Spillover Value Research Articles

Exploring the Effects of Low-Carbon Labels on Purchase Intentions for Green Agricultural Products

Expedited economic expansion and innovative technological advancement have precipitated considerable environmental predicaments, giving rise to extensive ecological conundrums worldwide. In response to the pressing situation, numerous countries have implemented policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions. One such initiative is the “low-carbon label”, which signifies a commitment to lowering carbon emissions. On one hand, it offers consumers an effective means to identify low-carbon products, thereby enhancing their willingness towards green consumption. On the other hand, it motivates businesses to transition towards greener practices, thereby guiding the market towards more environmentally friendly directions. This transition has had a significantly positive impact on reducing carbon emissions and promoting the development of a low-carbon economy, highlighting its critical value within the broader environmental movement. This study focuses on exploring whether the low-carbon label can influence consumers’ willingness to purchase green agricultural products. The theoretical framework was developed based on the theory of perceived value and SOR theory. The data were gathered through a randomized survey conducted in China. The research findings suggest that the perceived environmental value, functional value, and emotional value have significant impacts on consumers’ willingness to purchase green agricultural products. Trust in low-carbon labels plays a critical role in mediating the relationship between perceived value and consumers’ purchasing intentions for green agricultural products. Our research yielded the following conclusions. (1) Consumers are progressively cultivating an independent pro-environmental persona and increasingly aligning themselves with sustainable development, as indicated by their affinity towards carbon labels. (2) The selection of low-carbon agricultural products by consumers is contingent upon sensory perception, emphasizing environmental spillover value, functional enhancement, and emotional support. (3) Consumer confidence in green low-carbon agricultural products stems from an intuitive perception perspective, suggesting that low-carbon labels should accentuate functional and emotional values. The study suggests proactive measures to enhance the role of low-carbon labels in the consumption of green agricultural products. These measures include three parts: (1) Improving the content system of low-carbon labels and integrating digital technologies to reconstruct trust systems; (2) strengthening promotional efforts focusing on enhancing consumers’ intrinsic value perceptions; and (3) establishing a national-level low-carbon labels certification system, raising standards, and strengthening supervision.

Research on The Times Value of Village Public Sports Space Planning: Theoretical Logic, Practical Approach and Big Data Application Exploration in The Background of Rural Revitalization

It is the key to the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy and the inevitable way to use big data to help the spatial planning of village sports, improve the efficiency of spatial allocation of resources, and promote the high-quality development of rural sports. This paper mainly adopts research methods such as literature materials and logical analysis to explore the Times value of village public sports space planning, expound the theoretical logic and practical difficulties of village public sports space planning, and then propose practical approaches and big data application exploration. The research finds that the Times value of village public sports space planning is reflected in the aspects of increasing the effective supply of public sports space, stimulating the spillover value of public sports space, and satisfying the ardent yearning for a better life. Based on the theoretical logic of continuous co-construction, co-governance and sharing, dynamic improvement of suitable adaptation, long-term improvement of convenience and safety, and steady integration into livability and business. It is found that the planning of village public sports space is faced with such realistic difficulties as the imbalance of resource supply standards and allocation among villages, the weakening of residents' participation in planning, the lack of guidance in technical operation and planning layout, and the insufficient coupling degree between public sports space and village environment. It is proposed that the planning of village public sports space should follow the practice path of overall planning of inter-village sports service resource supply, mobilizing residents' enthusiasm to participate in spatial planning, enabling the layout and location of sports space with digital technology, and forming diversified public sports service supply.

Research on Static Evaluation of Economic Value of “Distributed PV +” Model

Due to the shortage of fossil energy, environmental pollution, climate change and a series of problems, China is developing photovoltaic (PV) energy and other clean sources of energy. The flexible application of photovoltaic energy makes is an ideal choice. First, this paper clearly describes the significance of the economic value of a PV + model, analyzes its composition of, and then builds the PV + economic value evaluation model. Finally, a PV + model from the agriculture and aquaculture industry is taken as an example to evaluate its economic value. Through data calculations, the feasibility of the PV + economic value evaluation model proposed in this paper is verified. The results show that the model can not only promote the development of photovoltaic energy, but also bring a spillover value to the decentralized economy. The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) The existence of the spillover value of a PV + model is proposed for the first time. (2) The value of the distributed PV + model is revealed from its essential attributes and characteristics, and a method for the quantitative calculation of the spillover value is proposed. (3) Three cases of the spillover value for the economic value of the PV + model are proposed, and the relationship between the spillover value and local adoption of PV + model to absorb distributed PV is discussed.

