Spirit Of Enlightenment Research Articles

A Demand for Critical Philosophy in the Age of Post-Truth - Centering on Kant’s Spirit of Enlightenment and Philosophy of Hope -

A Demand for Critical Philosophy in the Age of Post-Truth - Centering on Kant’s Spirit of Enlightenment and Philosophy of Hope -

Strategi Pemasaran PT. Prudential Life Assurance Di Kota Binjai

Insurance as one of the financial institutions engaged in the field of coverage is a modern institution resulting from the findings of the western world which was born along with the spirit of enlightenment. The purpose of this research is to find out how the marketing strategy of PT Prudential Life Assurance Binjai. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Insurance in Islamic literature has more social nuances than economic or profit oriented (business profits). This is due to the aspects and help that are the main basis for upholding insurance practices in Islam. The results of this study are the marketing strategy carried out by PT Prudential Life Assurance Bijai is that the company recruits, trains and motivates its employees related to the 5P component, namely Product, Price, Place, Promotion, and People.

The Role of the Church in Iwhuruoha Development

Nigeria like other post-colonial states in Africa greatly suffered and suffocated from the pacification spree of colonialism. It was a most dreadful brutality which distorted and greatly disorganized the cultural bond of the people. All these were systematically orchestrated to achieve an economic objective. In fact, those who set out for colonialist imperialism in Africa and indeed Nigeria, were not engaged in an act of civilization nor the spread of enlightenment spirit. One of the lasting legacies of colonialism in Nigeria is the church. It was the handmaiden of colonialism that softened the mind of the people to embrace the values and ethos of capitalist imperialism. The spread of this consciousness was facilitated by western education. Education became a tool to enter and embrace the world of ‘civilization’. This study seeks to examine the role of the church in Nigeria, particularly in Iwhuruohna. It is a qualitative study and data collection relied solely on secondary sources. These include a review of existing literature, journals, magazines and visit to some research institutes like the Centre for Black and African Arts and Culture in Lagos and Claude Ake School of Government in University of Port Harcourt, Choba. It was discovered that contrary to ex isting position, the church has played significant roles in Nigeria and Iwhuruohna, especially in the production of human capital that have immensely facilitated, the development agenda in Iwhuruohna Ethnicity Nationality (IEN). Rt. Rev. V.A. Ogbonna, Bishop of Ikwerre Diocese of the Christ Army Church is one of such products of the church. We, therefore recommend that men like Bishop Ogbonna whose virtues served as building blocks for the development of their area should be emulated and cherished at all times.

How Do We Shape a Reform of the 21st-Century Human World in an Enlightenment Spirit? On Projects by Robert E. Allinson and Michael H. Mitias

In this essay I wish to add my voice to Michael H. Mitias’s polemic with Robert E. Allinson’s view that an Enlightenment-driven reform of the human world is desirable, and even necessary. Allinson calls the outcome of such a reform the “New Enlightenment.” I also consider the few main threads of Mitias’s alternative proposal for repairing the human world, which involves the reinterpretation of the Enlightenment ideology, and I strive to show that, contrary to Mitias’s belief, both his and Allinson’s positions have important common points. Moreover, I also take a closer look at Mitias’s project, especially his postulate to begin funding the reforming of the human world in human nature.

The Inheritance and Evolution of ‟Diean Sixteen Rules for the Tones of Qin” from ‟Xishan Qin kwuan” (24 Epithets on Guqin Music)

