Spinel Nanoferrites Research Articles

Magnetoelectric, physicochemical, and cytotoxicity evaluations of Fluorouracil decorated Gd doped Co nano ferrites

Magnetic nano ferrites (MNFs) can arbitrate applied magnetic fields to generate the magnetic force effects and local magnetic fields, which are beneficial for biomedical applications. Spinel nano ferrites have been extensively used for biomedical applications because of their extraordinary nano-magnetism properties. The current work aims to prepare and analyse spinel nano ferrites (SNFs) for cancer cell treatment in biomedical applications. The biocompatibility of the (SNFs) would be improved by functionalizing with an anti-cancer drug. The current work reports the synthesis, structural, spectral, morphological, and electromagnetic evaluations of the Gd3+ doped Co nano ferrites (GCF) having the composition of CoFe2-xGdxO4 (x = 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075). The nano ferrites of GCF were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The characterizations were carried out using XRD, FESEM, TEM, UV–Vis, and FTIR respectively. XRD reveals a single-phase cubic phase of Co ferrites, whereas Gd-doped shows extra peaks of GdFeO3. VNA and VSM to find GCF nano ferrites' dielectric and magnetic features. FESEM and TEM images confirm the spherical and hexagon-shaped nanoparticles. The low coercivity with high magnetization was investigated for Co ferrites rather than Gd3+ doped Co nano ferrites. GCF particles were functionalized with an anti-cancer drug (5-Fluorouracil (FU)) to investigate the cytotoxicity and cell viability against a human breast cancer cell line (MFC-7). Cytotoxicity study of Gd substituted Co ferrites (GCF) was also evaluated. The present results depicted that 5-FU-coated GCF particles were more toxic and killed almost 21–66% of cancer cells. It is expected that the Co nano ferrites will be found to be less harmful and suitable for cancer cell treatment in biomedical applications.

Comparative Study of Rare Earth Nd and Sm Doping on the Structural, Morphological, Optical, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Traits of Mg-Zn-Cu Spinel Nanoferrites

In the current study, the magnetic nanoparticles of neodymium and samarium substituted Mg-Zn-Cu, with a chemical composition of Mg0.5Zn0.5Cu0.05RxFe1.95-xO4 (x = 0.05; R = Nd, Sm) were produced via the sol-gel auto-combustion route. XRD indicates the evolution of a cubic symmetry having Fd3m space group and no impurities at the room temperature. The FESEM images show the irregularly shaped and agglomerated grains in all samples. FTIR examination reveals the stretching vibrations among the metal cations and anions at interstitial vacancies. The M-H graphs demonstrates that the prepared nanoferrites have low rentivity (0.18–0.84 emu g−1) and coercivity (11.25–34.03 Oe) indicating the formation of superparamagnetic nature. From the electromagnetic traits, the observed sample’s real magnetic permeability (μ″) and permittivity (ε′) along with dielectric loss and magnetic loss reduced with increasing applied field frequency, indicating the typical behaviour of spinel nanoferrites. This may be explained by Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarisation and the electron hopping among the ferrous and ferric ions. The variations in coercivity, anisotropy constant, and electromagnetic traits provide strong evidence that all of the samples are thermally stable and have the potential to be used in solenoids and transformers, and also, in the more resistive devices that operate at the high frequency.

Sm3+ doping-adjusted mechanical, dielectric, and radiation shielding properties of cobalt copper nanoferrites

