Spin-off Development Research Articles

大学発ベンチャー育成のためのメンタープラットフォームにおける同窓会ネットワーク活用に関する研究

In this study, we discuss how to best use alumni networks for entrepreneurial and incubation processes of university spin-offs capitalizing on technology seeds. On the basis of previous studies, findings and theories, we hypothesized that alumni networks would be successful platforms through which mentors could support, advise, guide, and/or supervise entrepreneurs. To prove this claim, we conducted (1) a survey of incubation offices and alumni liaison offices in universities across Japan and (2) case studies of three advanced mentor organizations operated as alumni networks. The findings validated the hypothesis and further identified (1) the crucial characteristics of alumni networks for university spin-off development and (2) that a common premise and objective for the alumni network and the heterogeneity of its members, realized by including a certain percentage of alumni from other universities, is indispensable for a successful mentor platform.

Conceptualising the heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multi-dimensional taxonomy

Research-based spin-offs (RBSOs) have become an important aspect of the technology transfer process. Emanating from what is conventionally a non-commercial environment, RBSOs pose major challenges if they are to realise their potential to meet the objectives of their founders and the parent research organisations (PROs) from which they emerge. An important issue is to understand the heterogeneity of RBSOs. This paper reviews the literature on RBSO typologies to develop a taxonomy of RBSOs. We identify common themes in relation to these typologies in relation to (1) spin-off creation and (2) spin-off development. The dimensions that differentiate between firms are the type of resources, the business model and the institutional link. We identify gaps in current typologies in order to propose avenues for future conceptual and empirical research.

The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: Managerial and policy implications

We consider the managerial and policy implications of the rise of spin-offs at public research institutions (PRIs), based on a knowledge-based view (KBV) of the firm. This framework highlights the importance of knowledge in the creation and development of spin-offs. We argue that in order to understand the development of spin-offs, researchers should focus on “knowledge gaps” these new ventures encounter. Knowledge gaps can occur at different levels of aggregation, including the PRI, spin-off, team, individual, incubator, and at different stages of spin-off development. Based on this framework, we synthesize findings from previous studies and papers in the special issue and offer some suggestions for additional research on spin-offs from PRIs.

The Effect of Gel Layer Formation during Development on Critical Dimensions

Patterns unfaithful to the aerial images were obtained by the spin-off development method, in which a spin-off step is added to the static development method. The critical dimension (CD) of the isolated line decreased more than that of the dense line as wafer rotation speed increased. The CD difference between the isolated line and the dense line was not due to the alkaline concentration recovery by the stirring effect of the spin-off development method and the aerial image difference between pattern types. It was due to the difference in the ease of removing the semi-dissolving layer, which was observed to cover the sidewall of resist lines, at the boundary between developer and resist during spin-off. The developer flow along the wide space area and the wide area of the layer contacting developer during spin-off are thought to make the CD of the isolated line small. The mechanical removal of the semi-dissolving layer is one of the factors to determine CDs.

An Assessment of Higher Education Spin-off Enterprises in Wales

This paper examines academic spin-off activity in universities and the development of different policies for academic entrepreneurship applicable to Wales. Detailed information on various aspects of spin-off development in Industrial South Wales (ISW) has been obtained through interviews with industrial liaison officers (ILOs) or their equivalents in all higher education institutions (HEIs) in ISW. The data gathered include quantitative information on developments over the last decade and qualitative information on university initiatives to help start-up businesses. The authors use this quantitative and qualitative information to address the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats relating to the development of academic spin-offs in ISW. The conclusions also draw on other initiatives in Europe and compare the results gathered with those of best practice elsewhere.

Support of University Spin-off Companies

In this paper the process of the business development of spin-off companies from universities is described. The authors discuss each phase of development (awareness, feasibility, start-up, growth and maturity) and provide examples of each phase. They describe in particular the example of the University of Twente and its spin-off programme, TOP (Temporary Entrepreneurial Positions). Secondly, they focus on university spin-off programmes: what are the arguments against and in favour of such initiatives? The arguments that led the University of Twente to favour investment in spin-off programmes are discussed. The final section of the paper concerns the EU-supported UNISPIN project, a systematic approach to university spin-off development throughout all member states of the European Union.

Support of university spin-off companies

In this paper the process of the business development of spin-off companies from universities is described. The authors discuss each phase of development (awareness, feasibility, start-up, growth and maturity) and provide examples of each phase. They describe in particular the example of the University of Twente and its spin-off programme, TOP (Temporary Entrepreneurial Positions). Secondly, they focus on university spin-off programmes: what are the arguments against and in favour of such initiatives? The arguments that led the University of Twente to favour investment in spin-off programmes are discussed. The final section of the paper concerns the EU-supported UNISPIN project, a systematic approach to university spin-off development throughout all member states of the European Union.

An Assessment of whether the Convention Center in New York is Successful as a Tool for Economic Development

In recent years, cities of all sizes have developed or expanded convention centers with the goal of stimulating economic or physical revitalization. The justification for such rapid growth has focused primarily on the benefits of convention center development and much less on the costs. The research at hand uses the case method to more fully examine both sides of the issue. The case is the Jacob Javits Convention Center in New York and discussion focuses on issues such as convention attendance, conventioneer spending, and center financial performance within the more macro context of urban affairs. This paper begins with a general discussion of the center and its location, and is tied to the literature by an explanation of the city's pattern of decline. Ensuing discussion encompasses issues specific to this case, such as the economic activity generated, subsequent tax revenues, and the degree of spin-off development near the center. The conclusion of the article considers the fiscal and physical impact of the Jacob Javits Convention Center.