Boson Research Articles

Vector wave dark matter and terrestrial quantum sensors

(Ultra)light spin-1 particles — dark photons — can constitute all of dark matter (DM) and have beyond Standard Model couplings. This can lead to a coherent, oscillatory signature in terrestrial detectors that depends on the coupling strength. We provide a signal analysis and statistical framework for inferring the properties of such DM by taking into account (i) the stochastic and (ii) the vector nature of the underlying field, along with (iii) the effects due to the Earth's rotation. Owing to equipartition, on time scales shorter than the coherence time the DM field vector typically traces out a fixed ellipse. Taking this ellipse and the rotation of the Earth into account, we highlight a distinctive three-peak signal in Fourier space that can be used to constrain DM coupling strengths. Accounting for all three peaks, we derive latitude-independent constraints on such DM couplings, unlike those stemming from single-peak studies. We apply our framework to the search for ultralight B - L DM using optomechanical sensors, demonstrating the ability to delve into previously unprobed regions of this DM candidate's parameter space.

Dynamics of a Spin-1 Particle in a Two-Dimensional Kemmer Oscillator Framework within Non-Commutative Phase Sspace

Dynamics of a Spin-1 Particle in a Two-Dimensional Kemmer Oscillator Framework within Non-Commutative Phase Sspace

Experimental study of the restitution coefficient of spherical particles

The restitution coefficient is a crucial indicator of energy dissipation. This article discusses the used restitution coefficients and presents a method to measure particle velocities before and after collisions using high-speed camera testing. The study primarily explores the influence of particle characteristics (collision velocity, collision angle, rotation speed, and collision material) on the restitution coefficient during collisions between spherical particles and a flat plate. The main focus is on studying how changes in collision angles impact the restitution coefficient. Different materials ball collision test examines the effects of steel balls, glass balls, and resin balls on the restitution coefficient. The data collected during the tests are processed by using various parameters to deduce the restitution coefficient during particle collisions. The article also analyzes the patterns of changes in the restitution coefficient for spherical particles under different collision conditions. Additionally, it derives the relationship between the restitution coefficient and different influencing factors, such as varying collision materials and initial speeds. The experimental results demonstrate a direct correlation between the restitution coefficient, the material of the particles under study, particle size, and particle spin speed.

Gravity-matter sum rules in models with a single extra-dimension

We prove a set of sum rules needed for KK-graviton pair production from matter in orbifolded extra-dimensional models. The sum rules can be found in full generality by considering the properties of solutions to the Sturm-Liouville problem, which describes the wave functions and the masses of the KK-gravitons in four dimensions. They ensure cancellations in the amplitudes of the processes mentioned above which considerably reduce their growth with s in the high-energy limit. This protects extra-dimensional theories from the low-scale unitarity problems that plague other theories with massive spin-2 particles. We argue that such relations are valid for a broader category of models thus generalizing our previous results that were limited to the large μ limit of the Randall-Sundrum model.

Lattice investigations of the chimera baryon spectrum in the Sp(4) gauge theory

We report the results of lattice numerical studies of the Sp(4) gauge theory coupled to fermions (hyperquarks) transforming in the fundamental and two-index antisymmetric representations of the gauge group. This strongly coupled theory is the minimal candidate for the ultraviolet completion of composite Higgs models that facilitate the mechanism of partial compositeness for generating the top-quark mass. We measure the spectrum of the low-lying, half-integer spin, bound states composed of two fundamental and one antisymmetric hyperquarks, dubbed chimera baryons, in the quenched approximation. In this first systematic, nonperturbative study, we focus on the three lightest parity-even chimera-baryon states, in analogy with QCD, denoted as ΛCB, ΣCB (both with spin 1/2), and ΣCB* (with spin 3/2). The spin-1/2 such states are candidates of the top partners. The extrapolation of our results to the continuum and massless-hyperquark limit is performed using formulas inspired by QCD heavy-baryon Wilson chiral perturbation theory. Within the range of hyperquark masses in our simulations, we find that ΣCB is not heavier than ΛCB. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Bigravity portal dark matter