The scarcity of research on the shielding properties of spinel ferrites underscores the necessity for more rigorous investigations. Consequently, this study introduces a facile synthesis method for Co, Cu, and Sm spinel nanoferrites (referred to as CCS nanoferrites) using the citrate combustion technique. The investigation focuses on their mechanical, dielectric, and gamma-ray shielding parameters. Gamma-ray shielding features are obtained theoretically via the Phy-X database. The particle size, nature, and distribution of the present CCS nanoferrites were analyzed using HR-TEM microscopy. HR-TEM results reveal both the spherical shapes and the aggregation of nanoparticles. These observations can be attributed to the interplay of high surface energy and magnetic interactions among the components of the CCS nanoferrites. The Co0.5Cu0.5Sm0.15Fe1.85O4 nanoferrite exhibits an optimal dielectric constant value of 4587, with an enhanced ratio of 1618% compared to the pristine CCS0 sample. Additionally, it demonstrates an optimal conductivity of 38.59 μ (Ω·m)−1, with an enhanced ratio of 1105%. Furthermore, the loss is reduced to 2.65, showing an improvement ratio of 54% compared to the pristine nanoferrite at room temperature and 50 Hz. Moreover, the longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, and bulk modulus of the nanoferrite Co0.5Cu0.5Sm0.15Fe1.85O4 were increased from 1.79 to 4.96 GPa, 0.32–0.93 GPa, 0.88–2.56 GPa, and 1.37–3.73 GPa, respectively, when compared to the pristine sample. The comparative study of half-value layers at 0.662 MeV revealed that CCS nanoferrites exhibit smaller half-value layers than common radiation shielding materials. Additionally, the study highlighted the enhanced radiation shielding performance of the nanoferrites. Concerning the dielectric, mechanical, and ionizing radiation shielding properties of the CCS spinel nanoferrites, the CCS5 (with the highest Sm content) has the optimum ionizing radiation shielding ability with the highest dielectric and mechanical parameters compared to the other samples. The implications of these findings extend to potential applications in biomedicine, radiation protection, and the optimization of electronic devices operating in radiation fields.

Investigation of gadolinium doped manganese nano spinel ferrites via magnetic hypothermia therapy effect towards MCF-7 breast cancer

Magnetic spinel ferrite nanoparticles (MSF-NPs) are potential candidates for biomedical applications, especially in cancer diagnosis and therapy due to their excellent physiochemical and magnetic properties. In the current study, MSF-NPs were fabricated by sol-gel auto combustion method. The crystal structure and surface morphology were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The magnetic properties were studied by VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer). As increasing Gd3+ concentration, the saturation magnetization values decreased from (17.8-2.3) emu/g, while the coercivity decreased from (499-133) Oe at room temperature. Finally, the fabricated MSF-NPs were tested against anticancer activity by MTT assay. The IC50 = 21.27 μg/mL value was observed, showing the strong antiproliferative activity of these nanoparticles. These results suggested that the obtained MSF-NPs would be useful for remote-controlled hyperthermia therapy for cancer treatment and MRI application due to their excellent magnetic properties. These distinct properties make MSF-NPs most suitable for cancer treatment and bright Contrast Agents (T1-MRI).

Magnetodielectric, elastic, Rietveld refinement and absorption properties of Nd–Cu co-doped Co–Zn nano ferrites: Development of meta-absorbers for wide frequency regime

Currently, Electromagnetic (EM) pollution is harmful to human health because of the generation and propagation of high-frequency EM waves from electronic devices. The absorbing materials with outstanding properties are highly desirable. Meta-absorbers with extraordinary electromagnetic wave absorption, outstanding EM shielding ability, and featured dissipation efficiency are still worth challenging in the surrounding environments. The meta-absorbers were fabricated, designed, and simulated to address the challenges. Nd–Co co-doped Co–Zn spinel nano ferrites (Co0.5Zn0.5-xCuxFe2-yNdyO4 with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, y = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10) were prepared. XRD, FESEM, FTIR, and VSM were used to study the structure, phase, vibrational, elastic, and magnetic features of the Nd–Co co-doped Co–Zn ferrites, respectively. Rietveld refinement of the Nd–Co co-doped Co–Zn ferrites was evaluated by FullProf software. Wyckoff locations and occupancy of the already present cations and anions were refined. The bond lengths and unshared-shared edges were determined using the Bertaut method. The detailed phase occurrence, force constant, and elastic features of Nd–Co co-doped Co–Zn ferrites were also investigated. The mixed shapes of grains like elliptical, circular, and hexagons were noticed from FESEM images. The magnetization and coercivity were reduced with the Nd–Cu doping. Switching field and high-frequency response were also presented for the Nd–Cu co-doped Co–Zn ferrite. The dielectric properties like complex permittivity and permeability depicted higher response at high frequency due to interfacial polarization in prepared ferrites. The reflection loss (RL) of −74.1 dB was noticed at 1.99 GHz for x = 0.4, y = 0.08. However, the reflection loss of −63.9 dB at 2.24 GHz was observed for x = 0.5, y = 0.1. Meta-absorbers of Nd–Cu co-doped NiZn were designed and simulated. The wideband absorptivity is depicted for Nd–Cu co-doped CoZn ferrite as substrate material at x = 0.0 y = 0.00, x = 0.1 y = 0.02, and the absorptivity remains highest for θ = 0 deg. The absorptivity significantly reduces with the increase of incidence angle. Meta-absorbers based on Nd–Cu co-doped Co–Zn ferrites are good future candidates for EMI (electromagnetic interference), MLCIs (multilayer chip inductors), electromagnetic shielding, and 5G-mobile antenna purposes in high-frequency applications.

