Spiral Loci Research Articles

Motion of Particles at the Fundamental Level: NLHV Theory Predictions for a Spiral Gait Locus

Context - The existing literature on particle motion at the fundamental level is sparse. Particles, whether classical or quantum, are assumed to move with a continuous (even if uncertain) velocity. Purpose - The work prospects for a descriptive theory of particle motion from a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) perspective. This is worth attempting for the potential to better understand fundamental dynamics and kinematics. Method - The new physics provided by the cordus theory was used to infer the mathematical representation of the energisation behaviour of the inner structures, specifically the reactive ends. From this the motion function of the particle as a whole was determined. Findings - In three dimensional space the motion of each reactive end is an irregular spiral displacement locus. The motion comprises a movement phase and a brief immobile phase. This is called a ‘gait’ as it is reminiscent of biological locomotion. Originality - A novel theory of particle motion is offered. The theory predicts that motion comprises a complex spiral locus of the particle. This is unique among theories of physics. Further contributions are the provision of explanations for several physical phenomena: ponderomotive force, the nature of momentum, and bremsstrahlung radiation. Specifically, the theory explains why photon emission would be increasing concentrated in the forward direction with increased electron energy. The theory provides a means to bridge quantum mechanics and special relativity, because it accommodates both particle uncertainty and field transmissions.

A new rotary forming process for rim thickening of a disc-like sheet metal part

A new rotary forming process used to thicken the rim of a disc-like part was proposed. The paper details the results, design and manufacture of the corresponding apparatus. The center point of a ring roller moves around the axis of a stationary work-piece in a plane spiral locus, like a rounding hula hoop. Thereby, the rim of stationary work-piece is rolled and thickened. A design rule for the rotary thickening process of the disc-like part was proposed, and a formula for calculating the feeding force of the roller was deduced. Both the design rule and the formula were verified by the results of experiment and finite element simulation. The forming and flow law during the thickening process were also illustrated.

Rings and spirals in barred galaxies - III. Further comparisons and links to observations

In a series of papers, we propose a theory to explain the formation and properties of rings and spirals in barred galaxies. The building blocks of these structures are orbits guided by the manifolds emanating from the unstable Lagrangian points located near the ends of the bar. In this paper, the last of the series, we present more comparisons of our theoretical results to observations and also give new predictions for further comparisons. Our theory provides the right building blocks for the rectangular-like bar outline and for ansae. We consider how our results can be used to give estimates for the pattern speed values, as well as their effect on abundance gradients in barred galaxies. We present the kinematics along the manifold loci, to allow comparisons with the observed kinematics along the ring and spiral loci. We consider gaseous arms and their relations to stellar ones. We discuss several theoretical aspects and stress that the orbits that constitute the building blocks of the spirals and rings are chaotic. They are, nevertheless, spatially well confined by the manifolds and are thus able to outline the relevant structures. Such chaos can be termed `confined chaos' and can play a very important role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxy structures and in galactic dynamics in general. This work, in agreement with several others, argues convincingly that galactic dynamic studies should not be limited to the study of regular motions and orbits.

Nonlinear Effects in Models of the Galaxy. I. Midplane Stellar Orbits in the Presence of Three‐dimensional Spiral Arms

With the aim of studying the nonlinear stellar and gaseous response to the gravitational potential of a galaxy such as the Milky Way, we have modeled three-dimensional Galactic spiral arms as a superposition of inhomogeneous oblate spheroids and added their contribution to an axisymmetric model of the Galactic mass distribution. Three spiral loci are proposed here, based in different sets of observations. A comparison of our model with a tight-winding approximation shows important differences in the middle and outer Galactic regions. A preliminary self-consistency analysis taking Ωp = 15 and 20 km s-1 kpc-1 for the angular speed of the spiral pattern seems to favor the value Ωp = 20 km s-1 kpc-1. As a first step to the full three-dimensional calculations for which the model is suitable, we have explored the stellar orbital structure in the midplane of the Galaxy. We present the standard analysis in the pattern rotating frame and complement this analysis with orbital information from the Galactic inertial frame. Prograde and retrograde orbits are defined unambiguously in the inertial frame, then labeled as such in the Poincaré diagrams of the noninertial frame. In this manner, we found a sharp separatrix between the two classes of orbits. Chaos is restricted to the prograde orbits, and its onset occurs for the higher spiral perturbation considered plausible in our Galaxy. An unrealistically high spiral perturbation tends to destroy the separatrix and make chaos pervasive. This might be relevant in other spiral galaxies.

