Spicata Var Research Articles

Effects of sprigging date and sprigging rate on establishment of two saltgrass lines

AbstractSaltgrass [Distichlis spicata var. stricta (L.) Greene], native to the western United States, is a dioecious, warm‐season halophyte. CO‐1 and AZCO‐1 are two elite inland saltgrass lines that have potential as a turfgrass and for revegetation use on saline sites. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the effect of sprigging date, sprigging rate, and sprig storage time on the establishment of CO‐1 and AZCO‐1 in the field and (ii) to determine the accumulative growing degree day (GDD) requirements for saltgrass to establish adequate coverage (≥75%). Sprigging dates were 22 May and 19 June. Saltgrass rhizomes (sprigs) were harvested from existing field plots. Harvested saltgrass sprigs were stored in sealed plastic bags and kept in temperature below 30°C for 1 or 2 days. Sprig storage time (1 or 2 days) did not affect establishment. Saltgrass sprigged in May established adequate coverage (≥75%) by the end of September at all the rates tested (18, 27, and 54 metric t ha−1). For plots sprigged in June, only the high and medium sprigging rates established adequate coverage (≥75%) by the end of September. Plots sprigged in June using the low rate (18 t ha−1) failed to establish adequate coverage by the end of September. Regression analysis predicted that a sprigging rate of 23 t ha−1 was needed to achieve ≥75% coverage by the end of September for plots sprigged in June. The accumulated GDD to achieve adequate coverage was 1531 and 1703 for 54 and 27 t ha−1 sprigging rates, respectively.

Determining the Toxicity of Thyme Essential Oils against Sitophilus granarius L. and Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adults

The present study aimed to determine the effects of three different doses of three thyme essential oils on Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The present study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions (25°C temperature and 65% relative humidity) in 2020. Various thyme varieties (Origanum majorona (L.), Origanum saccatum P.H. Davis, Thymbra spicata var spicata L. ( Lamiaceae)), cultivated in Diyarbakır province ecological conditions were employed in the study. After the 4th day of the experiment, the highest mortality rates (100%) were observed with the highest doses of T. spicata var spicata and O. majarona on S. granarius adults, while the mortality rate was 73.75% with O. saccatum. The LC90 values for T. spicata var. spicata, O. majarona, and O. saccatum were 0.9, 0.1, and 1.3 µl/ml respectively. After the 4th day, 100% S. oryzae adult mortality was observed with higher doses of O. majarona (0.5%; 1% v/v), while 1% (v/v) T. spicata var spicata dose led to a 72.50%, and 1% (v/v) O. saccatum oil dose led to 46.25% mortality.

Antifungal Activities of Essential Oil Obtained from Mentha Spicata var. Crispa against Selected Penicillium Species

Attention of the scientific community has still focused on application of essential oils (EOs) as natural antifungal agents in the food industry to prolong the shelf-life of food products. In this regard, the current study was designed to evaluate chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and antifungal (in vitro, in situ) activities of spearmint (Mentha spicata var. crispa) essential oil (SEO) commercially obtained from Slovak company against selected Penicillium species. The EO was used in four concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µL/L) chosen, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, DPPH, agar disc diffusion and vapor phase methods were employed for such analyses. Our results revealed carvone (57.5%) and α-limonene (17.6%) to be the principal constituents in the EO chemical composition. Although only a weak antioxidant capacity (20.40 ± 0.80% free radical-scavenging inhibition) was displayed by the SEO, the highest EO concentration (500 µL/L) was shown to be a moderate growth inhibitor of P. expansum (inhibition zone of 11.46 ± 0.63 mm) and P. crustosum (inhibition zones of 12.93 ± 0.46 mm). The growth of P. citrinum was only weakly inhibited by the SEO (≥ 250 µL/L). Most importantly, the ability of the SEO to inhibit the mycelial growth of three Penicillium spp. tested was pronounced (P < 0.05) for all applied concentrations. Accordingly, the results from the current study complement our previous ones dealing with the possibility of utilizing diverse EOs commercially achieved from the same company in the food sector.