<p>明末清初以來的古琴曲譜中保留有兩篇重要的音樂美學著作，一是徐谼的〈谿山琴況〉（收錄於《大還閣琴譜》），乃中國古琴音樂美學的顛峰之作，其以二十四況論述彈琴的演奏技巧及美感意境論，通篇是儒、道、佛思想調和的作品，體現著琴以載道的教化精神。二是莊臻鳳的〈蝶庵琴聲十六法〉（收錄於《琴學心聲諧譜》），這兩篇論著皆是以「一字評」的方式作為品評琴樂之美的範疇，同為中國古琴音樂美學的並蒂之作。然而，〈蝶庵琴聲十六法〉的內容有不少篇幅與〈谿山琴況〉雷同，兩者之說究竟孰前孰後？因此，關於〈蝶庵琴聲十六法〉的作者與版本的考異也就成為一個值得探討的問題。前人或以為〈蝶庵琴聲十六法〉的作者是元末明初的冷謙，或以為是清初的莊臻鳳，頗有爭議，故本文先釐清其中的疑義，再看〈蝶庵琴聲十六法〉除了對〈谿山琴況〉有所承襲外，其不同於〈谿山琴況〉的觀點為何？由此來給予〈蝶庵琴聲十六法〉在琴學中的定位。</p> <p> </p><p>Two key works on the aesthetics of Chinese guqin music have been preserved in the Guqin tablatures of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. One work is ‟Xishan Qin kwuan”（24 Epithets on Guqin Music) collected in Dahuange Qinpu (Qin Handbook from the Chamber of Great Returning) written by Xu Hong. It is the pinnacle of Chinese Guqin musical aesthetics, discussing Guqin playing skills and aesthetic conception in twenty-four aspects. Although the details of the twenty-four aspects differ, the whole article is a harmonious amalgamation of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which embodies the enlightenment spirit of Tao. The other work is ‟Diean Sixteen Rules for the Tones of Qin” collected in Qinxue Xinsheng Xiepu (Qin Studies Heartfelt Sounds Harmonious Tablature), written by Zhuang Zhenfeng. Both of these works are based on the “one-character review” as the criterion for appraising the beauty of Guqin music. However, there is a lot of overlap in the content of these two works, which raises the question of which one was written first. This paper discusses the ‟Sixteen Rules for the Tones of Qin” and its author, focusing on two key considerations: First, who is the real author of the ‟Sixteen Rules for the Tones of Qin” -- Leng Qian in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasty, or Zhuang Zhenfeng in the early Qing dynasty? Second, the research compares and contrasts ‟Sixteen Rules for the Tones of Qin” with ‟Xishan Qin kwuan” and reveals how the guqin aesthetics of the former were inherited and changed after the publication of the latter. Following on from this, the author discusses the true authorship of ‟Sixteen Rules for the Tones of Qin” and its inheritance and evolution from ‟Xishan Qin kwuan” (24 Epithets on Guqin Music).</p> <p> </p>

Серапионова следа в последния разказ на Хофман Ъгловият прозорец на братовчеда

Hoffmann’s last short story –‘My Cousin's Corner Window’, leaves his researchers and readers stunned by a challenge, which can be defined as literarytheoretical in character, and imposes a speculation – is it conceivable that Hoffmann – the romantic, the creator of ones of the brightest fantastic and diabolical plots, can, at the end of his creative paths, to have betrayed his deeply rooted romantic essence and turn to realism. On the surface, the story unfolds as a mimetic narrative, but eventually turns out to be entirely influenced by the romantic aesthetic in general, as well as the author’s personal aesthetic principles. The current article aims to prove that by entwining complicated fictional and autobiographical elements in the crossing point between sickness and health, Hoffmann reasserts and bequeaths to the next generations the so called ‘The Serapiontic Principle’, that is: even the most incredible stories should be told with clear conscience, enlightened spirit and unquenched love for life.

EUROPE, RELIGIONS AND STATE MODERNITY: MENDELSSOHN’S VISION

Religious ideas and beliefs not only suggest spiritual life, but inspire everyday life, the collective psyche. As for the elites, they can be better understood by the acknowledgement of both discontinuity (due to time and vocabulary) and continuity of their spiritual and cultural preoccupations. Moses Mendelssohn asserted a side of modernity without distancing from community culture limited to its own set of values. He was not free in relation to the traditions and history of his own community, and especially to religious dogma. In fact, Mendelssohn, in his own philosophy, associated the principles of the Old World to those of the new reality. On one hand, he was enticed by emancipation, civism and modernity, and on the other by the preservation of Jewish identity according to the ancient myths. Even if he was an enlightened spirit in the way he regarded the integration of Jews or social emancipation in general, Mendelssohn was not an advocate of interferences (of inter-culturality). He was not a successor of those free, open and creative Marranos of the fifteenth century – Spanish Jews converted to Christianity, preserving a part of old Judaic practices – and neither a follower of Spinoza’s new philosophy. Not incidentally, Voltaire better understood human nature, being a humanist in all aspects. The freedom of conscience could not and still cannot ignore the diversity of people and human groups, and neither can the associations or interferences among them who, in modernity, needed to cohabitate and cooperate, not only in order to survive, but to generate universal values.