Bifunctional green nanoferrites as catalysts for simultaneous organic pollutants reduction and hydrogen generation: Upcycling strategy

The upcycling strategy is an approach that includes the conversion of waste into new higher value-added products. This study reports on a new methodology for the environmentally friendly synthesis of MFe2O4 spinel nanoferrites (M = Co, Cu, Fe and Mn) to be used as catalysts applied in the upcycling method. Thus, the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), methyl orange, and methyl red to commercially valuable compounds was evaluated, as well as the simultaneous generation of hydrogen in a short time. Therefore, an eco-friendly synthesis was proposed, according to the 12 principles of green chemistry and sustainability. Product were obtained with satisfactory properties in terms of crystallinity, magnetic particle size, and magnetization. The materials exhibited excellent performance in catalytic reduction of 4-NP, whose reduction time decreased in the order MnFe2O4 > Fe3O4 > CoFe2O4 > CuFe2O4. This behavior highlighted the CuFe2O4 nanoferrite, which achieved 4-NP reduction in just 10 s. It proved that it could also be reused for 10 consecutive cycles while maintaining its crystalline structure. The catalyst was also effective in the reduction of azo dyes and subsequent production of substituted aromatic compounds suitable for use in chemical processes. Under the optimized conditions, the green CuFe2O4 catalyst was effective in producing hydrogen by hydrolysis. HGR and activation energy (Ea) values were of the order of 19,600 mL g−1 min−1 and 25.5 kJ mol−1, respectively. The results demonstrated the potential of this simple strategy for the environmental pollutant elimination and power generation.

Impact of the Sc3+/In3+ co-substitution on the structural, magnetic, and microwave characteristics of Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanospinel ferrites

In this article, In3+ and Sc3+ ions dual-substituted NiCo nanospinel ferrites (ScIn→CoNiFe2O4 NSFs) have been synthesized through citrate-gel auto combustion method to investigate the effect of In3+ and Sc3+ ions on magnetic, and microwave characteristics. The following techniques TEM, SEM, EDX, and XRD were applied to characterize surface morphology, chemical composition, phase identification, and crystallinity of products, respectively. The XRD verified a phase formation of spinel structure with a minor amount of Sc2O3 was observed for products having x ≥ 0.04. The average crystal size (DXRD) of the products was estimated within the 33–68 nm range using the Scherrer equation. SEM and HR-TEM analyses exhibited accumulating sphere-shaped particles. By fitting the room-temperature spectra obtained from Mössbauer spectroscopy (Moss), Hyperfine interactions were determined. The cation distribution shows that there is a migration of In3+ ions in the lattice in an A→B direction with increasing concentrations while the B site is preferred by the larger Sc+3. M−H plots for 300 and 10 K illustrated all products carried out with a ferrimagnetic character. An enhancement in saturation magnetization (Ms) was remarked with Sc–In doping ratio up to 0.04 and thereafter a drop as the Sc–In concentration increased. The tendency in Ms values might be described by correlating it to the cation distribution amongst Oh and Td (octahedral and tetrahedral, respectively) sublattices. Temperature-dependent magnetization measurements were also investigated, which further confirmed the maintenance of the ferrimagnetic character throughout the temperature range 10–300 K. The peculiarities of the microwave properties have been analyzed by the measured S-parameters in the range of 6–18 GHz. It was assumed that the energy losses due to reflection are a combination of electrical and magnetic losses due to polarization processes and magnetization reversal processes in the region of inter-resonant processes. The average value of the reflection coefficient is −14.48 … −14.24 dB. A significant attenuation of the reflected wave energy opens up broad prospects for practical applications as coatings for providing electromagnetic compatibility.