Establishment of in vitro germination of Distichlis spicata and response to osmotic stress

Abstract Distichlis spicata var. stricta (L) Greene is a grass able to grow during drought or flooding seasons, as well as in poor, saline, and alkaline soils, making it an ideal model system to study salinity and water stress tolerance in plants. However, it is known to have an extremely low germination rate in the field, as low as 3%. Here, we established in vitro conditions to study the factors that affect D. spicata under osmotic and salt stress. Treatments that included mechanical scarification, 4°C stratification, and 20% NaDCC (w/v) disinfection significantly increased the germination rate up to 84% in only 5 days. Furthermore, saltgrass had good seed germination under high salinity (ionic) stress caused by 150 and 200 mM NaCl (50% and 30%, respectively). Saltgrass was sensitive to osmotic agents Mannitol and Sorbitol during the germination stage, suggesting that this is a main limiting developmental stage for D. spicata success under osmotic environments.

Comparison of Ophiopogon japonicus and Liriope spicata var. prolifera from Different Origins Based on Multi-Component Quantification and Anticancer Activity.

The tuberous root of Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl. is a well-known Chinese medicine also called Maidong (MD) in Chinese. It could be divided into "Chuanmaidong" (CMD) and "Zhemaidong" (ZMD), according to the geographic origins. Meanwhile, the root of Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour. var. prolifera Y. T. Ma (SMD) is occasionally used as a substitute for MD in the market. In this study, a reliable pressurized liquid extraction and HPLC-DAD-ELSD method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine chemical components, including four steroidal saponins (ophiopojaponin C, ophiopogonin D, liriopesides B and ophiopogonin D'), four homoisoflavonoids (methylophiopogonone A, methylophiopogonone B, methylophiopogonanone A and methylophiopogonanone B) and one sapogenin (ruscogenin) in CMD, ZMD and SMD. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, repeatability and accuracy, and then applied to the real samples from different origins. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the contents of the investigated compounds in CMD, ZMD and SMD. Ruscogenin was not detected in all the samples, and liriopesides B was only found in SMD samples. CMD contained higher ophiopogonin D and ophiopogonin D', while the other compounds were more abundant in ZMD. Moreover, the anticancer effects of the herbal extracts and selected components against A2780 human ovarian cancer cells were also compared. CMD and ZMD showed similar cytotoxic effects, which were stronger than those of SMD. The effects of MD may be due to the significant anticancer potential of ophiopognin D' and homoisoflavonoids. These results suggested that there were great differences in the chemical composition and pharmacological activity among CMD, ZMD and SMD; thus, their origins should be carefully considered in clinical application.

Exobasidium siroboe sp. nov. (Exobasidiaceae) causing Exobasidium fruit deformation on Symplocos myrtacea in Japan

Fruit deformation of Symplocos myrtacea Siebold et Zuccarini (Japanese sapphireberry) caused by Exobasidium species has been reported in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan but the species involved has not been determined (Ogawa 1999, 2000). Five species and varieties of Exobasidium were recorded on Symplocos species previously (Sydow et al. 1912, Hirata 1981, Ezuka 1991, Nagao et al. 2003). Exobasidium symploci Ell. &Mart. was identified on S. tinctoria (L.) L’Hér. in Alabama, Florida, Indiana, and North Carolina, USA. Two Exobasidium spp. were recorded from Tropical Asia: E. indicum Syd. & Butl. on S. theaefolia D. Don in Darjeeling and E. javanicum Rac. on S. spicata var. subsessilis Koord. & Valeton (syn. S. cochinchinensis subsp. laurina (Retz.) Noot.) in Java. In Japan, the following Exobasidium spp. were described on Symplocos species: E. symploci-japonicae var. symploci-japonicae Kusano & Tokubuchi and E. symploci-japonicae var. caprogenum Nagao & S. Ogawa on S. lucida (syn. S. kuroki Nagam.), and E. sakataniense S. Hirata on S. theophrastaefolia Siebold & Zucc.

