Spinibarbus Hollandi Research Articles

Identification of sex-specific DNA markers in the army fish (Spinibarbus hollandi) by whole genome re-sequencing method

With the development of high throughput sequencing technology, genome information for more and more fish species can be available. Based on these genomes, sex-specific marker of various fish species was developed and further applied in sex control breeding. Here, whole genome re-sequencing (WGS re-seq) method was used to screen sex-specific sequences in the army fish (Spinibarbus hollandi). A total of 34.34, 30.64, 11.58, 11.21 and 12.63 Gb were generated for five females, and 12.61, 11.12, 11.67, 13.01 and 11.63 Gb were generated for five males. Moreover, we generated 39.47 Gb data for pool sequencing of female samples and 32.17 Gb for male samples. After filtering and validating, 20 candidate sex-specific sequences were obtained. Further, by PCR confirmation, six male-specific markers (X11, X17, X22, C3, C7, C10) were successfully developed with 100% accuracy in eight females and eight males. Subsequently, in another two different farmed populations of army fish, the authenticity of sex identification remained to be 100% using these markers. Besides, after homology and coverage analysis, we found the candidate sequence corresponding to C3, C7 and C10 had a similar X chromosome homologous sequence, and the resulting C3, C7 and C10 markers also amplified two bands in males but one band in females. In all, these sex-specific markers developed in this study would assist in sex control breeding and promote further research on the sex determination and differentiation mechanism of S. hollandi.

Isolation and characterization of 32 SNP markers in Spinibarbus hollandi based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq)

Isolation and characterization of 32 SNP markers in Spinibarbus hollandi based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq)

De Novo Assembly, Characterization and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Mature Gonads in Spinibarbus hollandi

Spinibarbus hollandi is an important commercial aquaculture species in southeastern China, but with long maturity period and low egg laying amount. However, there has been little study of its gonad development and reproductive regulation, which limits aquaculture production. Here, for the first time, gonadal transcriptomes of male and female S. hollandi were analyzed. A total of 167,152 unigenes were assembled, with only 48,275 annotated successfully. After comparison, a total of 21,903 differentially expressed genes were identified between male and female gonads, of which 16,395 were upregulated and 5508 were downregulated in the testis. In addition, a large number of differentially expressed genes participating in reproduction, gonad formation and differentiation, and gametogenesis were screened out and the differential expression profiles of partial genes were further validated using quantitative real-time PCR. These results will provide basic information for further research on gonad differentiation and development in S. hollandi.

Screening and characterization of sex-specific markers by NGS sequencing in Spinibarbus hollandi with implication of XY sex determination system

Sex-specific markers are critical for understanding sex determination mechanism and development of unisexual breeding in fish. Spinibarbus hollandi is an important commercial aquaculture species in southeastern China. Here, through whole genome sequencing of three female and six male individuals of S. hollandi, we first screened out a total of 88 candidate male-specific sequences. After PCR validation, three male-specific markers were proved to be able to realize male-specific amplification in S. hollandi. Subsequently, the three markers were also examined in another 24 female and 24 male individuals of S. hollandi, and the accuracy was 100%. Moreover, several male-specific genes that participate in sex determination process were identified by NR annotation, which might act as sex determining genes in S. hollandi. In general, the male-specific markers suggested an XY sex determination system in S. hollandi and would contribute a lot to understanding of sex determination mechanisms and development of unisexual breeding.

