Spinach Seeds Research Articles

Effects of Different Methods of Accelerating Germination on Early Growth of Spinach

Because spinach seeds have a hard seed coat structure, if direct sowing is adopted without seed treatment in production and cultivation, it is very easy to cause poor seed emergence, resulting in a certain degree of yield reduction. Studying the germination conditions of spinach seeds under different conditions is of great significance for the quality of spinach seed germination and farmers' sowing and production. In this study, two methods were used to treat spinach seeds and observe their germination. The results show that the two methods are significantly better than the control, indicating that H2O2 soaking and warm soup soaking can promote the germination of spinach seeds. The effect of 20% H2O2 soaking is the best. Dioxygen water can also release oxygen in aqueous solution, which is very beneficial to the growth of Spinach Seedlings. Therefore, it is suggested that spinach seeds should be soaked in 20% H2O2 or warm water in combination with the actual production, so as to promote the germination of spinach seeds under appropriate temperature conditions.

The Effect of Magnetic Field Exposure on The Growth of Green and Red Spinach Plants

A magnetic field is defined as the space around a magnet that is still experiencing a magnetic force. As the electric force, the magnetic force is driven by something, namely a magnetic field. A moving charge creates a magnetic field which in turn exerts a force on another moving charge. This study aims to determine the effect of magnetic fields exposure on the growth of spinach plants. The increase in demand for spinach in Indonesia has not been matched by the availability of sufficient spinach, one of the reasons for the insufficient availability of spinach is the decrease in fertile land for agriculture. This causes the ability to produce spinach planted in the ground also decreases. This study uses materials that are easily obtained, the method used in this research is quantitative research with a true experimental design, in the form of magnetic field exposure on the growth rate of spinach plants. The magnetic field used is produced from the coils of copper wire with the number of 5, 20, 35, 50 and 0 widing, with the duration of exposure was 30 minutes every day for 7 days. Magnetic fields in water exposed whare soaking spinach seeds rested which increases the permeability of the seed film, activates calcium ions, and inhibits the growth of microorganisms in water that are harmful to seed germination and plant growth. From the results of this study indicate that the use of copper wire with the number of widing is still not optimally used.

The Modified Hydroponic Kit Based on Self-Fertigation System Designed for Remote Areas

Hydroponics has great potential to improve the sustainability of food supplies in various regions presently and in the future. However, studies on proposed hydroponic technology specifically for remote areas are still very limited, with the majority focusing on urban areas. Limited resources, such as electricity supply, are the main obstacles to implementing hydroponics in remote areas. Therefore, this study proposes a breakthrough in hydroponic technology based on a self-fertigation system that can work without electricity for effective and efficient plant growth. This study employs a descriptive quantitative methodology. The proposed hydroponic technology was applied to spinach (Amaranthus dubius) with green and red varieties, from January to April 2021 during the wet season in the tropical climate of Indonesia. Spinach seeds were sown and placed at the nursery for 10 days in net pots containing rockwool of 25 mm of cubes growth media, and then transferred to a hydroponic kit until harvesting. Based on the analysis, microclimate conditions had a safe range and were consistent with plant growth standards. The modified hydroponic kit provided good fertigation quality including temperature, electrical conductivity, potential hydrogen and dissolved oxygen for spinach plants. The total fertigation consumption amounted to 46.64 L during the 20 days of planting (equal to 0.012 L/plant day−1) with low evapotranspiration (0.89 mm/day). In addition, green spinach had higher productivity of 1.34 kg/m2 than red at 0.71 kg/m2. The nutritional analysis results also showed that green spinach is superior for calcium, iron, phosphor, and vitamin C, while red is superior for potassium and magnesium. The hydroponic kit was used successfully to cultivate spinach plants with good morphological and nutritional qualities. This type of technology has a bright outlook for the near future and must be continuously developed.