Some Specific Features of The Biochemical Composition of the Raw Material of Mint (Mentha spicata var. Crispa L.)

Some Specific Features of The Biochemical Composition of the Raw Material of Mint (Mentha spicata var. Crispa L.)

Two new species from Sulawesi and Borneo facilitate phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Engelhardia (Juglandaceae)

Engelhardia, a genus of Juglandaceae (the walnut family), is endemic to tropical and subtropical Asia. The rich Cenozoic fossil records and distinctive morphological characters of the living plants have been used to explore the evolutionary history and geographic distribution of Juglandaceae. However, the taxonomy of this genus has been suffered from a lack of in-depth investigation and good specimens across its distribution ranges. Species delimitation of Engelhardia was defined with seven species in 2020, but detailed information on the circumscription of the species still remains poorly understood. In this study, two new species are described from Sulawesi and Borneo, Engelhardia anminiana and E. borneensis. We also revised and reconstructed the phylogeny within Engelhardia using morphological, molecular (plastid and ribosomal), and distribution data. We sampled 787 individuals in 80 populations, and all the samples were genotyped using plastid regions, trnS-trnG, rps16, trnL-trnF, psbA-trnH, and rpl32-trnL; one ribosomal region, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS). The all datasets were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships. Then, the molecular analyses were combined for 738 sheets of specimens with 15 morphological characteristics to further explore the morphological clusters of Engelhardia. Cluster analysis using morphological data confirmed the delimitation of nine Engelhardia species. Also, phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data (i.e., plastid and ribosomal) supported the monophyly of Engelhardia and generated phylogenetic trees that included E. fenzelii, E. roxburghiana, E. borneensis, E. hainanensis, E. anminiana, E. serrata, E. villosa, E. apoensis and the varieties of E. spicata (i.e., E. spicata var. spicata, E. spicata var. rigida, E. spicata var. aceriflora, and E. spicata var. colebrookeana). Our comprehensive taxonomic revision of Engelhardia will provide an insight into understanding the plant diversity in tropical and subtropical Asia.

Diversity, distribution, and threats of the Juglandaceae in Vietnam

Vietnam is one of the main centers of generic diversity for Juglandaceae worldwide. In this study, we present for the first time a province-wide distribution of all 3 subfamilies, 7 genera, and 11 Vietnamese species, and give an update on the habitats of all Vietnamese Juglandaceae species, their uses, and current threats. Juglandaceae are found throughout Vietnam. However, most species occur predominantly in the northern part of the country between 600 and 1200 m. Some taxa range is found extensively from sea level up to 2,500 meters above sea level. According to the IUCN Red List, Rhoiptelea chiliantha, Carya sinensis, and Pterocarya tonkinensis are threatened while Engelhardia spicata, E. serrata, Alfaropsis roxburghiana, Pterocarya stenoptera are classified as least concerned. Carya tonkinensis is threatened locally, and Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookiana and Platycarya strobilacea merit “threatened” designation in Vietnam’s Red Data Book. The most frequent threats are logging, land-use change, and habitat destruction due to artificial wood plantations or road construction. Until now, no conservation measures have been applied for any of the species in Vietnam, although some species occur in national parks. Our study gives an important update on the current diversity and distribution of Juglandaceae in Vietnam.We point out the need for a correct assessment of the threat status of various species on a national and international scale to protect the rarest and most endangered of them. Further research, the use of various forms of protection of individual taxa and/or their habitats, and drawing the attention of an international group of researchers to the urgent need to work together to protect biodiversity in Vietnam hot spots are necessary.