The SPIRAL genes are required for directional control of cell elongation in Aarabidopsis thaliana.

Cells at the elongation zone expand longitudinally to form the straight central axis of plant stems, hypocotyls and roots, and transverse cortical microtubule arrays are generally recognized to be important for the anisotropic growth. Recessive mutations in either of two Arabidopsis thaliana SPIRAL loci, SPR1 or SPR2, reduce anisotropic growth of endodermal and cortical cells in roots and etiolated hypocotyls, and induce right-handed helical growth in epidermal cell files of these organs. spr2 mutants additionally show right-handed twisting in petioles and petals. The spr1spr2 double mutant's phenotype is synergistic, suggesting that SPR1 and SPR2 act on a similar process but in separate pathways in controlling cell elongation. Interestingly, addition of a low dose of either of the microtubule-interacting drugs propyzamide or taxol in the agar medium was found to reduce anisotropic expansion of endodermal and cortical cells at the root elongation zone of wild-type seedlings, resulting in left-handed helical growth. In both spiral mutants, exogenous application of these drugs reverted the direction of the epidermal helix, in a dose-dependent manner, from right-handed to left-handed; propyzamide at 1 microM and taxol at 0.2-0.3 microM effectively suppressed the cell elongation defects of spiral seedlings. The spr1 phenotype is more pronounced at low temperatures and is nearly suppressed at high temperatures. Cortical microtubules in elongating epidermal cells of spr1 roots were arranged in left-handed helical arrays, whereas the highly isotropic cortical cells of etiolated spr1 hypocotyls showed microtubule arrays with irregular orientations. We propose that a microtubule-dependent process and SPR1/SPR2 act antagonistically to control directional cell elongation by preventing elongating cells from potential twisting. Our model may have implicit bearing on the circumnutation mechanism.

ＧＡを利用した螺旋軌跡からの剛体の回転運動の回復

ＧＡを利用した螺旋軌跡からの剛体の回転運動の回復

肩関節臼唇前方部分の撮影法 : 半軸位 double-contrast arthrotomography

In recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint, the semi-axial view of double-contrast arthrotomography that we had tried provided superior visualization of anterior glenoid labrum, articular cartilage and of the capsule on the radiographs. In our method ; 1-1.5 ml of 76% Urografin and 10-12 ml room air are injected anteriorly into the glenohumeral joint space of the patient under fluoroscopic control. After that procedure, put the patient in about a 45°angle sitting position. And maintaining it, turn the patient oblique to a 60° angle to the table, with the injured shoulder closest to it. In this position, the glenoid cavity is positioned semi-axial and the joint is perpendicular to the film anatomically. At that time, the humerus of the damaged side need to be slightly abducted and rotated internally. Following to the aforementioned positioning, arthrotomography is carried out using the spiral locus program. In sectioning, we go down from the coracoid process at 3 millimeter intervals. In this tomography, we use high-contrast single-screen system. To maintain the positioning for tomographic sectioning, we made a special devide. This method is now routine X-ray studies for recurrent dislocation of the shoulder and for the loose shoulder in our hospital.

Method for separation of particles using a rotating tilted liquid column (RTC). I. RTC velocity and its separation power

In the development of a method for precipitating particulate materials, the flow patterns of those freely falling particles through a viscous liquid in a rotating tilted column (RTC) were studied. The central axes of spiral loci were not concentrical, except for the case: (1) particles in close contact with the column wall, or (2) the column inclination θ = 90°. Average radius vector over one periodical cycle of a locus was proportional to θ ω/f(a) ω, where f(a) ω was a function of a particle radius (a), and θ ω was a function of θ and a. Frictional resistance between the particles and the column wall, which is induced by their motion, varied greatly with the difference in the loci of the particles. The variation of the loci will lead to ordered particle sedimentation according to the size. With a theoretical handling, the separation power is expressed by the ratio (a j/a i) n when a i < a j, and the n-value increases with ω within the range 2 < n ⩽ 4.