Germination screen for microalgae-generated plant growth biostimulants

Greenhouse (controlled environments) horticulture is expected to rise to ~USD 30 billion by 2023. In such climate-controlled systems, crop yields can increase ~10-fold compared with field production, due to higher water and nutrient efficiency and reduced external environmental impacts. The application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) can promote seed germination and plant development, speed up the production cycle and increase production efficiency which is of particular significance for high-value crops produced in controlled environments. Here, a novel in-vivo germination and plant growth assay was developed to rapidly identify microalgae strains that naturally produce PGRs was developed using spinach (Spinacia oleracea L) as test crop. Four newly isolated, fast growing microalgae strains in the genera Chlorococcum, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Chlorella were screened to evaluate their potential as reliable and cost-effective sources of PGRs. Spinach seeds were primed with soluble and insoluble microalgae fractions from whole-cell and lysed-cell extracts and compared to controls (water and commercial seaweed extract). After a 5-day incubation, algae extracts improved seed germination up to 1.7-fold and 1.6-fold compared to water and seaweed extract, respectively. Green cotyledon emergence improved up to 2-fold (day 6), while seedling biomass improved up to 2.1-fold and 1.9-fold (day 9) compared to water and seaweed extract, respectively. The quantification of cytokinins (trans-Zeatin, DHZR, tZMP, iP, iPA, iPAMP), gibberellins (GA1, GA3, GA4, GA20 and GA29), auxin (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) validated that the four uncharacterized microalgal strains produced relevant PGRs. To boost plant propagation, PGR-producing microalgae may offer natural and cost-effective alternative biostimulants to synthetically produced agrochemicals.

PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI UMAT: “PEMANFAATAN LINGKUNGAN DISEKITAR RUMAH UNTUK BUDIDAYA BAYAM BRAZIL DI ERA PANDEMI”

Brazilian spinach is a type of spinach that has not been widely consumed and cultivated by the Indonesian people even though it has excellent health benefits and is easy to cultivate. This Brazilian spinach cultivation training aims to empower the community during the pandemic by utilizing the land around the house or planting it in pots. The training participants were members of the GKI and GKJ churches from DIY and Central Java as well as some from Eastern Indonesia. Training participants are limited to 20 people with strict health protocols. The training materials are in the form of providing theory and direct practice in preparing seeds, media and planting as well as education about the benefits of brazil spinach for health. The results of this training were in the form of polybags containing spinach seeds that the participants had successfully harvested to take home and cultivate in their respective homes. Assistance for the Brazilian spinach cultivation process is carried out online through the WhatsApp group social media.

PENERAPAN AKUAPONIK UNTUK MENJAGA KETAHANAN PANGAN DI DESA CIOMAS KABUPATEN BOGOR

The Covid-19 pandemic has had many negative impacts on the income of the Indonesian residents, one of them are Ciomas village residents who are mostly engaged in micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). One of these impacts was felt by the owner of abon catfish MSMEs in Ciomas Village, which production decreased after the pandemic. Raw materials which is large catfish are difficult to obtain because of the high cost in catfish cultivation. Aquaponics activities are intended to cultivate fish and plants in one environment as well as being symbiotic. The aquaponics installation is installed in the resident's pond by installing a pipe containing rockwool and water spinach seeds which are connected to a water pump with an up-flow system. Obstacles faced during the activity are difficulties in pipes installing, leaking ponds, not suitable water pumps used, and time limits. Further monitoring needs to be done to see the development of aquaponics because the water used comes from household water drainage which has the potential to hinder the success of the aquaponics activity

Pelatihan Perawatan Tanaman Sayuran pada Teknik Vertikultur untuk Keberlangsungan Kemandirian Pangan Masyarakat Perkotaan di Masa Pandemi

This training was conducted at the Sang Timur Boys' Dormitory in the city of Yogyakarta. This activity aims to increase the knowledge, insight, and skills of residents and hostel administrators in vertical care, and also assist government programs in adapting new habits by reducing outdoor activities and increasing food security in urban areas. The methods used at the time of implementation included socialization, mentoring in planting vegetable seeds (water spinach and mustard greens), training in the manufacture of liquid fertilizer, and provision of lettuce, spinach, and water spinach seeds for the next planting period. The result of the activity is that the vertical installations owned by the hostel can be managed and utilized properly. In addition, the residents and administrators of the hostel gain knowledge, insight, and skills in plant care in verticulture techniques and the manufacture of liquid fertilizer that can be used on their plants.