We consider a model where the interaction between dark matter and the Standard Model particles is mediated by a ghost-free bigravity portal. The bigravity model invokes a massive spin-2 particle coupled to the usual massless graviton as well as generic bimetric matter couplings. The cross sections for dark matter direct detection are computed and confronted with the experimental bounds. The presence of the massive spin-2 mediator resolves the core-cusp problem, which in turn significantly constrains the dark matter coupling in such a bigravity theory. Yet, there remains a window of the parameter space where the model can be tested in the upcoming direct detection experiments such as XENONnT and PandaX-30T. The model also predicts a reheating temperature on the order of 106 GeV. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Perspective on new implementations of atomtronic circuits

In this article, we provide perspectives for atomtronics circuits on quantum technology platforms beyond simple bosonic or fermionic cold atom matter-wave currents. Specifically, we consider (i) matter-wave schemes with multi-component quantum fluids; (ii) networks of Rydberg atoms that provide a radically new concept of atomtronics circuits in which the flow, rather than in terms of matter, occurs through excitations; (iii) hybrid matterwave circuits—a combination of ultracold atomtronic circuits with other quantum platforms that can lead to circuits beyond the standard solutions and provide new schemes for integrated matter-wave networks. We also sketch how driving these systems can open new pathways for atomtronics.

Spinning particle geometries in AdS3/CFT2

We study spinning particle/defect geometries in the context of AdS3/CFT2. These solutions lie below the BTZ threshold, and can be obtained from identifications of AdS3. We construct the Feynman propagator by solving the bulk equation of motion in the spinning particle geometry, summing over the modes of the fields and passing to the boundary. The quantization of the scalar fields becomes challenging when confined to the regions that are causally well-behaved. If the region containing closed timelike curves (CTCs) is included, the normalization of the scalar fields enjoys an analytical simplification and the propagator can be expressed as an infinite sum over image geodesics. In the dual CFT2, the propagator can be recast as the HHLL four-point function, where by taking into account the PSL(2, ℤ) modular images, we recover the bulk computation. We comment on the casual behavior of bulk geometries associated with single-trace operators of spin scaling with the central charge below the BTZ threshold.

Cosmological correlators through the looking glass: reality, parity, and factorisation

We consider the evolution of quantum fields during inflation, and show that the total-energy singularities appearing in the perturbative expansion of the late-time Wavefunction of the Universe are purely real when the external states are massless scalars and massless gravitons. Our proof relies on the tree-level approximation, Bunch-Davies initial conditions, and exact scale invariance (IR-convergence), but without any assumptions on invariance under de Sitter boosts. We consider all n-point functions and allow for the exchange of additional states of any mass and integer spin. Our proof makes use of a decomposition of the inflationary bulk-bulk propagator of massive spinning fields which preserves UV-convergence and ensures that the time-ordered contributions are purely real after we rotate to Euclidean time. We use this reality property to show that the maximally-connected parts of wavefunction coefficients, from which total-energy singularities originate, are purely real. In a theory where all states are in the complementary series, this reality extends to the full wavefunction coefficient. We then use our reality theorem to show that parity-odd correlators (correlators that are mirror asymmetric) are factorised and do not diverge when the total-energy is conserved. We pay special attention to the parity-odd four-point function (trispectrum) of inflationary curvature perturbations and use our reality/factorisation theorems to show that this observable is factorised into a product of cubic diagrams thereby enabling us to derive exact shapes. We present examples of couplings between the inflaton and massive spin-1 and spin-2 fields, with the parity-violation in the trispectrum driven by Chern-Simons corrections to the spinning field two-point function, or from parity-violating cubic interactions which we build within the Effective Field Theory of Inflation. In addition, we present a first-of-its-kind example of a parity-violating trispectrum, generated at tree-level, that arises in a purely scalar theory where the inflaton mixes linearly with an additional massive scalar field.

Testing Bell–CHSH inequalities using topological Aharonov–Casher and He–McKellar–Wilkens phases

The effects of Aharonov–Casher (AC) and He–McKellar–Wilkens (HMW) phases on entangled spin-1/2 quantum systems are investigated. We use linear charge distributions positioned at the center of resulting closed orbits, capitalizing on Mach Zender-type interferometers modified with phase retarders to unveil the topological effects. We analyze how AC-HMW phases influence the Bell angles and maximal violation of Bell–CHSH inequalities (BI) without any classical interaction. We incorporate the spin and path of particles in the interferometers as observables to test noncontextual hidden variable theories against quantum mechanics, leveraging the non-local features of AC-HMW effects. Furthermore, we discuss potential implementations of our scheme in physical systems.