Die Grenze und die Grenzziehungen in der Essayistik von Karl-Markus Gauß

The article aims to investigate the border phenomenon and the demarcation of political and cultural borders in Gauß’s selected essays. Gauß’s essay writing originates from the European tradition of (self-)critical observation and is particularly concerned with European issues. The Austrian author examines the mechanisms of subordination and separation, the relationship between the centre and the periphery, and considers the concepts of border, nationalism, and regionalism in the Enlightenment spirit of prejudices criticism. He also recalls the Iron Curtain as the ideological border between Eastern and Western Europe and its implications. The article summarizes Gauß’s reflection on the essence of borders as artifi cial constructs and on the border’s ambivalence as a sphere of experiencing differences and a contact zone.

TIẾP NHẬN ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA CÁC TRÀO LƯU TƯ TƯỞNG PHƯƠNG TÂY ĐỐI VỚI VĂN HỌC TRUNG QUỐC NỬA SAU THẾ KỈ XX

Upon the 90s of 20th century, in the diversification as well as ‘complexity’ of social and cultural norms, the highness of Chinese literary reform slowed down. The vibrant artistic peaks, under the influence of Western philosophical trends, gradually cooled off. It was known that enlightened spirit that shined brightly in the beginning of the reform was unlikely to replicate in all corners of secular society – a society in which successful businessmen were the main driver. Meanwhile, not going public in bookstores, in theaters, or on television means that arts remained a display item. Therefore, art was never closer to the market like this period. Literature tended to depart from the central norms into the periphery. Chinese academics in general and literature in particular, at that time, were not lagging behind the synchronic advances in the West because it was inherited from an earlier period of ideological liberalization in which researchers as well as literary authors were trained on the basics. This essay studies the reception of the influence from Western philosophical trends on Chinese literature by the second half of the 20th century with the aim of partly explaining the above phenomenon.

TWO TEXTS ON THE REFLECTIONS OF OTTOMAN MODERNIZATION IDEAS IN ENGLAND

Türk modernleşmesi, rüzgârını eğitim ve askeri alanlarda yapılan yeniliklerden alan bir hamle olarak ele alınmaktadır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun ekonomik ve siyasal modelinin dünya sisteminin getirdiği yeni şartlara cevap vermemesi ve modern teknikler noktasındaki eksikliklerin askeri alanda ortaya çıkardığı yetersizlik; 18. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren Osmanlı Devleti’nde kamuda, askeriyede ve eğitim alanında külli bir dönüşüm çabası yaratmıştır. Fransız Devrimi'nin aydınlanmacı ruhunun yarattığı dönüşümün sonucu olarak ulus kavramının ortaya çıkmasının yanında İngiltere'de başlayan Sanayi Devrimi ve Askeri planda kendini gösteren Rus baskısı, her biri farklı alanlarda çağa ayak uydurma çabalarının tetikleyicisi olmuşlardır. Bu bağlamda, 1892 yılı gibi çok erken bir tarihte bir Türk yazar (İbrahim Hakkı Bey) tarafından İngilizce dilinde yayınlanmış olan bir metin ve İngiliz bir yazar (Hyde Clarke) tarafından bu metne yapılan tenkitler, Türkiye'nin modernleşme ve ilerleme çalışmalarını ispat ve izah çabasını göstermekle beraber, Eğitim, İdare, Kültür, Maliye ve hatta Saltanat-Hilafet gibi meselelere İngiliz yaklaşımını göstermesi bakımından iki metin aydınlatıcıdır. Bu makalede, Osmanlı-Türk modernleşme çalışmalarına dair İngiliz basınında yayınlanan "Is Turkey Progressing?" başlıklı makale ve onun başlattığı tartışma ekseninde İngiltere'nin Türk modernleşmesine yaklaşımı ele alınmak amaçlanmıştır.