Composition of the Microbiomes from Spinach Seeds Infested or Noninfested with Peronospora effusa or Verticillium dahliae

The worldwide distribution of plant seeds can disseminate beneficial and plant-pathogenic microorganisms. This phenomenon is of particular concern where seed production is geographically isolated from crop production, as is the case with spinach in the United States. We aimed to characterize the structure and function of spinach seed microbiomes in commercial spinach seed lots originating from Europe and New Zealand. The seed lots we analyzed were infested with Peronospora effusa and Verticillium dahliae, only infested with V. dahliae, or not infested with either of these pathogens. The microbial taxonomic composition and gene function (assessed by gene ontology [GO] terms) of spinach seeds were highly influenced by geographic origin and the status of pathogen infestation. Through taxonomic profiling, we found that potentially plant-beneficial bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas and Pantoea were the most abundant taxa both in infested and noninfested seeds, and Stenotrophomonas was observed in seed lots infested with P. effusa and V. dahliae. Many potential plant pathogens that are not known to be associated with spinach seed were also discovered by metagenomic analysis, including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium pseudograminearum, Alternaria brassicae, A. solani, Parastagonospora nodorum, and Pyrenophora teres f. teres. Our analysis of the function of prokaryotic genes in de novo assembled metagenomes revealed distinct GO terms associated with the geographic origin of seed lots. This work provides an important first step toward identifying spinach seedborne microorganisms that could be utilized to improve plant health and plant pathogens that could be inadvertently carried to new locations.

Evaluation of Damping-Off Tolerance in Spinach Cultivars in Field Soils and in a Standardized Lab Assay with Pythium ultimum

Spinach growers face increasing problems of damping-off in the production of fresh-market (baby-leaf) spinach due to increasing restrictions on chemical treatments. Damping-off-tolerant cultivars are increasingly important, requiring proper evaluation methods. From three locations in The Netherlands with a history of spinach cultivation and from one location in France, potential damping-off pathogens were isolated from the soil, identified to species or genus, and tested for their pathogenicity. Pythium ultimum was the most prevalent pathogen in those fields, causing spinach pre- and postemergence damping-off. Eight spinach cultivars with two or three seed lots each were evaluated at the same field locations and in a greenhouse with soil sampled from one of the Dutch field sites. Preemergence damping-off was more discriminating for differences among the cultivars than postemergence damping-off. Variation in levels of infection among trials, replicates, and seed lots of the same cultivars emphasized the need for a more standardized phenotyping assay. For such an assay, a cornmeal-sand-based inoculum with a pathogenic P. ultimum isolate was added to a substrate mixture of sand, perlite, and vermiculite and moistened until 50% water-holding capacity, in which spinach seeds were incubated for 10 days in a dark climate cabinet at 15°C, including a control treatment without P. ultimum inoculum. The assay showed reproducible results for discriminating differences in preemergence damping-off tolerance levels among seed lots. However, cultivar differences in preemergence damping-off tolerance levels could not be confirmed due to a large variation among seed lots that needs further investigation.

Use of bacterial strains antagonistic to Escherichia coli for biocontrol of spinach: A field trial

To counteract global food safety hazards related to raw consumption of ready-to-eat leafy vegetables, a method to improve bacterial status using antagonistic bacteria was studied under field conditions. This is the first study to identify potential Escherichia coli antagonists from the native microbiota on leafy green vegetables and evaluate their effect in an industrial field production setting. Bacterial strains were isolated from different types of leafy green vegetables and selected upon their effect against E. coli in vitro, and out of 295 tested bacterial strains, 37 showed an antagonistic effect. Four of those antagonistic strains were coated in separate treatments onto spinach seeds and planted in the field. Both seeds and plants were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq next generation sequencing (NGS), and it was seen that the microbiota of the plants contained lower relative abundance of plant and human pathogenic genera. Higher β-diversity was observed for the samples treated with Bacillus coagulans LMG P-32205 and B. coagulans LMG P-32206 compared to control, indicating that those strains have induced substantial changes in the native microbiota of the leaves. A reduction of Escherichia-Shigella was seen for two of the isolates (Pseudomonas cedrina LMG P-32207 and Pseudomonas punonenis LMG P-32204) as the seeds developed into plants. Seeds inoculated with two of the strains (B. coagulans LMG P-32205 and B. coagulans LMG P-32206) had increased levels of Lactobacillaceae, and treatment with B. coagulans LMG P-32206 resulted in lower levels of Pantoea (from 31.4 to 12.2%).These results encourage the usage of bacterial antagonists as part of a global solution to reduce the risk of human pathogens on leafy green vegetables.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS UPTAKE OF VEGETABLES CULTIVATED ON A DUMPSITE AT ABRAHAM ADESANYA POLYTECHNIC IJEBU-IGBO, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.