Regge growth of isolated massive spin-2 particles and the Swampland

We consider an effective theory with a single massive spin-2 particle and a gap to the cutoff. We couple the spin-2 particle to gravity, and to other lower-spin fields, and study the growth of scattering amplitudes of the particle in the Regge regime: where s is much larger than t and also any mass scales in the effective theory, but still much lower than the cutoff scale of the theory and therefore any further massive spin-2 particles. We include in the effective theory all possible operators, with an arbitrary, but finite, number of derivatives. We prove that the scattering amplitude grows strictly faster than s2 in any such theory. Such fast growth goes against expected bounds on Regge growth. We therefore find further evidence for the Swampland spin-2 conjecture: that a theory with an isolated massive spin-2 particle, coupled to gravity, is in the Swampland.

Classical observables using exponentiated spin factors: electromagnetic scattering

In [1], the authors argued that the Newman-Janis algorithm on the space of classical solutions in general relativity and electromagnetism could be used in the space of scattering amplitudes to map an amplitude with external scalar states to an amplitude associated to the scattering of “infinite spin particles”. The minimal coupling of these particles to the gravitational or Maxwell field is equivalent to the classical coupling of the Kerr blackhole with linearized gravity or the so-called Kerr\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\sqrt{\ extrm{Kerr}} $$\\end{document} charged state with the electromagnetic field. The action of the Newman-Janis mapping on scattering amplitudes was then used to compute the linear impulse at first post-Minkowskian (1PM) order, via the Kosower, Maybee, O’Connell (KMOC) formalism. In this paper, we continue with the idea of using the Newman-Janis mapping on the space of scalar QED amplitudes to compute classical observables such as the radiative gauge field and the angular impulse. We show that for tree-level amplitudes, the Newman-Janis action can be reinterpreted as a dressing of the photon propagator. This turns out to be an efficient way to compute these classical observables. Along the way, we highlight a subtlety that arises in proving the conservation of angular momentum for scalar −Kerr\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ -\\sqrt{\ extrm{Kerr}} $$\\end{document} scattering.

Regge constraints on local four-point scattering amplitudes of massive particles with spin

In this work, we classify all the possible local four-point couplings relevant for tree-level flat space 2 → 2 scattering of external massive particles of spin one and spin two which do not grow faster than s2 at large s and fixed t. This kinematic constraint on local growth of tree-level S-matrices is known as Classical Regge Growth criteria or CRG [1]. We first construct the spin one and spin two tree-level contact S-matrices as modules of polarisation tensors and momenta over the ring of polynomials generated by Mandelstam invariants. We then consider a general scattering process where the external scattering particles are of different masses but of same spin and constrain this space to obtain a finite number of CRG allowed local Lagrangians. Our concrete results are primarily for D ≥ 8 but the process outlined is easily generalised to lower dimensions to include low dimensional parity violating structures. The space of CRG allowed structures reduces when we specialise to identical scattering and restrict to parity even couplings in D = 4. We show that tree-level scattering amplitudes involving exchange diagrams and contact terms in de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley massive gravity (dRGT) violate CRG unless the parameters of the theory take special values. The CRG allowed S-matrices, in the context of large N conformal field theories (CFTs), can also be interpreted as bulk AdS counterterms consistent with Chaos bound. Our classified structures therefore can be thought of as ambiguities arising in the context of conformal field theory inversion formula for four point functions of unconserved spin one and spin two operators in large N CFTs.