Structural and magnetic investigation on Cr3+ substituted Mn0.25Cu0.25Zn0.5Fe2O4 nano ferrites by co-precipitation route

A low-temperature co-precipitation approach was used to prepare Mn0.25Cu0.25Zn0.5Fe2-xCrxO4 (x=0.0, 0.4). The X-ray diffraction with most intense (311) peak and crystallite size in the range 25-29 nm confirms the formation of spinel nano ferrites. The transmittance within 400-600 cm-1 for all samples confirms Fe-O bond at tetrahedral and octahedral sites of prepared spinel nano ferrites demonstrated by FTIR. The soft magnetic nature of prepared material was recorded by VSM. The small Coercivity (16.6032 &20.9224 Oe), retentivity (1.4588 &1.5617 emu/g) and magnetic saturation (23.83 &31.8169 emu/g) demonstrates superparamagnetic, pseudo single domain and randomly oriented multi-domain nature of the nano ferrites. The produced superparamagnetic nano ferrites advantageous in high frequency and biomedical applications.

Tunable and wideband high-performance rare earth-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn nano ferrite-based meta-absorbers for C-band application

Due to advanced technology, electromagnet interference and dissipation problems in the electronic and portable devices at GHz range are increasing daily. Magnetic absorbing materials with outstanding electromagnetic properties, wide bandwidth, and strong absorption are highly desirable. The present investigation deals with the preparation of Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn (NMCZ) substituted nano ferrites with composition of Ni0.3Mg0.2Cu0.3Zn0.2X0.02Fe1.98O4 (X = Nd, Ho, Pr, Gd, Yb). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a vibratory sample magnetometer (VSM), and a Vector network analyzer (VNA) were used to investigate these rare earth-doped nanocrystalline ferrites' features. XRD reveals the single spinel phase structure in all Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn ferrites. FTIR spectroscopy shows the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral bands of spinel ferrites. FESEM images reveal the lowest agglomeration for the Ho-doped NMCZ nano-spinel ferrites sample. TEM images show the hexagon shapes of the Yb- and Nd-doped NMCZ ferrites. Pr-doped NMCZ ferrites show more coercivity than other rare earth metals substituted NMCZ nanocrystalline ferrites. VSM analysis was used to calculate the magnetic features like initial permeability, magnetic anisotropy constant, remanence, coercivity, and magnetic moment. High-frequency switching field distributions (SFD) analyses were also investigated. Magnetodielectric characteristics such as losses, permittivity, modulus, Q, ac conductivity, and impedance of the Nd-, Ho-, Pr-, Gd-, Yb-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn ferrites were evaluated. The minimum reflection loss (–57.3 dB) is found at 1.4 GHz for Pr-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn ferrite absorber. However, the reflection loss (RL) of –53.9 dB at 2.9 GHz is observed for Ho-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn ferrite absorber. Soft magnetization, low coercivity, outstanding magnetodielectric, and absorption properties of the Nd-, Ho-, Pr-, Gd- and Yb-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn ferrites are suitable candidates for absorption in telecommunication, defense, and technological industries.

PH influenced synthesis and characterization of Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4 Fe2O4 nano ferrite for energy storage and high frequency applications

A spinel nanocrystalline Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4 Fe2O4 was prepared using co-precipitation method maintaining pH -7,10 and 12. The pH influenced structural, spectroscopic and magnetic parameters were recorded by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR and VSM. The crystallite size (31.12 nm to 45.32nm), lattice dimension (8.4175 Å to 8.4368 Å), strain (2.525x10-3 to 3.669x10-3), dislocation density (1.024 x10151/m2 to 4.867 x10151/m2) shows considerable structural enhancement due to pH variation. The Fe-O group analysis by FTIR within 400-600 cm-1 corresponds to tetrahedral (587 cm-1 to 591cm-1) and octahedral (442 cm-1 to 444 cm-1) vibration confirms the formation of spinel nanoferrites. The smooth hysteresis M-H loop with coercivity (12.5826 Oe to 11.2212 Oe), magnetic saturation (62.8431 emu/g to 66.2495 emu/g) and retentivity (0.6375 emu/g to 0.6988 emu/g) describes multi domain nature of prepared material. The obtained structural and magnetic parameter clearly indicates energy storage and high frequency application.