Polar geomagnetic disturbances

Results of recent observations of geomagnetic disturbances in both northern and southern high latitudes are critically reviewed, and various theories on these phenomena are introduced. In Section 1, an additional geomagnetic daily variation, observed in the polar areas on magnetically quiet days, is discussed. The quiet-day daily variation in the polar regions consists of the S q 0-field which is an extension of the S q -field established in middle and low latitudes and an additional field, S q p , which is confined to the polar cap areas. The equivalent ionospheric electric current pattern of the S q p -field consists of two current vortices, clockwise on the morning side and counterclockwise on the afternoon side in the northern polar cap, when viewed from above, and their conjugate pattern in the southern polar cap. The intensity of S q p -field in local summer is about three times as large as that in local winter. This seasonal change can be attributed to the seasonal change in electric conductivity of the polar ionosphere. The S q p -field is interpreted as being caused by transferring, through the lines of geomagnetic force, the effect of two circular convections of the low-energy magnetospheric plasma driven by the solar wind. In Section 2, the morphology of the polar part of the sudden commencement of magnetic storms (SSC) is described. The polar part of the SSC field consists of the universal increase in the magnetic field due to the compression of the geomagnetic cavity by the storm solar wind and an additional polar field, DS(SSC), which can be represented by a transient enhancement of the S q p -field. A preliminary reverse impulse of SSC takes place only on the afternoon side in polar areas. It seems likely that these characteristics of the polar SSC can te interpreted, in a unified representation, as those of an initial transient phase of an elliptically polarized hydromagnetic wave which transports the compressing stage of the geomagnetic cavity. In Section 3, the morphology of the auroral electrojets is discussed on the basis that they are sporadic and intermittent phenomena. Opinions on the interpretation of the auroral electrojet are divided. The Chamberlain-Kern theory ascribing the electrojet to an electric polarization of precipitating proton-electron beams caused by a magnetic field gradient, seems to be the most plausible. It is certain that the S q p -field must be enhanced by the highly con- ductive auroral zones. In Section 4, the inter-relationship among the auroral electrojet intensity ( ΔH), auroral luminosity ( J) and auroral sporadic ionization ( n) of the ionosphere is discussed. The relations expressed as J ∝ n 2 and J ∝ ( ΔH) 2 hold especially well in the auroral zones. Electron beams of 10 keV average energy accompanied by protons seem to be the most probable agency to result in these relations. In Section 5, results of observational studies on the conjugate relationship for geomagnetic bays and giant magnetic pulsations observed in high latitudes are summarized. A conjugate of stations are defined with respect to the unperturbed geomagnetic field. Similarity and simultaneity of geomagnetic bays at the conjugate areas are good. The activated areas for individual bays are several degrees in latitude and 10–30 degrees in longitude at their well developed stage. The conjugacy holds between the conjugately activated areas. Geomagnetic pulsations of several minutes in period and several hundred gammas in amplitude observed at high latitudes also have a very good conjugacy. They are interpreted as elliptically polarized transverse hydromagnetic waves generated in the magnetosphere and transmitted along the lines of geomagnetic force towards the Earth. The polarization vectors rotate counter-clockwise on the morning side and clockwise on the afternoon side, looking along the direction of the lines of force. The morning pulsations having larger amplitude and the afternoon ones having smaller amplitude, may be identified with the anisotropic and isotropic modes respectively of the polarized transverse hydromagnetic waves. In Section 6, the so-called spiral patterns of polar magnetic disturbances are discussed. A large number of spiral patterns of polar upper atmospheric disturbance have been proposed. It seems likely that only a spiral locus of ionospheric blackout on the morning side is the real Størmer orbit of proton impact and that the others may be identified with some part of a closed curve of an oval shape which is ascribed to the projection of the radiation belt of particles (either electrons or protons) trapped by a distorted geomagnetic field along the lines of the magnetic force upon the polar ionosphere. Section 7 deals with gaps in the existing knowledge of polar magnetic disturbances.