Systematic Risk Analysis of Listed Financial Institutions from the Perspective of Complex Network

Based on the complex network theory, this paper studies the systemic financial risks in China’s financial market. According to the industry classification of the China Securities Regulatory Commission in 2012, the daily closing prices of 45 listed financial institutions are collected and the daily return rates of each financial institution are measured according to the logarithmic return rate calculation formula. In this paper, the risk spillover value ΔCoVaR is used to measure the contribution degree of each financial institution to systemic risk. Finally, the relationship between the risk spillover value ΔCoVaR and the node topology index of the risk transmission network is investigated by using a regression model, and some policy suggestions are put forward based on the regression results.

Lifecycle model-based evaluation of infant 4CMenB vaccination in the UK

ObjectivesInvasive meningococcal disease, an uncommon but severe disease, imposes catastrophic health and economic burdens. Cost–utility analysis (CUA) assumes separability in lifetime health and economic variables and cannot capture the full value of preventing such burdens. We overcome these limitations with a retrospective societal perspective cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of meningococcal serogroup B vaccination (4CMenB) of one infant cohort in the United Kingdom using a health-augmented lifecycle model (HALM) incorporating health’s interactions with consumption, earnings, non-market time and financial risk.MethodsWe used a static Markov model of vaccination’s health impact and an HALM to estimate the private willingness to pay (PWTP) for the intrinsic and instrumental value of health under perfect capital markets, financial risk protection in the absence of insurance against permanent disability, parental spillovers, and acute phase disability. We estimated social WTP (SWTP) incorporating social severity preferences. We estimated rates of return that inform health payer reimbursement decisions, finance ministry budgeting decisions, and legislature taxation decisions. An expert Advisory Board investigated the validity of applying the HALM to infant 4CMenB.ResultsThe PWTP for a 2 + 1 vaccination schedule is £395, comprising £166 of disability insurance value, £79 of positive parental spillover value, £28 in the value of averting acute phase disability, and £122 in residual intrinsic and instrumental value of health. SWTP is £969.ConclusionsHALM-based CBA provides an empirically richer, more utility–theoretically grounded approach to vaccine evaluation than CUA, demonstrating good value for money for legislatures (based on private values) and for all decision-makers (based on social values).

Evaluating the spillover value of ecological products from urban rivers eco-restoration: A quasi-natural experiment in Wuhan, China

The widespread eco-restoration of urban river (ERUR) plays a crucial role in realizing the value of ecological products, contributing to the achievement of the United Nations’ sixth Sustainable Development Goal, “Clean water and sanitation”. However, accurately evaluating the value of ecological products remains challenging due to their status as public resources. To address this issue, it is essential to assess the spillover value of ecological products, such as housing premiums, as a means to visualize their worth. This study aims to provide an accurate evaluation of the spillover value of ecological products resulting from the eco-restoration of three black-odorous rivers in Wuhan, China. The research utilizes a regression discontinuity design and analyzes data from 2563 secondhand housing transactions to assess the extent to which the ERUR contributes to the appreciation of housing prices. The regression analysis results indicate a significant increase in housing prices, and the robustness tests validate this finding. Therefore, it can be concluded that the eco-restoration efforts generated a spillover value for ecological products. Specifically, the eco-restoration of the three rivers led to an approximate 9%-10% rise in housing prices. Furthermore, the magnitude of the housing premium aligns with the outcomes of a public satisfaction survey, suggesting that the ERUR with the highest level of public satisfaction generated the greatest housing premium. The study demonstrates the value spillover effects of ecological products resulting from the eco-restoration of urban rivers, providing valuable insights for policymakers. These finding can aid in the improvement of ERUR policies, guide urban planning, and promote the provision if high-quality ecological products.