Development of heterogeneous photocatalysis delafossite structured Ag doped Cd-Cu ferrite spinel nanoparticles for an efficient photodegradation process

The photodegradation of sunset yellow dye was efficiently achieved using Ag-Doped Cd-Cu Spinel Nanoferrite as a photocatalyst under ambient circumstances. The method demonstrates economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, non-toxicity, scalability, and the absence of toxic and volatile organic solvents and surfactants. Ag-doped Cd-Cu spinel nanoferrite (Cd0.5Cu0.5-xAgxFe2O4, x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) was prepared using the green co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction patterns represented the formation of a major spinel phase and a minor delafossite phase. XPS spectra show the multiple variant valences of the constituted elements (Cu+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ag+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Fe4+). The Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements confirmed the stability of the delafossite phase. The HRTEM, SEM, and elemental mapping indicated homogenous elemental distributions inside the samples. The prepared nanoparticles exhibited large specific surface areas between 94 and 161 m2/g, indicating their potential applications in chemical and biological fields. The UV–visible light absorption of these materials suggested the possibility of their use as photocatalysts under visible light irradiation. Various effects, such as pH, the concentration of dye, catalyst dose, and the amount of H2O2, were studied. The photodegradability of Sunset Yellow increases with higher silver doping as well as the majority of the delafossite phase due to the increase in specific surface area. The COD reduction is 71.5 % in optimum conditions. The possible photocatalytic degradation pathway of Sunset Yellow was suggested based on GC–MS analysis. A reaction mechanism involving HO• as an effective oxidant was proposed.

Impression of partial replacement of Fe3+ by Sn4+ ion on structural and magnetic features of NiCuZn nanospinel ferrites

Impression of partial replacement of Fe3+ by Sn4+ ion on structural and magnetic features of NiCuZn nanospinel ferrites

Comprehensive Improvement of Various Features of Cu-Cd Ferrites (Cu0.5Cd0.5Fe2-xCexO4) by Cerium (Ce3+) Ion Substitution.

Cerium (Ce3+) substitution in Cu-Cd spinel nanoferrites with the compositional formula Cu0.5Cd0.5Fe2-xCexO4 (x = 0.0, 0.0125, 0.0250, 0.0375, 0.050) was performed by the hydrothermal route. The structural, morphological, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties of Ce-substituted Cu-Cd ferrites were explored. X-ray diffraction revealed the single-phase cubic structure of all nanoferrites. The average crystallite size (72.42-11.61 nm) and lattice constant (8.419-8.449 Å) were observed for the synthesized ferrites. The surface shapes of particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy. The substitution was also verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The semiconducting behavior of ferrites was determined from their electrical properties, such as direct current (DC) electrical resistivity. The Curie temperature was observed at 523 K temperature for all nanoferrites. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss significantly indicated the reducing behavior with an increase in the cerium concentration. The sample Cu0.5Cd0.5Fe1.975Ce0.025O4 resulted in the lowest optical bandgap energy, DC resistivity, and dielectric losses. The nature of the electrical resistivity and dielectric constants indicate that the designed materials are highly appropriate for the design of microwave gadgets.

Pr3+ Ion-Substituted Ni-Co Nano-Spinel Ferrites: Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Biocompatibility for Colorectal Cancer and Candidaemia.

Nanotherapeutics have attracted tremendous research interest in the modern pharmaceutical and biomedical industries due to their potential for drug development, targeted delivery, and therapeutic applications. Therefore, the current study underpins the synthesis of praseodymium ion (Pr3+)-substituted Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 nano-spinel ferrites, (Co0.5Ni0.5PrxFe2-xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) NSFs, CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs) via the sonochemical route for its application as a nanotherapeutic treatment option. The synthesized nanomaterial was characterized using various analytical techniques, including scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). After substitution with Pr (x = 0.08), the particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential analysis indicated an increase in hydrodynamic diameter, with an average zeta potential value of -10.2 mV. The investigation of CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs on colorectal cancer (HCT-116) cells demonstrated a significant effect on cancer cell viability. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs was between 46 ± 0.91 and 288 ± 8.21 for HCT-116 cells. The effect of CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs on normal human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells showed a reduction in the HEK-293 cell viability; however, the cell viability was better than HCT-116. The NSFs treatment also showed morphological changes in cancer cell nuclei, as revealed by DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), nuclear disintegration, and chromatic fragmentation, which are signs of apoptosis or programmed cell death. To examine the potential antifungal effects of CoNiPr NSFs on Candida albicans, known to cause candidemia among cancer patients, the viability of the cells was assessed post treatment with CoNiPr (x ≤ 0.10) NSFs. The increasing ratio of dopant had a moderate impact on the percentage of cell viability loss of 42, 44, and 43% with x = 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10, respectively. These results reinforce that increased dopant significantly impacts the antifungal properties of the synthesized nanomaterial. These findings support the idea that NSFs might be useful in pharmaceuticals.