Growing and harvesting of plants on contaminated site as remediation method is a technique that may be employed for the purpose of environmental remediation. Seeds of jute (Corchorus Olitorius), spinach (Celosia argentea) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) were planted on a dumpsite at Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic Ijebu Igbo, Ogun state. They were harvested five weeks after visible growth and maturation was observed. The soil from the dumpsite and harvested vegetables were dried, digested and analysed for possible absorption of heavy metals (Lead, Manganese, Copper, Cadmium and Iron) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The analyses revealed an appreciable level of concentration (mg/kg) of manganese, iron, lead, copper and cadmium in the cultivated vegetables. However, a higher absorption capacity for Fe was observed in Abelmoschus esculentus which revealed its potential as soil remediation for Fe. Movement of Cd was also strong from the soil to all the cultivated vegetables but mild for Cu, Pb and Mn. The results obtained for the cultivated vegetables showed they are presently within the safe limits of NAFDAC and European Union but may later pose a health risk to consumers if the constant practice of refuse and sewage disposal of inorganic contaminants on the dumpsite is not controlled.

Composition of Fatty Acids and Squalene Content of Wild Spinach (Amaranthus dubius Mart) Seed Oil

This study aims to determine the yield of wild spinach seed oil obtained by continuous extraction methods using Soxhlet apparatus for 10.5 hours in n-hexane solvent, the physio-chemical properties, and the composition of wild spinach seed oil using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Refinement of wild spinach seed oil was done by degumming and neutralization. The yield of wild spinach seed oil extraction before refinement was 4.36 ± 0.29% (w/w) while after refinement was 0.68 ± 0.033% (w/w). Physio-chemical properties of wild spinach seed oil after refinement was as follows: water content 0.37%; peroxide value 9.5 meq/kg; acid value of 0.53 mg KOH/g oil; saponification value 208.9 mg KOH/g oil. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that the wild spinach seeds were composed of 5 main components: dodecanoic acid (0.28%); tetradecanoic acid (0.08%); palmitic acid (1.31%); squalene (94.9%); and linoleic acid (3.34%).

Zinc Seed Priming Improves Spinach Germination at Low Temperature

Low temperature during germination hinders germination speed and early seedling development. Zn seed priming is a useful and cost-effective tool to improve germination rate and resistance to low temperature stress during germination and early seedling development. Spinach was tested to improve germination and seedling development with Zn seed priming under low temperature stress conditions. Zn priming increased seed Zn concentration up to 48 times. The multispectral imaging technique with VideometerLab was used as a non-destructive method to differentiate unprimed, water- and Zn-primed spinach seeds successfully. Localization of Zn in the seeds was studied using the 1,5-diphenyl thiocarbazone (DTZ) dying technique. Active translocation of primed Zn in the roots of young seedlings was detected with laser confocal microscopy. Zn priming of spinach seeds at 6 mM Zn showed a significant increase in germination rate and total germination under low temperature at 8 °C.

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN VEGETATIF TANAMAN KANGKUNG (IPOMOEA REPTANS POIR) AKIBAT PERLAKUAN MEDIA TANAM DAN METODE PEMBERIAN AIR