Transcriptome analysis of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Holland's spinibarbel (Spinibarbus hollandi) infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a protozoan ciliate that causes white spot disease (also known as ichthyophthiriasis) in freshwater fish. Holland's spinibarbel (Spinibarbus hollandi) was less susceptible to white spot disease than grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella). In this study, grass carp and Holland's spinibarbel are infected by I. multifiliis and the amount of infection is 10,000 theronts per fish. All grass carp died within 12 days after infection, and the survival rate of Holland's spinibarbel was more than 80%. In order to study the difference in sensitivity of these two fish species to I. multifiliis, transcriptome analysis was conducted using gill, skin, liver, spleen and head kidney of Holland's spinibarbel and grass carp at 48 h post-infection with I. multifiliis. A total of 489,296,696 clean reads were obtained by sequencing. A total of 105 significantly up-regulated immune-related genes were obtained by Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis in grass carp. Cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), cluster of differentiation 80 (CD 80), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and other inflammatory-related genes in grass carp were enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and toll-like receptor pathway. In Holland's spinibarbel, a total of 46 significantly up-regulated immune-related genes were obtained by GO classification and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Immune-related genes, such as Immunoglobin heavy chain (IgH), cathepsin S (CTSS), complement C1q A chain (C1qA), complement component 3 (C3) and complement component (C9) were enriched in phagosome pathway, lysosome pathway and complement and coagulation concatenation pathway. C3 was significantly up-regulated in gill and head kidney. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that the C3 gene was highly expressed in gill tissue of Holland's spinibarbel infected with I. multifiliis. A small amount of C3 gene was expressed in the gill arch of grass carp after infected with I. multifiliis. In conclusion, the severe inflammatory response in vivo after infecting grass carp with I. multifiliis might be the main cause of the death of grass carp. The extrahepatic expression of the gene of Holland's spinibarbel might play an important role in the immune defense against I. multifiliis.

DNA metabarcoding for dietary analysis of Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) to evaluate the threat to native fishes in Taiwan.

DNA metabarcoding analysis for gut contents has been shown to compensate the disadvantage of traditionally morphological identification and offer higher resolution of prey items in an efficient way. Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) is a freshwater fish native to southern and eastern Taiwan. In the past two decades, this species has been introduced as a sport fish into the river basins of northern and western Taiwan. The large body size and active predation make it a potential threat for native fishes, but which native species are preyed by Holland's carp remains unknown. In this study, the diet from the gut contents of Holland's carp from the Zhonggang River, an invaded basin, was examined using DNA metabarcoding from 51 individuals and by morphological examinations on 140 samples. Detritus of plants were found in 83.6% samples (117 individuals). Twenty fish species of seven families were identified by DNA metabarcoding, including species of all water layers. Taiwan torrent carp (Acrossocheilus paradoxus) and Rhinogobius spp. are the most common prey items. Based on the results of this study, Holland's carp is considered an opportunistic omnivore because of its diverse diet items, which is an important trait for successful invasive fish species. The population decline of Opsariichthys pachycephalus may not result from the invasion of Holland's carps. Nonetheless, the time lag between successful invasion and the samplings of this study may be a concern because the population size of O. pachycephalus may have declined and become difficult to prey. The Holland's carps consumed the least species in winter; nonetheless, the occurrence frequencies of preys among seasons were not significantly different probably because of limited temperature fluctuation. The smallest Holland's carps consumed the least prey species compared to other size categories, similar to the relationship of prey species number to size of invasive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

Study on the swimming ability of endemic fish in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study

The swimming abilities of Spinibarbus hollandi, Siniperca chuatsi, Siniperca loona, Odontobutis sinensis and Rhinogobius giurinus were tested in this study, including induced swimming speed (Uind), critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and constant acceleration test speed (UCAT). The results showed that the Uind of the experimental fish in the Huishui River ranged from 5 to 30 cm/s. The average Ucrit of fish was 68.2 cm/s and 5 times the average Uind. The average UCAT was 97.6 cm/s and 7 times the Uind. The swimming speed of fish is related to their body size. The results showed that the swimming speed was more correlated with the shape than the body length of fish. The relationships between the three speeds and the shape of the experimental fish wereUind=9.809S0.128Ucrit=37.954S0.185, andUCAT=58.418S0.099. The differences in Uind between the five fishes were not obvious, while there were significant differences in Ucrit and UCAT between the five fish species. The results of this study suggested that Spinibarbus hollandi, Siniperca chuatsi, and Siniperca loona have stronger swimming abilities than Odontobutis sinensis and Rhinogobius giurinus.