Assessing the Effect of the Magnitude of Spillovers on Global Supply Chains Using Quantile Vector Autoregressive and Wavelet Approaches

Overwhelmed by the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply chains are being restructured and improved worldwide. It then becomes essential to accurately assess their vulnerabilities to external shocks and understand the relationships between key influential factors to obtain the desired results. This study provides a new conceptual econometric framework to examine the relationships between the purchasing managers’ index, service purchasing managers’ index, world equity index, unemployment rate, food and beverage historical prices, Baltic Dry Index, West Texas Intermediate Index, and carbon emissions. A quantile vector autoregressive (QVAR) model is used to assess the dynamic connectedness among Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and the United States based on such factors. A wavelet method is also utilized to assess the coherence between the time series. The results of the correlation and dynamic connectedness analyses for these countries reveal that the service purchasing managers’ index offers the highest spillover value toward the other factors.

The Base Value of the Ecological Compensation Standard in Transboundary River Basins: A Case Study of the Lancang–Mekong River Basin

The ecological compensation standard in transboundary river basins should be determined by the basin countries through negotiation on the basis of the base value of the ecological compensation standard. This paper calculated the base value range of the ecological compensation standard, determining the upper limit based on the spillover value of ecosystem services for the ecosystem-service-consuming country and the lower limit according to the cost of ecological protection for the ecosystem-service-supplying country. The final range was determined by integrating this with the willingness to pay and the actual effort in each basin country. Taking, for example, the Lancang–Mekong River basin, the results indicate that the spillover value of ecosystem services in Laos, China and Myanmar was positive and these three countries were ecosystem-service-supplying countries, while in Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand it was negative and these three countries were ecosystem-service-consuming countries. Among the ecosystem-service-supplying countries, the cost of ecological protection of them was in descending order of Laos, China and Myanmar, which was related to their own level of economic development. Considering the adjustment coefficient for the payment of ecosystem service value and the cost-sharing coefficient of each basin country, the feasible range for the base value of the ecological compensation standard was determined to be [2.47, 229.67] × 108 $, which provided the basis for the negotiation on the determination of the ECS. In addition, implementation suggestions were proposed from three aspects: establishing a basin-information-sharing mechanism and platform, establishing an integrated management organization for transboundary river basins, and strengthening and improving the coordination and supervision model of ecological compensation.

The Spillover Value of Repeat Buyers: An Empirical Investigation of “Updated Reviews” on Yelp

The Spillover Value of Repeat Buyers: An Empirical Investigation of “Updated Reviews” on Yelp

Prediction of engineering investment spillover effect based on neural network

Engineering investment is the basic investment of the whole national economic development. When the project investor obtains its expected return, it may have other beneficial benefits for social organizations or people outside the subject, but the investor cannot obtain such benefits. Spillover usually occurs from three aspects: economy, technology and knowledge. The spillover effect of project investment usually brings obvious spillover effect, which has positive benefits to society, but may also produce unfavorable factors. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the project investment spillover. When it is predicted that the investment spillover will have more favorable benefits, the preparation of relevant investment funds can be started, and when it is predicted that there will be unfavorable spillover benefits, the investment in related engineering projects will be terminated. Project investment spillover effects usually have specific rules. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing historical project investment spillover effects, the specific situation of its spillover effects can be obtained, and then the rules can be learned in combination with specific algorithms to complete the project investment spillover effects. predict. The purpose of this paper is to provide investors and institutions with a valuable investment forecasting reference method, combined with the relevant theories of the investment value of engineering market-oriented enterprises, using quantitative analysis methods and quantitative analysis methods, so as to provide an investment based on data and algorithms. The spillover value forecast method supports and promotes the development and construction of national key projects. Based on the completion of the entire prediction model, this paper uses the particle swarm optimization method of the deep neural network model process studied in this paper, and based on the relevant data of 284 historical engineering investment overflow cases, the algorithm is trained and output, and then the investment overflow of each project is obtained. The relative score of the predictions, and analyzing this overflow prediction. Through the obtained comprehensive prediction score and according to the result analysis. Corresponding conclusions and future development directions are put forward to provide theoretical guidance for investors and institutions to invest in investment direction and estimate investment spillover effects.