Substantiation of a New Type of Family Education in the Works of Representatives of the Russian Enlightenment of the XVIII Century

The article analyzes a new type of family education, grounded in the works of representatives of the Russian intellectual elite of the second half of the XVIII century. This type was based on rethinking the process of raising children in the family in the spirit of humanism and enlightenment. Its origins were Western European pedagogical ideas, reinterpreted in the works of representatives of the Russian intellectual elite N. Novikov, A. Prokopovich-Antonsky, E. Dashkova, P. Sokhatsky, A. Bestuzhev and unknown authors published in the magazines “Morning Hours”, etc. The aim of the work was a holistic study of the type of family education proposed in the works of thinkers of the XVIII century, as well as its relevance for the modern development of pedagogical science. In studying the works of scientists, methods were used to assess the pedagogical heritage of the era of the Russian Enlightenment, based on the historical reconstruction of pedagogical phenomena and their consistent understanding. The article analyzes works of the above authors, created in the XVIII century, addressed both to the issues of raising children in the family and to general issues of improving the process of home education. In the works of the authors, educational ideas were expressed that corresponded to the ideas of the need to reorganize family education and the need for moral mentoring in relation to children in the family was justified. In general, the works of representatives of the Russian elite of the XVIII century proclaimed the following basic ideas of family education: they affirmed the need to organize child-parent interaction on the basis of humanism and faith in the success of the educational influence of parents on the child’s personality; they understood education as a sure means not only to create a perfect child’s personality, but also to achieve perfection and happiness on earth on this basis by mankind; they pointed out the need for a harmonious combination of different types of education.

교육사상의 역설과 전회

This study looked at the whole range of educational ideas from modern pedagogy to post-human educational research. To this end, the paradoxes of modern education, post-modern education, and post-human education research were reviewed. First of all, Kant, a non-join of modern pedagogy, shows a paradox in the discussion of the relationship between enlightenment and education. Enlightenment is a self-immature escape, but education, the only means to do this, starts with children, and they need the guidance of others. In particular, it left room for emotional display between civic and moral education during the stage of education. This is the nourishment of postmodern pedagogy, which emerged as a criticism of modern education. Postmodernism is a discourse that has emerged as a reminder of the importance of sensibility in the fields of art, architecture, etc., and Postmodern pedagogy accepts it normatively. To this end, this study looked at the discussion of the re-construction of educational publicness in the Japanese pedagogy community. The spirit of enlightenment requested in this discussion shows the paradox of postmodern pedagogy, which began with the attention of emotion. Post-human education research, which has recently gained attention, confirms the normality of human beings who establish moral and logical laws on their own above the achievements of post-modern pedagogy and asks for education for a better human society. Post-human education research also emphasizes the importance of sensibility from the stage of establishing the concept, but also demonstrates the paradox that rational human images cannot be abandoned.

IDEAS OF “ANTI-IGNORANCE ENLIGHTENMENT” IN HIGH-CLASS STUDENTS

This article analyzes the use of concepts associated with educating secondary schools students in the spirit of anti-ignorance enlightenment.This article analyzes the use of concepts associated with educating secondary schools students in the spirit of anti-ignorance enlightenment.

Impact of the Enlightenment Spirit on Buddhism

The maximum melodramatic fresh expansions in the Buddhism have been an emerging prevalent actions which risen since the Second World War. In the previous, Buddhist monastics provided educational and ethical leadership to society and the state, but today’s secular organizations have taken over these outdated teaching and wellbeing characters. In a worldwide culture with the Enlightenment spirit, new movements are emerging in Buddhism.
 New Japanese Buddhist movements such as SōkaGakkai[1] are well known, and several groups have arisen in other Buddhist cultures, such as FoKuang Shan (FoGuangshan) (FKS) in Taiwan. According to religious scholar, Buddhism was founded in 1967 by a heavenly monk named as Shih Hsing-yun (Shi Xingyun). The initial Buddhism preached for working for the welfare of mankind instead of preaching of ‘rebirth’ after the death of the man.
 