Transcriptional profiling of skeletal muscle reveals starvation response and compensatory growth in Spinibarbus hollandi

BackgroundSpinibarbus hollandi is an economically important fish species in southern China. This fish is known to have nutritional and medicinal properties; however, its farming is limited by its slow growth rate. In the present study, we observed that a compensatory growth phenomenon could be induced by adequate refeeding following 7 days of fasting in S. hollandi. To understand the starvation response and compensatory growth mechanisms in this fish, the muscle transcriptomes of S. hollandi under control, fasting, and refeeding conditions were profiled using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.ResultsMore than 4.45 × 108 quality-filtered 150-base-pair Illumina reads were obtained from all nine muscle samples. De novo assemblies yielded a total of 156,735 unigenes, among which 142,918 (91.18%) could be annotated in at least one available database. After 7 days of fasting, 2422 differentially expressed genes were detected, including 1510 up-regulated genes and 912 down-regulated genes. Genes involved in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly up-regulated, and genes associated with the cell cycle, DNA replication, and immune and cellular structures were inhibited during fasting. After refeeding, 84 up-regulated genes and 16 down-regulated genes were identified. Many genes encoding the components of myofibers were significantly up-regulated. Histological analysis of muscle verified the important role of muscle hypertrophy in compensatory growth.ConclusionIn the present work, we reported the transcriptome profiles of S. hollandi muscle under different conditions. During fasting, the genes involved in the mobilization of stored energy were up-regulated, while the genes associated with growth were down-regulated. After refeeding, muscle hypertrophy contributed to the recovery of growth. The results of this study may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the starvation response and compensatory growth.

Effect of fasting and subsequent refeeding on the transcriptional profiles of brain in juvenile Spinibarbus hollandi.

Starvation is a common stress in fish. The underlying molecular mechanisms associated with growth depression caused by feeding restriction and compensatory growth are not well understood. We investigated the effect of fasting and refeeding on the transcriptome profiles of brain in juvenile S. hollandi using RNA-seq. A total of 4.73 × 108 raw reads were obtained from nine brain samples. De novo transcriptome assembly identified 387,085 unigenes with 2.1×109 nucleotides. A total of 936 annotated unigenes showed significantly differential expression among the control, fasting, and fasting-refeeding groups. The down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during fasting were mainly associated with cell cycle, DNA replication, and mitosis. The up-regulated DEGs were mainly related to glucose and lipid metabolism, material transportation, and transcription factors. Most decreased DEGs during fasting were restored to normal levels after refeeding. Comparing with the control group, genes associated with protein synthesis, stimulus response, and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly over-expressed and pro-opio melanocortin (POMC) was down-regulated during the refeeding period. In conclusion, fish mobilized stored energetic materials and reduced energy consumption to prolong survival during fasting. After refeeding, the down-regulation of DEGs, e.g., POMC may be associated with compensatory growth. Up-regulation of DEGs related to ribosomal protein, stimulus response, and carbohydrate metabolism may contribute to eliminate negative effect of starvation on brain. This study provided the first transcriptome data related with impact of short-time starvation and refeeding in S. hollandi brains.

Association between expression levels and growth trait-related SNPs located in promoters of the MC4R and MSTN genes in Spinibarbus hollandi.

Melanocortin 4 receptor: (MC4R) and Myostatin (MSTN) are two important growth trait-related genes in animals. In this study, we showed that two SNPs, MC4R-719A>G and MSTN-519C>T, found in the promoters of the MC4R and MSTN genes, respectively, are both associated with growth traits in Spinibarbus hollandi. Furthermore, we observed that there were significant associations between the expression levels of the MC4R and MSTN genes and these two growth trait-related SNPs. The expression level of MC4R gene in brain was lower in GG genotype fish with extremely high growth performance than that in AA genotype fish with extremely low growth performance. Expression level of the MSTN gene in muscle was lower in TT genotype fish with extremely high growth performance than that in CC and CT genotype fish with lower growth performance. The results indicated that these SNPs located in the promoters of MC4R and MSTN are associated with growth-related traits through modification of gene expression levels. The MSTN and MC4R SNPs may have useful application in effective marker-assisted selection aimed to increase output in S. hollandi.