A study of ecological compensation from the perspective of land use/cover change in the middle and lower Yellow River, China

• The equivalent coefficient is revised according to ability and willingness to pay. • The Best-worst method is used to determine the weight of the allocated indicators. • A 10 km buffer calculation strip is established in the compensated payment area. • The overflow of hydrological adjusting is greater than that of erosion prevention. • Ecological compensation in 2010–2020 is higher than that in 2000–2010. Coordinated governance and horizontal ecological compensation are important ways to realize ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin. Taking the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as the research object, this paper analyses the compensation relationship and amount of cities along the line in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces. Firstly, the spillover value of regulation of water flows and erosion prevention of 32 counties along the Yellow River in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces were calculated during 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 from the perspective of land use/cover change (LUCC). Secondly, the compensation accounting index system was established based on the classification of ecological services given the beneficiaries' individual preferences, and each indicator's weights were determined based on the Best-worst method. Finally, setting the water ecological service value of the 10 km buffer zone on both sides of the Yellow River as the accounting scope, this paper calculated the amount of ecological compensation paid by 16 cities in Shandong and Henan provinces. The results show that: (1) The spillover value of Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces in 2010–2020 is greater than that in 2000–2010, and the values of erosion prevention in both stages are lower than that of regulation of water flows; (2) From the perspective of providers, the highest is 3.68e + 08 yuan in Lvliang from 2000 to 2010, while the highest is 3.60e + 09 yuan in Yulin from 2010 to 2020; (3) From the perspective of beneficiaries, Zhengzhou has the highest amount of compensation in Henan province, which is 2.28e + 08 yuan in 2000–2010 and 9.41e + 08 yuan in 2010–2020 respectively. In Shandong province, Heze pays the highest value of 1.27e + 08 yuan from 2000 to 2010, and Jinan pays the highest value of 9.56e + 08 yuan from 2010 to 2020. The ecological compensation scheme obtained in this paper is more sustainable than the vertical compensation and expands the scope of the existing ecological compensation standards, which can effectively stimulate the enthusiasm for ecological protection, and reduce the financial pressure on the central government.

Quantifying inter-regional payments for watershed services on the basis of green ecological spillover value in the Yellow River Basin, China

The inter-regional payments for watershed services (PWS) is an important policy to promote environmental cooperation in the river basin management. However, existing PWS in China may overestimate the value of watershed-related ecosystem services (WES) and induce a mismatch between ecological benefits and costs of stakeholders. A equitable framework of inter-regional PWS standards is necessary for the policymakers, especially in Yellow River Basin. For this reason, the focus of current article was emphasized on green ecological spillover value through multi-regional input–output model deducting suppliers’ own watershed services consumption, then explored the influencing factors of watershed-related ecological benefits, ecological profit or loss and spatial spillover conditions within Yellow River Basin, finally designed inter-regional PWS transfer standards. The estimated results revealed that watershed-related ecological benefits within Yellow River Basin had obvious heterogeneous characteristics and spatial spillover. The implementation of economic financial power, awareness of water resources ecological functions, and inter-regional PWS policies could significantly improve watershed-related ecological benefits, and the increase in water resources protection routine power led to the loss of watershed-related ecological benefits. Based on the green ecological spillover value, we comprehensively considered factors such as water resources protection routine power, economic financial power, and awareness of water resources ecological functions to design an inter-regional PWS transfer program, which was reasonable and feasible in theory and practice. For regional ecological and environmental cooperation, it is essential to strengthen spatial spillover and improve the level of inter-regional PWS, which may pave the way for other river basins or countries.

Cooperative and non-cooperative R&D with spillovers under consumer-friendly firms

ABSTRACT Given that there is ample evidence that firms have social concerns, in this paper, we analyse their influence on firms’ R&D cooperation with spillovers. We find that social concerns encourage firms to invest more in R&D when they do not cooperate than when they do. Moreover, when the social concern is great enough firms invest more under non-cooperative R&D independently of the spillover value. We also find that firms may prefer not to cooperate on R&D, which does not happen when they do not care about social concerns. Regarding the preference of the government, cooperative R&D agreements generate greater social welfare than non-cooperative R&D in two cases: if the spillover is high enough and the concern of firms about social issues is low enough, and if firms care enough about social issues. Finally, under non-cooperative R&D firms may invest more than the socially efficient level.