 [1]SōkaGakkai (Value Creation Society).

Антисемитизм на землях Речи Посполитой в XVI-XVIII вв. и его отражение в старопольской литературе

The article focuses on the manifestation of Antisemitic sentiments in Polish literature in the 16th - 18th centuries, as well as the economic, political, and religious roots of this phenomenon. Drawing on the works by S. Klonowic, J. Kmita, P. Skarga, and P. Mojecki, the author analyses the degree of negative public opinion regarding Jews among the gentry, burghers, and clergy to conclude about the economically and morally oppressed state of Polish Jewish communities and the economic dependence of the gentry on Jewish usury. In many ways, the Antisemitism of that time took place only on paper; in fact, the slogans to evict Jews from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or to baptize them into the Catholic faith were never implemented. By the end of the 18th centurythe Antisemitic slogans in Polish journalism were disappearing, yielding to the ideas of reforming Jewish communities in the spirit of Enlightenment.

Review: Ottolenghi and the Cakes of Versailles, by Laura Gabbert

Review: <i>Ottolenghi and the Cakes of Versailles</i>, by Laura Gabbert

Research on Wang Xiaobo’s Humanitarian Enlightenment

In the 20th century of China, The enlightenment spirit was obviously active twice, once in the May 4th, 1919 when the New Culture Movement happen, and once in the 1980s. The core of the spirit of enlightenment is a kind of humanitarianism, which emphasizes rationality and freedom. And the core of Wang Xiaobo’s spiritual exactly is consistent with Humanitarian enlightenment, so the discussion of Wang Xiaobo’s ideological value can be summarized from the perspective of Humanitarian enlightenment: advocating science and rationality, advocating freedom and human rights, and the pursuit the true interest in life.

The ability of behbudiy in the selection of word

Behbudi’s works were widely used in Turkestan at the beginning of the twentieth century as the leader of the Jadids in language and literature. In Behbudi’s work, the problem of mastering the art of speech is one of the new aspects of his work. His drama “Padarkush” and artistic journalism play an important role in educating the Uzbek people in the spirit of enlightenment in Turkestan. Thus, we see that he skillfully used this word. Behbudi’s eloquence, the use of popular words further helps to understand the same period.

Reforming the Legal Education System in 18th Century Hungary and Karl Anton Martini

In Hungary, the scientific cultivation of law used in the field of education was based on the Tripartitum by István Werbőczy until the 18th century. The kind of literature on natural law that conveyed the spirit of Enlightenment, henceforth equally meant the theoreticcal cultivation of law could start its journey in Hungary with some delay, however, proved very fruitful in terms of views on natural law. The era of rational natural law, the so-called Law of Reason arrived by the end of the 18th century, thinkers of this line derived answers given to questions of state and legal settlement from the human reason. Karl Anton Freiherr von Martini was the most outstanding figure in the 18th century Austrian natural law, a representative of the Law of Reason branch (Vernunftrecht) in the German linguistic area, which bore the ideals of Enlightenment on itself. These works were course books at the same time, counted as compulsory study material at the Austrian Faculty of Law until the 1820s. Their authority, however, had a lasting effect since they were regarded as basic works in Hungarian legal education until 1848.

The Hanging Guard: William Hope’s (1660-1724) Invention of Self-defence and the Spirit of Enlightenment

Fight books can be much more than repositories of knowledge or cornerstones of tradition. In some cases they may also reflect fundamental changes in the intellectual and social life of a society and even attempt to change the latter for the better. This is very much true for the works of William Hope (1660-1724). In eight printed books the Scotsman covered a wide range of topics connected to smallsword fencing and duelling. He employed early scientific methods when developing his school of swordplay, reflected on the social implications of fencing, introduced the notion of “sport for better health” into early modern fencing, and sought to institutionalise fencing in order to curb violence. As a whole this reflects the mindset of the early Enlightenment as it started to flourish in Hope’s native Scotland during his lifetime. This paper will answer the question of how the early Enlightenment influenced a set of remarkable Scottish fight books from the early modern period.