Comprehensive in-vitro and magnetic hyperthermia investigation of biocompatible non-stoichiometric Zn0.5Ca0.5Fe2O4 and Mg0.5Ca0.5Fe2O4 nanoferrites on lung cancer cell lines

In this research, the suitability and potential of two biocompatible mixed valent non-stoichiometric spinel nanoferrites viz., Zn0.5Ca0.5Fe2O4 (ZCNF) and Mg0.5Ca0.5Fe2O4 (MCNF) with a minor impurity of CaCO3 have been explored for magnetic hyperthermia and in-vitro cytotoxicity against normal and lung cancer cell lines. Nanocrystalline samples of ZCNF and MCNF in fcc structure were synthesized using the citrate-based sol-gel method and characterized by a variety of standard techniques. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron spin resonance and dc-magnetometry studies revealed that ZCNF is dominantly superparamagnetic while, MCNF is a soft ferrimagnet at 300 K. The maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) for 1 mg/mL suspension of nanoferrite powder in de-ionized water was found to be 179 W/g and 338 W/g for ZCNF and MCNF, respectively. Further, the highest hyperthermia temperature of 41.5 °C and 52 °C was achieved in 900 s at 15.98 kA/m for ZCNF and MCNF, respectively. Both ZCNF and MCNF showed good cytocompatibility with a tested concentration of 0.5 mg/mL against the human embryonic kidney HEK-293 (>75% cell viability) cell line. Additionally, simulated in-vitro treatment at an optimum magnetic hyperthermia temperature of 45 °C for 30 min in the presence of ZCNF and MCNF powder (up to a concentration of 1 mg/mL) led to suppression of ∼55% lung cancer cell lines (A549) while, in similar simulated condition the cell viability of normal HEK 293 cell lines remain unaffected. In summary, ZCNF and MCNF are appropriate therapeutic nanomaterials for magnetic hyperthermia-related cancer therapies.

Antimicrobial activity of biogenic-synthesized novel bimetallic nanospinel LiCu-ferrite particles: Experimental and computational studies

An aqueous carob leaf extract was employed in the current study as a biogenic agent (reducing and capping agents) for the synthesis of novel bimetallic lithium and copper-based nanospinel ferrites (LiCu-F) with antibacterial activity. LiCu-F has a considerable number of surface -OH groups, a BET-specific surface area of 72.5 m2/g, a mean particle size of 59.8 nm, and a crystallinity index of 78.9%, according to the results of the physicochemical characterisation of the ferrite. Within the first 60 min, LiCu-F showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on S. aureus and E. coli based on the time-kill assay. 0.4 mg of LiCu-F demonstrated 67.9% bacteriostatic effects on E. coli while exhibiting 100% inactivation of S. aureus strains, demonstrating that the gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to LiCu-F. The computational molecular docking analysis demonstrated that LiCu-F has a higher binding affinity for S. aureus (-38.89 kcal/mol) than E. coli (-29.16 kcal/mol), which is consistent with the experimental findings. With an LD50 of 1000 mg per kg of body weight based on a computational prediction tool, LiCu-F is cytotoxic to bacteria and can cause DNA damage and cell death in bacterial strains.

Silver and nickel modified cobalt-zinc nanostructured ferrites for potential applications

In this analysis, silver and nickel modified cobalt-zinc nanostructured ferrites, with chemical compositions of Co0.5Zn0.5AgxNiyFe2-x-yO4 (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03; y = 0.0, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04) were prepared employing sol–gel auto-combustion (SGAC). All samples were inspected for elementary, structural, microstructural, and magnetic traits. The Fd3m space group geometry with pure spinel phase for the produced nanoferrites was shown by Rietveld’s refined X-ray diffraction patterns. Using the Scherrer formula, X-ray diffraction indicated that samples attain a crystallite size (t) of 38-63 (± 0.01) nm. The field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that grain growth was not uniform but rather agglomerated, of varying shapes and sizes. The vibrational stretching within the metal-oxygen at interstitial sites was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which clearly indicates the creation of Co-Zn spinel nanoferrites. Furthermore, in all the produced samples, five active Raman vibrational modes (Eg, 3T2g, A1g) are present, and all of these are related to the cubic spinel structure. A vibrating sample magnetometer is utilized to examine the magnetic traits of produced magnetic samples, displaying soft magnetic behavior. The Co0.5Zn0.5AgxNiyFe2-x-yO4 (x = 0.00; y = 0.00) sample attains the maximum saturation magnetization (Ms = 64.94 (± 0.001) emu g−1), whereas the maximum coercivity (Hc = 217.33 ± 0.001 Oe) was attained by the Co0.5Zn0.5AgxNiyFe2-x-yO4 (x = 0.03; y = 0.04) sample, respectively. Therefore, due to the magnetic softness and excellent values of magnetic parameters of the integrated samples, it is possible to use them for potential applications such as recording media, switching, multi-layer chip indicators (MLCIs), and power applications.