The Synchronization of ASEAN +3 Business Cycles: Prerequisites for Common Currency Union

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the business cycles of the ASEAN +3 countries. In addition, the effects of the spillover value on the coincident indicators are determined. This study employs secondary data and uses multivariate time series of five ASEAN countries, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines. The proxy was the real gross domestic product (GDP) collected annually from the CEIC, the IMF, and the World Bank for the period from 1964 to 2016. The data was plotted against two time periods, 1964–1998 as the pre-crisis period, and 1999–2016 as the post-crisis period. The index data was changed to the base year 2010. The data was subsequently separated from the trends and the cyclic components. The cyclic components were obtained by using Hondrick-Prescott filter, and them were further analyzed. The analytical method used was Contemporaneous and Cross-Correlation tools. The results showed that, before and after the crisis, the value of the business cycle correlation between ASEAN +3 countries was stronger and moved together at the same level of lag value. The implication of this research was an initial finding of the ASEAN +3 countries’ prerequisites for the formation of a common currency.

Ecological Compensation Standard of Trans-Boundary River Basin Based on Ecological Spillover Value: A Case Study for the Lancang-Mekong River Basin.

Ecological compensation is an effective means to solve the conflict of interests among trans-boundary river basin countries. How to determine the ecological compensation standard is the core of ecological compensation. On the basis of the emergy synthesis method, we developed an emergy-water resources ecological footprint model for trans-boundary river basin countries. Based on the calculation of ecosystem service value and consumption ecological value of trans-boundary river basin countries, the ecological spillover value of each basin country is obtained. From the perspective of supply and consumption, the ecological compensation standard in basin countries is determined by judging the supply and consumption status of ecological services and combining with the willingness to pay for ecological compensation. Taking the Lancang–Mekong River Basin as an example, the results show that (1) the ecosystem service value of the Lancang–Mekong River Basin countries from high to low is Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, China, Vietnam, and Myanmar; (2) in terms of ecosystem service value consumption, the order from high to low is Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Laos, and Myanmar; and (3) Thailand and Vietnam, located in the lower reaches of the basin, belong to the consumers of ecological services, and based on the actual willingness to pay, they need to pay $46.913 billion and $1.699 billion, respectively.

Enhancing ecological value through sustainable food supply of grasslands in the Three-River-Source National Park, Tibet Plateau, China

Exploring strategies for sustainability is an urgent issue for policy-makers to meet the grassland resource needs of wild ungulates and livestock. From the perspective of grassland food supply and consumption, an evaluation system for grassland food supply service and ecological spillover values was established in the Yellow River Source National Park (YRSP) of the Three-River-Source National Park. The compensation value of grassland ecological spillover and the ecological-economic value of wild ungulates were calculated. Results showed that: (1) There were 39.55 × 104 Standard Sheep Unit (SSU) of livestock and 8.24 × 104 SSU of wild ungulates in the study area. Among these, 90.24% of livestock and 44% of wild ungulates were distributed in the Traditional Utilization Zone (TZ) and Other Human Activity Zone (OZ). (2) The grassland food supply value was $255.59 million. The ecological spillover value of the grassland food supply was $79.75 million; a positive value indicating a state of ecological surplus. The ecological-economic service value of wild ungulates was $1.09 billion. (3) The ecological spillover value of the grassland food supply was -$13.43 million in Huashixia due to the large number of Pseudois nayaur living there. One solution to this conflict would be reducing the number of livestock, for which ecological compensation of approximately $13.43 million could be achieved. On the other hand, the feed intake of livestock could also be reduced by providing an external supplementary feed. About 1.91 × 104 SSU of livestock needed to be fed supplementary, and this was equivalent to approximately 7.54 × 104 t of forage.

Investigation of Factors Considered by Health Technology Assessment Agencies in Eight Countries.