Superior antibacterial activity against seed-borne plant bacterial disease agents and enhanced physical properties of novel green synthesized nanostructured ZnO using Thymbra spicata plant extract

An easy and eco-friendly approach using Thymbra spicata var. spicata L. (TS) plant extract was developed for the formation of nanostructured ZnO. TS aqueous leaf extract was used for the green synthesis of nanostructured ZnO via the Successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Electron microscope images exhibit the morphological adjustments of the samples with respect to change in TS concentration in the growth solution. The nanostructured ZnO grown by SILAR was observed to be polycrystalline with hexagonal crystal structure. The optical energy bandgap value of the samples varies from 3.21 to 3.09 eV as the content of TS increases from 2.5 to 5.0%. Also, the effect of TS additive to ZnO on electrical properties was investigated. It was determined by Van der Pauw measurements that TS contribution to ZnO significantly increased electrical resistance. In addition, impedance analyzes of the produced films were carried out in the frequency range of 20Hz −1 MHz. Nyquist plots showed the single semicircle for all samples, and the values of capacitance and resistance were calculated. Its antibacterial activities was investigated against economically important Gram-positive (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis) and negative (Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolicola, Pseudomonas cichorii and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum) seed-borne plant bacterial disease agents by using paper disc diffusion assay for the first time. In vitro laboratory screenings of green synthesized nanostructured ZnO have given encouraging results, indicating their potential use in the management of seed-borne bacterial diseases.

Shining a light on species delimitation in the tree genus Engelhardia Leschenault ex Blume (Juglandaceae)

Enhanced efficacy in species delimitation is critically important in biology given the pending biodiversity crisis under global warming and anthropogenic activity. In particular, delineation of traditional classifications in view of the complexity of species requires an integrative approach to effectively define species boundaries, and this is a major focus of systematic biology. Here, we explored species delimitation of Engelhardia in tropical and subtropical Asia. In total, 716 individuals in 71 populations were genotyped using five chloroplast regions, one nuclear DNA region (nrITS), and 11 nuclear simple sequence repeats (nSSR). Phylogenetic trees were constructed and relationships among species were assessed. Molecular analyses were then combined with 14 morphological characteristics of 720 specimens to further explore the species boundaries of Engelhardia. Integrating phylogenetic and morphological clusters provided well-resolved relationships to delineate seven species. The results suggested that: first, that E. fenzelii, E. roxburghiana, E. hainanensis, E. apoensis, and E. serrata are distinct species; second, E. spicata var. spicata, E. spicata var. aceriflora, E. spicata var. colebrookeana, and E. rigida should be combined under E. spicata and treated as a species complex; third, E. serrata var. cambodica should be raised to species level and named E. villosa. We illuminated that bias thresholds determining the cluster number for delimiting species boundaries were substantially reduced when morphological data were incorporated. Our results urge caution when using the concepts of subspecies and varieties in order to prevent confusion, particularly with respect to species delimitation for tropical and subtropical species. In some cases, re-ranking or combining subspecies and/or varieties may enable more accurate species delimitation.

Hypolipidemic and Hepatoprotective Effects of Polysaccharides Extracted from Liriope spicata Var. Prolifera in C57BL/6J Mice with High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Hyperlipidemia

In this study, C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced hyperlipidemia were treated with total Liriope spicata var. prolifera polysaccharides (TLSP: 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight), simvastatin (3 mg/kg body weight), or saline for 8 weeks, respectively. The results showed that TLSP had strong lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective effects on C57BL/6J mice with HFD-induced hyperlipidemia. TLSP administration significantly reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and downregulated the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the adipose and liver tissues of the mice. TLSP exerted hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects by activating lipid/bile acid metabolism via the FXH-SHP/CYP7A1 and SEBP-1c/FAC/ACC signaling pathways. Thus, TLPS is a promising natural polymer with hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic properties.