Quantum electrodynamics mediated by a photon with continuous spin

In recent work with Zhou, we studied classical interactions of matter with a “continuous spin” field, whose excitations have zero mass but nonzero spin Casimir (spin scale) ρ. We reported evidence that such theories are a calculable infrared deformation of familiar massless theories including electromagnetism. Building on the aforementioned work, this paper presents rules for computing scattering amplitudes involving charged scalar matter and continuous spin photons with nonzero spin scale. As a concrete example, we compute the pair annihilation and Compton scattering amplitudes in this theory and comment on their physical properties, including unitarity and scaling behavior at small and large ρ. Like the classical physics and soft factors studied in prior work, these amplitudes exhibit “helicity correspondence,” recovering familiar amplitudes at energy scales ≫ρ, but with calculable deviations that could be experimentally tested. These results bolster the conjecture that continuous spin particles with a very small ρ could mediate long-range forces in nature (e.g., the photon could be a continuous spin particle), and extend the range of physical effects that could be used to test this hypothesis. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Deriving interaction vertices in higher derivative theories

We derive cubic interaction vertices for a class of higher-derivative theories involving three arbitrary integer spin fields. This derivation uses the requirement of closure of the Poincaré algebra in four-dimensional flat spacetime. We find two varieties of permitted structures at the cubic level and eliminate one variety, which is proportional to the equations of motion, using suitable field redefinitions. We then consider soft theorems for field theories with these higher-derivative interactions and construct amplitudes in these theories using the inverse-soft approach.

Infinite (continuous) spin particle in constant curvature space

We present a new particle model that generalize for constant curvature space an infinite spin particle in flat space. The model is described by commuting Weyl spinor additional coordinates. It proved that such a model is consistent only in external gravitational field corresponding to the constant curvature spaces. Full set of the first-class constraints in the de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spaces is obtained.

Supersymmetry Via EDM (Electric Dipole Moment)

The article begins by mentioning the accepted correlation between Albert Einstein’s relativistic equations, as well as James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves, with the Prandtl-Glauert equations for fluid flow. This equation-free mention nevertheless ends with 180° ΔO = + => - (180 Degree Change in Orientation Equals Positive Becomes Negative). Of course, it also means negative can become positive: 180° ΔO = - => +. Using this article’s new equations, the Electric Dipole Moment is introduced and the charges of the quarks composing a neutron are transformed. EDM’s undetectability is explained from the perspective of a hypothetical someone who doesn’t accept the Big Bang but believes the universe is literally infinite and eternal. Then quantum spin of matter particles is discussed, and extended to astronomy’s black holes, in terms of photons and gravitons not being elementary force-carrying particles but being in possession of EDM. The photon-graviton interaction producing quantum spin is proposed as electromagnetic and gravitational vectors in a figure that might be called “Vector-Tensor-Scalar Geometry”, as well as being related to quaternions plus the Higgs boson and field. Then the article returns to black holes, showing how the inability of light to escape them leads to a 4-dimensional space-time: via binary digits or base 2 mathematics, Mobius bands, figure-8 Klein bottles, and Wick rotation. The electric potential of photons and gravitons is then interpreted not strictly as a neutron-identical Electric Dipole Moment but as a vast array of pulses sharing similarities with modern computers and electronics – the binary digits of the previous sentence. As a consequence of the electric force-carriers bringing them into existence, particles of matter and antimatter are symmetrical with bosons in the sense that every boson or fermion is, at its most fundamental level, composed of binary digits. Imaginary numbers are essential to quantum mechanics, and this article connects the imaginary numbers of Wick rotation to the nature of time. Therefore, the words here are not painting a classical picture of space-time. The 1’s and 0’s of binary digits are compatible with quantum mechanics and may be referred to as the Hidden Variables which Einstein advocated to complete quantum physics, and to give its calculations an exactness which would bring a hidden order to its chaotic randomness and superficial uncertainty. If the universe can be quantized and viewed as comprised of infinitesimal ones and zeros, how could it not obey quantum physics? And if those ones and zeros are all ultimately connected by Quantum Gravity, waves and particles could never be separated but wave-particle duality would rule. To finish, many thanks to Albert Einstein for laying the foundations of this article 105 years ago when he published a paper titled “Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?” Immediately before submission for publication, a few topics were added to this article - dark matter, precession, the Hodge conjecture, and the Riemann hypothesis.