Length-weight relationships of nine fish species from the upper reach of the Gan River, a tributary of the Yangtze River in China

Length-weight relationships (LWRs) are reported for nine fish species belonging to four families from the upper reach of the Gan River, one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River, China. A total of 807 specimens were collected from April 2016 to July 2017. Fishes were both sampled using a backpack electrofishing unit and collected from local fish markets that using various fishing gears such as electrofishing boats, gillnets (mesh sizes: 1–12 cm), hooks, and benthic fyke nets (mesh sizes: 0.5 cm and 0.7 cm). The fish species were Siniperca undulata (Fang & Chong, 1932), Pseudogobio vaillanti (Sauvage, 1878), Sarcocheilichthys parvus (Nichols, 1930), Barbodes semifasciolatus (Günther, 1868), Spinibarbus hollandi (Oshima, 1919), Gobiobotia meridionalis (Chen & Cao, 1977), Pseudobagrus albomarginatus (Rendahl, 1928), Pseudogastromyzon changtingensis (Liang, 1942), and Pseudogastromyzon fangi (Nichols, 1931). The a values for the nine species varied between 0.0056 and 0.0366, the b values ranged from 2.333 to 3.318, and r2 values from .952 to .994.

Characterization of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene from Spinibarbus hollandi and the association between its polymorphisms and S. hollandi growth traits

The melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) is a member of the central melanocortin pathway, which influences development, growth, metabolism, and appetite. In this study, MC4R was cloned and characterized in Spinibarbus hollandi. MC4R DNA is composed of 3068 nucleotides with a 978 nucleotide open reading frame encoding a protein of 326 amino acids. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that MC4R messenger RNA was ubiquitously expressed in tissues, with the most transcriptional abundance in brain and gonad, and that the expression level of MC4R was significantly higher in the lightest group than in the heaviest group of S. hollandi. A primary assessment of sequence variability revealed six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), among which, four were in the promoter (−698A>G, −679C>T, −326C>T, and −202A>G) and two were in the exon (36A>G and 234C>T). Three SNPs, −698A>G, −679C>T, and 234C>T, were significantly associated with growth traits, two of which, −698A>G and −679C>T, were in complete linkage. The other three SNPs showed no significant associations with any of the growth traits. Our data indicated a significant association between genetic variations in the S. hollandi MC4R and growth traits. Accordingly, the SNPs identified in the MC4R could be used as potential genetic markers in future breeding programs for S. hollandi and other fish.

Comparative phylogeography of two codistributed endemic cyprinids in southeastern Taiwan

Two cyprinid fishes, Spinibarbus hollandi and Onychostoma alticorpus, are endemic to southeastern Taiwan. This study examined the phylogeography of these two codistributed primary freshwater fishes using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences (1140 bp) to search for general patterns in the effect of historical changes in southeastern Taiwan. In total, 135 specimens belonging to these two species were collected from five populations. These two codistributed species revealed similar genetic variation patterns. The genetic variation in both species was very low, and the geographical distribution of the genetic variation corresponded neither to the drainage structure nor to the geographical distances between the samples. The results of a statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis suggested that the ancestral populations of these two species were distributed in southern Taiwan before their dispersal. Our study suggests that the initial colonization occurred in the Kaoping River followed by eastern and northward dispersal. Our results also indicate that the Central Range in Taiwan did not act as a barrier to the dispersal of S. hollandi or O. alticorpus.