Leaf and Flower Volatile Oil Components of Two Thyme Taxa Origanum onites L. and Thymbra spicata var. spicata in Turkey

Medicinal and aromatic plants have a special importance with volatile oil components. Lamiaceae family members are important in pharmacology and perfumery industry because they contain volatile and aromatic oil. Originum onites L. and Thymbra spicata var. spicata are the most widely used and most exported species. The volatile components of the leaves and flowers of Origanum onites L. and Thymbra spicata var. spicata taxa were determined by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) technique combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC / MS). 33 different components of Origanum onites were identified and the main components were p-cymene (11.45%), γ-terpinene (11,89%), linalool (14.35%), thymol (20.03%) and carvacrol (26.91%), respectively. For Thymbra spicata var. spicata L., 36 different compounds were identified and the main components were p-cymene (11.72%), γ- terpinene (10.96%), linalool (13.44%), thymol (18.92%) and carvacrol (27.34%), respectively. Oxygen containing monoterpenes have been found to be high.

Assessment of the genetic diversity and relationships of a collection of Mentha spp. in Tunisia using morphological traits and ISSR markers

ABSTRACT The taxonomic identity of Mentha species is difficult as it displays variations at morphochemical characters. The aim of this investigation was to study Mentha spp. diversity in 60 Tunisian accessions using morphological traits and molecular markers. Thirty-three botanical descriptors were analysed. The numerical taxonomic analysis identified 58 accessions and defined seven taxonomic groups including M. aquatica, M. longifolia, M. piperita, M. pulegium, M. rotundifolia, M. spicata and M. spicata var. crispa ‘moroccan’. Thereafter, genetic diversity of these accessions was investigated using ISSR markers. Nine highly polymorphic ISSR primers were selected to amplify DNA of each accession. Based on UPGMA method, these accessions could be grouped into two major clusters. M. pulegium group occupied a relatively basal position in the dendrogram and formed a single cluster. The second large cluster contained the accessions of the section Mentha, clustered into five subgroups. Molecular separation of the Mentha suggested that hybridisation among species may result in convergence and/or divergence of different species. Our study has shown (1) a high morphological and molecular diversity in the Tunisian accessions and (2) that combining morphological and molecular data is crucial to a proper identification, allowing the correct use of these accessions in future breeding programmes.

Changes within the Daytime of Essential Oil Content and Composition of Zahter (Thymbra spicata L.) Grown in Ermenek Conditions

Thymbra spicata var. spicata is known as “Zahter ”, “Sater” or “Karabaş thyme in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and leaves and flowers are consumed as spices and tea, while young shoots are consumed as salads.This study was carried out to determine the change in essential oil content and chemical compositionduring the daytime of the Thymbra spicata plant in Ermenek district of Karaman.In order to determine the diurnal variation, the harvest was done at 5 different hours during the daytime (6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00) in the flowering period. The harvested plants were dried in the shade and the essential oil contents were determined by Clevenger apparatus by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The highest content of essential oil was obtained at 18.00 hours with 2.96% and the lowest one‘s was obtained at 12.00 hours with 2.20%.The main components of the essential oil were determined as carvacrol (23.29% - 39.89%), thymol (16.24% - 21.52%) and γ-terpinene (18.01% - 20.90%).

Composition, and antioxidant and enzyme‐inhibition activities, of essential oils from Satureja thymbra and Thymbra spicata var. spicata

AbstractThis research sought to characterize the essential oils of Satureja thymbra and Thymbra spicata var. spicata in terms of composition as well as their antioxidant and enzyme‐inhibitory activities. The major components of essential oil derived from S. thymbra were found to be γ‐terpinene (34.67%), carvacrol (32.45%), p‐cymene (11.46%), and β‐caryophyllene (6.85%). In the essential oil derived from T. spicata var. spicata the most abundant compounds were carvacrol (63.23%), γ‐terpinene (18.94%), and p‐cymene (8.31%). The essential oils exhibited antioxidant properties, based on ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays, as well as antiradical activity against superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals, and ferrous ion chelating activity. The essential oils were found to have inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, and α‐glucosidase. Considering the results obtained, the essential oils from both plants can be used as ingredients in pharmaceuticals or as natural additives in the food industry for promoting health.