<pre>The aims of the study were: (1) knowing the vegetative growth response of water spinach (<em>Ipomea reptans Poir</em>) due to the treatment of planting media; (2) knowing the vegetative growth response of water spinach plants (<em>Ipomea reptans Poir</em>) due to the method of giving water and (3) knowing the vegetative growth response of kale (<em>Ipomea reptans Poir</em>) due to a combination of planting media and methods of giving water</pre><pre> The research was conducted at Jl. Karya Kasih, Gang. Sawah No. 1. Kelurahan. Pangkalan Masyhur, Medan Johor Subdistrict, Medan. with an altitude of ± 30 m above sea level. The research was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021.</pre><pre> The materials used in this study were water spinach seeds, compost and top soil soil, 10 kg polybag of soil and organic pesticides for pest and disease control.</pre><pre> Tools: moisture meter, hands prayer, hoe, machete, saw, title board, plot board and treatment board.</pre><pre> This study used a factorial randomized block design consisting of 3 replications and 2 factors, namely: Factor I. planting medium consisting of two levels, namely: (1) M0 = 100% top soil (100% soil: 0% compost): (2) ) M1 = Compost soil ratio 3: 1 (75% soil: 25% compost) and (3) M2 = Compost soil ratio 1: 1 (50% soil: 50% compost). while, Factor II. Method of Giving Water (I) which consists of three levels, namely: (1) Po = Field Capacity by giving water once a day; (2) P1 = 3/4 Field Capacity by giving water once a day and (3) P2 = ½ Field Capacity by giving water once a day. Thus there are 9 treatment combinations and 3 replications.<strong></strong></pre><pre> Observed variables include: plant height (cm), number of leaves, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm) and plant wet weight (g).</pre><pre> If the results of the variance test show a significant difference from the treatments tried, it can be continued with the Honestly Difference Test (DMRT) method.</pre>

PENERAPAN HIDROPONIK TANAMAN KANGKUNG ORGANIK DI KELURAHAN LOKOBOKO KECAMATAN NDONA

Community service through the Independent Community Service Program with the theme "Application of Organic Kale Plant Hydroponics" has been carried out. The series of activities carried out were exploring problems, training in making fertilizers or nutrients for hydroponic plants, hydroponic seeding of kale seeds and planting water spinach seeds hydroponically as well as applying organic fertilizers. The parties involved in this activity are students, village officials and the community in Lokoboko Village. The results obtained from this activity were examples of hydroponic vegetable cultivation with an organic system and high enthusiasm from all parties involved to implement it. From these results, it is suggested that this hydroponic method can be applied in the yards of the Lokoboko village community.

Effect of lead (Pb) on seed germination of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk)

In this research, the effect of lead (Pb) on seed germination rate (%) of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) have been investigated. The seeds were placed in 6 × 4 × 2 cm rockwool moistened with distilled water (control) and aqueous solutions of PbCl2 (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μM). Germination test was done by sowing fifteen water spinach seeds with six replicates for each concentration Pb level for 4 days. Several parameters have been observed in the seed germination test. Such stress conditions revealed that by increasing the concentration of lead, the germination rate (%), the tolerance index (TI), and the seedling vigor index (SVI) decreased significantly, suggesting their toxic effect on water spinach. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that for lead-treated seeds were significantly different compared to the controls and showed a gradual decrease towards an increase in lead concentration (Pb) in shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root length, SVI, and, TI. Germination percentage and seedling dry weight of lead-treated germinated seeds were not significantly different compared to the controls. Due to limitations of the data, the maximum lead concentration thresholds for water spinach cannot be accurately determined, but it can be inferred that they would be greater than 100 and less than 200, respectively.

Rancang Bangun Alat Tanam Benih Kangkung Darat (Ipomoea Raptana Poir)

Kale spinach is a type of vegetable that is widely consumed by people in Indonesia. It’s contains protein, carbohydrates, calcium, iron, sodium, phosphorus, fiber, vitamins A and C. The kale spinach is a low-calorie vegetable. The purpose of this research is to design kale spinach seed planting tool with a semi-mechanical system which power comes from human power, this tool is operated by pulling a lever on the tool so that the tool can work. After the manufacture of kale seed planting is complete, the authors test the performance of the tool capacity, and from the results of the performance test of this tool it can be concluded that it can work well. The results of the performance test of the capacity of this tool to plant water spinach seeds with an area of 0.0005 ha takes 0.007 hours with an average speed of 0.2 m/s, the average seeds that fall per hole are 3 seeds, 98.6% efficiency, The theoretical capacity is 0.072 ha/hour, the effective capacity is 0.071 ha/hour, the percentage of growth is 95%, the average distance between plants is 10 cm, and the average distance between rows of plants is 10 cm.

