Lima. Of these, has been the Mercurio Peruano, spokesman of the Academic Society of country lovers, the most representative newspaper of dimensions that was reaching the spirit of Enlightenment in our country, turning into the channeler source, par excellence, of first effects of national and modernist identity constitution, managed for Peru.