A new hybrid non-aqueous approach for the development of Co doped Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles for practical applications: Cation distribution, magnetic and antibacterial studies

Ni-Zn spinel nanoferrite with a composition Ni0.6-xZn0.4CoxFe2O4 (x = 0.00, 0.033, 0.066, 0.132, 0.264 and 0.528) was produced at a low reaction temperature using a novel hybrid direct non-aqueous approach that eliminates the need for a complexing agent and a precursor that adjusts pH. The developed Ni0.567Zn0.4Co0.033Fe2O4 (x = 0.033), Ni0.534Zn0.4Co0.066Fe2O4 (x = 0.066) and Ni0.072Zn0.4Co0.528Fe2O4 (x = 0.528) nanoferrites attains the single-phase spinel cubic nano symmetry with a crystallite size of 54.91, 47.55, and 48.98 nm, respectively. Spherical shaped nanoparticles with aggregated behaviour were confirmed for the produced nanoferrites. XPS spectra of Ni0.072Zn0.4Co0.528Fe2O4 nanoferrite confirms the detection of major photoemission peaks of Zn2p, Ni2p, Co2p, Fe2p, O1s, and C1s. According to the BET research investigation, Ni0.072Zn0.4Co0.528Fe2O4 nanoferrite having specific surface area of 2.309 m2/g. The highest saturation magnetization and coercivity of 37.09 emu/g and 108.85 Oe was attained at higher doping content of cobalt (x = 0.528). With this nano crystalline nature and excellent magnetic factors, the developed nanoferrites are highly beneficial for the recording media applications to get the suitable signal to noise ratio and also, for multi-layer chip inductors (MLCIs). From the antibacterial investigation, it was observed that the produced Co doped Ni-Zn ferrites (x = 0.033, 0.264) shows high zone of inhibition (ZOI) for E. coli and Bacillus subtilis but the rest of the samples (x = 0.0, 0.066, 0.132, 0.528) shows no ZOI for both the bacterial strains. Therefore, the prepared Co doped Ni-Zn nanoferrites also works as superior antibacterial agent for biological application.

Structural, magnetic properties, and hyperfine interactions of Ni0.8Cu0.1Zn0.1MoxFe2−2xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) nanospinel ferrites

Structural, magnetic properties, and hyperfine interactions of Ni0.8Cu0.1Zn0.1MoxFe2−2xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) nanospinel ferrites

Nd-doped NiFe2O4 and its composite with CNTs to tune photocatalytic activity

Rare earth-doped spinel nano ferrites are attaining importance as heterogeneous nanocatalysts for the degradation of organic effluents. Rare earth metal doping increases the electrical and optical properties, as well as the surface-to-volume ratio of the bare sample. In this work, NiFe2O4 (NF) and Nd-NiFe2O4 (NF-1) were successfully synthesized via the co-precipitation route. Carbon nanotubes (CNT)-based nanocomposite (NF-2) was prepared using the ultra-sonication method. The prepared materials were analyzed via various physiochemical approaches. The degradation efficiency of these materials was analyzed for the degradation of Rhodamine B, methylene blue, and benzoic acid. NF-2 shows the highest efficiency among all the prepared catalysts. NF-2 shows 83.87%, 90.80%, and 66.96% degradation of Rhodamine B, methylene blue, and benzoic acid, respectively. The reason for the superior activity of NF-2 is the existence of rare earth Nd ions and CNTs. The surface area of NF increases due to the presence of carbon nanotubes and enhanced surface area provides more active sites for the degradation reaction.