BackgroundHealth technology assessment (HTA) organizations play a crucial role in optimizing healthcare resources, but the factors influencing decision making vary by country.ObjectiveHTAs of cancer and hepatitis C drugs were evaluated across developed countries to understand differences in decision processes and criteria.MethodsThe HTA organizations evaluated are from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, Canada and Japan. Economic evaluation types and 28 factors in the following categories were evaluated: clinical uncertainties/issues; disease/population/treatment consideration factors including National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’s (NICE) special circumstances factors (e.g. end-of-life and innovation); and International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) additional value elements. Qualitative and correspondence analyses were conducted to assess the differences across organizations.ResultsIncremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) using quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was evaluated in Canada, the UK, Australia and Japan. The highest observed clinical uncertainties were clinical benefits and comparator. For cancer drugs, correspondence analysis showed France, Australia, Canada and the UK to have common attributes observed, such as unmet needs and stakeholder persuasion. In addition, the UK reported end-of-life, issues around current treatment and innovation, whereas Germany reported manageable/insignificant adverse events more frequently. Finally, fear of contagion, equity and scientific spillover value elements were only observed in Australia.ConclusionAlthough clinical factors play a predominant role in the decision to reimburse medicine, HTA organizations consider additional aspects as well. If the methodology of HTA was clearly outlined, there would be more transparency in HTA systems leading to better understanding amongst stakeholders about decision making.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s41669-020-00235-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Assessing the ecological regime and spatial spillover effects of a reclaimed mining subsided lake: A case study of the Pan'an Lake wetland in Xuzhou.

In the North China Plain, coal mining subsided lakes are surface water bodies that form after the conclusion of coal mining. In China, mining subsided lakes are often transformed into artificial wetland parks for ecological restoration. While many studies have focused on evaluating coal mining subsidence lake ecosystem service value and water pollution, little attention has been paid to changes in ecological regimes and ecological spillover effects before and after the reclamation of mining areas. This paper examines the Pan'an Lake artificial wetland in Jiawang District, Xuzhou, as a case study. Changes in the ecological regime of the mining subsidence area before and after land reclamation and corresponding spatial spillover effect on land prices are assessed based on remote sensing, GIS raster calculations and geostatistical methods. The results show that the ecosystem service value and ecological storage capacity changed significantly after the mining subsided lake was transformed into an artificial wetland and the wetland ecosystem has been developing well with significantly positive spillover effects on surrounding land prices. From 2008 to 2017, service functions of the artificial wetland ecosystem of Pan'an Lake increased by 81.95%, and the system's ecological storage capacity increased from RMB 6,754 yuan/hm2 in 2008 to RMB 12,289 yuan/hm2 in 2017. The average impact of the Pan'an Lake artificial wetland on the spillover effects of surrounding residential land prices was measured at RMB 195.18 yuan/m2, and the total spillover value of planned residential land in the study area was measured at RMB 805,422,100 yuan. The present study can serve as a useful guide for evaluating the economic feasibility of land reclamation planning and ecological restoration in mining subsidence areas.

Estimating inter-regional payments for ecosystem services: Taking China’s Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example

The inter-regional payments for ecosystem services (PES) is an important policy to promote regional ecological and environmental cooperation. However, the existing inter-regional PES standard in China may underestimate the value of ecosystem services and omit the value of transferred pollutants due to inter-regional trade. A reasonable framework of inter-regional PES standards is necessary for the policymakers, especially in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region with the most serious environmental problem in China. This paper employed the method of environmental impact evaluation and multi-regional input-output model (MRIO) to build a framework of inter-regional PES estimation, which both contained the regional spillover value of ecosystem services and the regional transfer value of pollutants. Finally, we estimate the amount of inter-regional payment for ecosystem services within BTH region. The results indicated that the PES standards within BTH region were 13.8 billion yuan and 19.2 billion yuan from Beijing, Tianjin to Hebei province in 2012, which accounted for 0.77 % and 1.49 % of their GDP in 2012. These PES standards are effective for regional ecological and environmental cooperation within BTH region and a multi-dimensional marketization mechanism should be implemented to reinforce inter-regional payment for ecosystem services, which may pave the way for other regions or countries.

The more cooperation, the better? Optimizing enterprise cooperative strategy in collaborative innovation networks

Under the environment of collaborative innovation network, a dynamic and flexible cooperative strategy can help enterprises improve cooperation efficiency and innovation performance. Based on the individual rationality of enterprises and the stability of innovation network, this study uses game and simulation methods to examine three different cooperative strategies considering the change of network environment, namely decreasing, maintaining, or increasing the number of cooperative connections. The punishment mechanism is also examined in detail under a certain strategy. The investigation reveals the relationships of cooperative strategies with the technology spillover value and the profits of enterprises. Moreover, an appropriate punishment measure can be extremely helpful in reducing the default risk and enhancing the network stability. Finally, according to the results of a series of numerical simulations, we provide further managerial insights for the optimization of enterprise cooperative strategies on the basis of dynamic collaborative innovation networks.