First Report of Powdery Mildew on Mediterranean Thyme (Thymbra spicata var. spicata) Caused by Golovinomyces monardae in Turkey

First Report of Powdery Mildew on Mediterranean Thyme (<i>Thymbra spicata</i> var. <i>spicata</i>) Caused by <i>Golovinomyces monardae</i> in Turkey

Evaluation of scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide in different origins of Liropes Radix by HPLC-UV-CL system

The hydrogen peroxide generation system was used to analyze the scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide by Liropes Radix from different origins by HPLC-UV-CL. The UV-CL fingerprints of Liropes Radix from different origins were evaluated,and the HPLC-UV and LC-CL fingerprints were systematically analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that the ether fractions of Liriope spicata var. prolifera and L. muscari had good scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide,and the total activity of different origins varied greatly,while the similar samples had similar activities. The total antioxidant activity of L. muscari is higher than that of L. spicata var.prolifera. The similarity analysis of the two fingerprints was carried out by two different analytical methods. The chemical fingerprints and the active fingerprints have different characteristics. The contribution of each fingerprint to the total peak area and total activity is also different. There are significant differences between the two different fingerprint clustering results.

Essential oil chemical diversity of Tunisian Mentha spp. collection

Mints are perennial herbs that are cultivated for medicinal and aromatic purposes. They are highly polymorphic and their taxonomy is difficult. Sixty mint accessions, representing seven Mentha species (M. aquatica L., M. longifolia L., M. piperita L., M. pulegium., M. rotundifolia L., M. spicata L. and M. spicata var. crispa 'moroccan'), were collected at full flowering from 51 Tunisian localities. Essential oil yields were found to vary from 0.45 to 2.5%, (w/w). Analyses of these oils by GC/FID and GC/MS and their subsequent classification by statistical analysis resulted in six clusters with significant variations in their terpenoid compositions: i) pulegone/isomenthone/menthone; ii) isomenthone/pulegone; iii) menthone/pulegone ; iv) piperitenone oxide; v) linalool/linalyl acetate/1,8 cineol/myrcene; and vi) carvone/limonene/1.8 cineol. M. pulegium accessions grouped two chemotypes: one rich in pulegone and the second rich in isomenthone. M. longifolia grouped one chemotype rich in pulegone and a second rich in menthone. M. spicata grouped one chemotypes characterized by a moderate to high carvone content and the second pulegone-rich. M. rotoundifolia accessions were piperitone oxide-rich. M. aquatica and M. piperita have linalool and linalyl acetate as major compounds. These results clearly indicate that there were a large biochemical diversity among the investigated Tunisian Mentha spp. accessions. Genetic and ecological diversities may explain this chemical diversity.

Inter and intra GC-MS differential analysis of the essential oils of three Mentha species growing in Egypt

Gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis using head space was carried out on the roots, stems and leaves of three different species of Mint grown in Egypt. This study was carried out aiming to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from roots, stem and leaves of Mentha piperita L, Mentha spicata Var. crispa L. and Mentha pulegum L. Also, we are looking to find out any difference in chemical composition between the studied species, through their studied organs. Study of different organs of the same species may give us an idea about the essential oil biosynthetic pathway and may serve as the chemotaxonomic marker for a specific species.Identification of the chemical components of the studied essential oils depends on their retention time, their Kovat retention index and their mass spectrum supported by the data from Wiley library. Results obtained revealed an obvious inter or intra differences in the chemical composition of the three mentioned Mentha species. The common components in all species (in one or more organ) are 35 components, the major of which is P-menthone (32.24%) in Mentha piperita leaf. Regarding the unique components it was found that Mentha piperita contain 7 unique components the major of which is 2,4-(10)-thujadien (3.88%), while Mentha spicata has 18 unique components the major one is Cymene (24.44%) and finally Mentha pulegum has 11 unique components the major one is (+)-Isomenthol (16.64%).