Worldline path integrals for the graviton

We present an extension to arbitrary dimensions of a worldline path integral approach to one-loop quantum gravity, which was previously formulated in four spacetime dimensions. By utilizing this method, we recalculate gauge invariant coefficients related to the UV divergences of quantum gravity. These gauge invariant coefficients were previously obtained in arbitrary dimensions through two alternative techniques: the quantization of the N=4 spinning particle that propagates the graviton on Einstein spaces and the more conventional heat kernel approach. Our worldline path integrals are closer to the latter method and are employed to compute the trace of the heat kernel.

Hunting for hypercharge anapole dark matter in all spin scenarios

We conduct a combined analysis to investigate dark matter (DM) with hypercharge anapole moments, focusing on scenarios where Majorana DM particles with spin 1/2, 1, 3/2, and 2 interact exclusively with Standard Model particles through U(1)Y hypercharge anapole terms for the first time. For completeness, we construct general effective U(1) gauge-invariant three-point vertices. These enable the generation of hypercharge gauge-invariant interaction vertices for both a virtual photon γ and a virtual Z boson with two identical massive Majorana particles of any nonzero spin s, after the spontaneous breaking of electroweak gauge symmetry. For complementarity, we adopt effective operators tailored to each dark matter spin allowing crossing symmetry. We calculate the relic abundance, analyze current constraints and future sensitivities from dark matter direct detection and collider experiments, and apply the conceptual naive perturbativity bound. Our estimations based on a generalized vertex calculation demonstrate that the scenario with a higher-spin DM is more stringently constrained than a lower-spin DM, primarily due to the reduced annihilation cross section and/or the enhanced rate of LHC monojet events. As a remarkable outcome, the spin-2 anapole DM scenario is almost entirely excluded, while the high-luminosity LHC exhibits high sensitivities in probing spin-1 and -3/2 scenarios, except for a tiny parameter range of DM mass around 1 TeV. A significant portion of the remaining parameter space in the spin-1/2 DM scenario can be explored through upcoming Xenon experiments, with more than 20 ton-yr exposure equivalent to approximately 5 years of running the XENONnT experiment. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Photons in Physics with real Magnetic Charges and the Falsity Existing Notion of Expansion Universe (How Physicists; "Yawn" Real Magnetic Charges, Curved Space and Sentenced the Universe to Expansion)

The experiments of F. Ehrenhaft as well as the experimental and theoretical studies of the author showed that it is magnetic charges are the direct sources of the magnetic field. Eddy currents of magnetic charges (rotating magnetic dipoles g- - g+) which actually exist in atoms and substance, are untwisted by electric current in conductors, are direct sources of the well-known vortex magnetic field rotH. Together with electric charges, magnetic charges make up the shells of atoms, which are actually electromagnetic, not electronic. It is the electromagnetic shells of atoms that are the sources of the vortex electromagnetic (gravitational) field, which is described by the vortex vector rot[E – H]. The vector character of GF is in many respects similar to the vortex magnetic field, which has been known for hundreds of years, but no one has come up with the version of spatial magnetic waves. Therefore, the notion of gravitational waves, according to the author, is another fake, inspired by crooked physics, in which there is absolutely no representation of the real physics of the gravitational field. The introduction of real magnetic charges into the basic physical representations, as well as the discovery by the author of the World Physical Triad, made it possible to clarify the essence of spinor fields which are flows of elementary particles of the world Energo-medium, which are formed by spinor (charged) particles. In addition, the article proves that the concept of the expansion of the Universe was the result of E. Hubble's erroneous (extremely superficial) perception, back in 1929, of the manifestation of the cosmological redshift of the photon frequency, which he interpreted as a Doppler shift in the frequency of the so-called light waves. The inclusion of real magnetic charges in the physical representations showed that the frequency processes in photons are determined exclusively by the intra-photon physics embedded in into at the moment of formation and cannot be the result of any spatial wave formations in the environment, i.e. the shifts of photonic frequency ∆ω have nothing to do with the Doppler effect and depend only on changes in the translational velocity of their source. In other words, the redshift of the photon frequency under the conditions of the translational motion of their sources is exactly the same, both in the case of the source moving to the observer, and in the case of its movement at the same speed away from the observer. As for the violet shift of the photon frequency, this is an unambiguous sign of the rotational dynamics of photon source, and in the case of combined motion of source (translational and rotational), the mechanism of photon frequency pulsations is possible.