Effect of the suspension of Ag-incorporated TiO2 nanoparticles (Ag-TiO2 NPs) on certain growth, physiology and phytotoxicity parameters in spinach seedlings.

In this work, the effect of the inoculation of silver-incorporated titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Ag-TiO2 NPs) in spinach seeds was evaluated on certain growth, physiology and phytotoxicity parameters of the plants. This is an important crop for human consumption with high nutritional value due to their low calorie and fat content, providing various vitamins and minerals, especially iron. These NPs were obtained by means of the sol-gel method and heat treatment; the resulting powder material was characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and the influence of these NPs on plants was measured by estimating the germination rate, monitoring morphological parameters and evaluating phytotoxicity. The photosynthetic activity of the spinach plants was estimated through the quantification of the Ratio of Oxygen Evolution (ROE) by the photoacoustic technique. Samples of TiO2 powder with particle size between 9 and 43 nm were used to quantify the germination rate, which served to determine a narrower size range between 7 and 26 nm in the experiments with Ag-TiO2 NPs; the presence of Ag in TiO2 powder samples was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The analysis of variance showed that the dependent variable (plant growth) could be affected by the evaluated factors (concentration and size) with significant differences. The statistical trend indicated that the application of the Ag-TiO2 NPs suspension of lowest concentration and smallest particle size could be a promoting agent of the growth and development of these plants. The inoculation with NPs of 8.3 nm size and lowest concentration was related to the highest average ROE value, 24.6 ± 0.2%, while the control group was 20.2 ± 0.2%. The positive effect of the Ag-TiO2 NPs treatment could be associated to the generation of reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial activity, increased biochemical attributes, enzymatic activity or improvements in water absorption.

Seed priming with seaweed extract mitigate heat stress in spinach: effect on germination, seedling growth and antioxidant capacity

Spinach seeds are sensitive to high temperatures during germination and plant growth. It is known that seed priming with water or with seaweed extract (SWE) may enhance germination and seedling growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seed priming with SWE (Ascophyllum nodosum) on the germination, seedling growth and antioxidant capacity of spinach seedlings under conditions of heat stress. Five concentrations of SWE (0.0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 and 1.2%) were used for priming the seeds under two temperatures (15 and 30 °C). Seeds primed with 0.3% SWE had the greatest activity of antioxidant metabolism and showed improved germination percentage, germination speed and seedling vigor under conditions of heat stress (30 °C) compared to nonprimed controls. Hydropriming and priming with 0.3% SWE resulted in lower contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) under heat stress than control (nonprimed spinach seeds). This study showed that seed priming with SWE was effective to mitigate stress due to high temperatures and to improve spinach seed germination and seedling vigor.

Role of spent mushroom substrate in enhancing the growth parameters of three leafy vegetables

The results revealed that the seeds of amaranthus and spinach germinated within 5-7 days of sowing while the germination of coriander was recorded after 10 days of sowing in SMS filled pots. Whereas the leafy vegetables amaranthus and spinach germinated within 10 days of sowing whereas coriander germinated within 15-20 days of sowing in control pots (only soil). The growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves and length of leaves, diameter of leaves recorded at 20th and 40th day after sowing showed that there is no significant effect of spent mushroom substrate on plant height in three leafy vegetables whereas there is a significant effect on growth parameters number of leaves, length of leaves and diameter of leaves at 20th day after sowing whereas after 40 days after sowing only in spinach there is a significant increase in leaf length and leaf diameter while in coriander there is a significant increase in plant height whereas there is no significant effect on other parameters. The serial dilution of SMS in three leafy vegetables Amaranthus, Spinach and Coriander pots along with the control recorded the presence of microflora Cladosporium sp, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp. in palak, whereas in amaranthus Trichoderma sp. was predominant and in coriander Aspergillus sp. Pseudomonas sp. were recorded and in control pots Cladosporium sp, Aspergillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp. were recorded. The spent mushroom substrate enhanced the soil pH, EC, organic carbon, available nitrogen and potassium in the soil which promoted the growth of plants.