Determination of an appropriate ecological hydrograph for a rare fish species using an improved fish habitat suitability model introducing landscape ecology index

Fish habitat is an important component of riverine ecosystems. Ecological flow has been proven essential to conserving riverine fish habitats. On the basis of using habitat quantity to estimate ecological flows, this study introduced the landscape ecology method to take habitat quality into consideration. A fuzzy logic-based fish habitat suitability model was developed to establish the relationship between flow and habitat quantity; and then indices of fragmentation and connectivity based on landscape ecology were introduced to improve the model to allow the evaluation of habitat quality. Through simulations using the improved model, a relationship between flow and habitat quality was established. By defining a habitat quality conservation target and combining it with hydrological seasonality, a corresponding ecological hydrograph can be determined. The middle reach of the Lijiang River in China was chosen as a study case and the habitat of the indigenous fish Spinibarbus hollandi (S. hollandi) was taken as the conservation target of ecological flow. Compared to the previous ecological flows considering only habitat quantity, the flows considering habitat quality seemed to be more ecologically meaningful. The case study also showed that the method developed here provides a promising approach for ecological hydrograph estimation.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Holland’s spinibarbel Spinibarbus hollandi Oshima (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae)

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of cyprinid fish, Holland’s spinibarbel Spinibarbus hollandi Oshima (1919) (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Barbinae) has been amplified and sequenced by employing long polymerase chain reaction method. The mitogenome, consisting of 16,523 base pairs (bp), had the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs genes, and a non-coding control region (CR). CR of 867 bp length is located between tRNAPro and tRNAPhe. The overall base composition of S. hollandi is 31.87% for A, 26.56% for C, 25.89% for T, and 15.68% for G, with a slight AT bias of 57.76%. The complete mitogenome may provide rather essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogenetic analysis for not only congeneric species but also higher different taxa of Cyprinid fishes.

Effects of upstream reservoir regulation on the hydrological regime and fish habitats of the Lijiang River, China

Dam construction may alter the hydrological regime of rivers, and thus may cause profound and accumulative impacts on a river ecosystem. Therefore, research on hydrological and ecological response to river regulation has received increasing interest. This research, takes the middle reach of the Lijiang River as a case and an indigenous cyprinid fish Spinibarbus hollandi (S. hollandi) as a target species for the development of an integrated hydro-environmental-habitat model. In contrast to previous studies focusing only on habitat suitability, this research takes into account habitat quality such as habitat fragmentation. The model analyses the effects of flow regime changes due to upstream reservoir operation on habitats for juvenile fish. Unregulated flow (UF) and regulated flow (RF) were simulated, and the corresponding effects on habitat of S. hollandi were analysed and discussed. Using the developed model, an ecologically-based flow regime was derived ensuring several conservation levels for S. hollandi habitats. Based on the recommended ecological flow regime, rules for reservoir operation are suggested.

Fish (Spinibarbus hollandi) dynamics in relation to changing hydrological conditions: physical modelling, individual‐based numerical modelling, and case study

ABSTRACTThe paper reports the development of an individual‐based fish dynamics model, of which the key components are the rules for the movement of individual fish and the definition of the habitat suitability. The distribution of the fish mainly depends on the flow conditions (velocity, depth, substrate) and life cycle of the fish. A major contribution is the refinement of the rules for fish movement, based on laboratory experiments under volitional swimming conditions, which also provided the ranges of preferential velocities and substrate size for the target fish, Spinibarbus hollandi. Moreover, they provided data on the fish trajectories and distribution patterns that allowed for validation of the movement rules. The validated fish dynamics model was applied to investigate the effect of discharge increase during the dry season by means of reservoir operation in the Lijiang River, which was the subject of field investigations in 2007 and 2008. The model results indicated that reservoir operation leads to an increase of fish biomass. According to the fish movement rules, fish cannot always escape from riverbed regions that dry during decreasing discharge events, which causes them to be trapped and die. Reservoir operation decreases the area of dry riverbed and reduces the travel distance for fish to escape from dry regions. Critical advantages of the individual fish model over global models defined on the population level are that they can account for the time that the fish needs to reach a region of suitable habitat and for the spatial pattern of suitable zones and their connectivity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Modelling the impacts of reservoir operations on the downstream riparian vegetation and fish habitats in the Lijiang River

River flow regulations have great impact on the downstream aquatic ecosystem. It is important to investigate the response of target species to the changes in hydrological regimes so that we can explore possible remediation measures. Ecohydraulics models that integrate hydrodynamics processes and ecological processes have been shown to be efficient in achieving these objectives. This study developed an integrated model which combined a two-dimensional hydrodynamic module with a vegetation evolution module and a fish habitat module. Owing to the ability to represent spatial heterogeneity and local interactions, the vegetation module used an unstructured cellular automata (UCA) approach. To describe the ambiguous relations between the physical conditions and habitat suitability, a fuzzy inference method was applied to the fish habitat module. The developed model was applied to a compound channel of the Lijiang River in southwest China, which has been greatly affected by the flow regulations of the Qingshitan Reservoir for navigation purposes. Through scenario simulations, the effects of flow regulation on riparian vegetation and fish habitat were analyzed. According to the results, water releases in the dry season imposed negative effects on the downstream semi-aquatic plant Rumex maritimus (R. maritimus) and Polygonum hydropiper (P. hydropiper) and favored the upland species Leonurus heterophyllus (L. heterophyllus). Regarding to the effects on fish Spinibarbus hollandi (S. hollandi) the results showed that water releases increased the suitability of the spawning conditions, especially during wet and dry years, but had little impact on the overwintering conditions.

Molecular and morphological data suggest that Spinibarbus caldwelli (Nichols) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) is a valid species

The taxonomic problem of the cyprinid species of genus Spinibarbus, occurring in southern China and northern Vietnam, was resolved on the basis of molecular and morphological analyses. Spinibarbus caldwelli and Spinibarbus hollandi have a smooth posterior edge of the last unbranched dorsal fin ray among species in the genus. Spinibarbus caldwelli is currently regarded as a junior synonym of S. hollandi because of ambiguities in diagnostic characters. In this article, 11 mtDNA cytochrome b sequences of Spinibarbus specimens were analyzed together with Barbodes gonionotus and Puntius conchonius as outgroups. Our results showed that specimens identified as S. hollandi from Taiwan were different from those from the Asian mainland at a high level of genetic divergence (0.097-0.112), which is higher than that between the two valid species, S. sinensis and S. yunnanensis ( 0.089), and suggested that Taiwan specimens should be considered as a different species from the Asian mainland one. In a molecular phylogenetic analysis, the sister-group relationship between Taiwan specimens and the Asian mainland specimens was supported strongly by a high confidence level ( 100% in bootstrap value). Further analysis of morphological characters showed that overlap of diagnostic characters is much weaker than previously suggested. Taiwan specimens had 8 branched rays in the dorsal fin, whereas those from the mainland had almost 9-10. The molecular and morphological differences suggest S. caldwelli to be valid. The molecular divergence shows the genetic speciation of S. hollandi and S. caldwelli might have occurred 5.6-4.9 million years ago; the former could be a relict species in Taiwan, and the latter dispersed in the Asian mainland.

Influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance, carcass composition and liver lipid classes of juvenileSpinibarbus hollandi(Oshima)

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance, carcass proximate composition and liver lipid classes of juvenile Spinibarbus hollandi (Oshima), a cyprinid fish. White fish meal was the primary protein source in the study. Eight experimental diets containing 13–55% crude protein were fed to three replicate groups of six fish weighing nearly 8.5 g each for 10 weeks. Both percentage weight gain and feed efficiency ratio increased significantly with increasing dietary protein levels up to 31%, but there was no further increase for protein levels from 31% to 55%. Application of broken-line regression analysis to the percentage weight gain provided an estimate of 32.7±1.5% dietary protein for maximum growth. The protein efficiency ratio and productive lipid value were inversely correlated with dietary protein level. The hepatosomatic index and the viscerosomatic index were also inversely related to dietary protein level. The carcass protein of fish fed lower protein diets was significantly lower than that of the fish fed higher protein diets. Carcass lipid content decreased with increasing dietary protein levels, whereas moisture was inversely related to lipid content. Both liver glycogen and liver lipid contents decreased with increasing dietary protein levels. Triglyceride was the major component in the liver lipid, and the amount of triglyceride deposited in the liver also decreased with dietary protein levels. The results indicated that both carcass proximate composition and liver lipid class of juvenile Spinibarbus hollandi were affected by dietary treatments.