Spherical Distribution Research Articles

Green Synthesis, Hybridization of SiO<sub>2</sub> by Alkaline -Acid Leaching Method and their Optical and Structural Properties Using Rice Husk and <i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i> Extract

Silicon oxide is widely used as a thin film to improve the surface properties of materials, because it is of anti-resistance, hardness, corrosion resistance, dielectric, optical transparency and high delivery property etc. Therefore. Recent growing interest and efforts of scientists in this area are due to vitality in achievement of a better quality of life and health care for human beings, designing novel methods of making them more effective through hybridization with silver nanoparticles. Hence the need for nanoparticles capable of transmitting light with an ‘enhanced’ optical property for optoelectronics. In this study, silica was extracted from rice husk ash (RHA) using alkaline/acid leaching method, the AgNps was synthesized from Anogeissus leiocarpus extract using water extraction process, while the hybridization of silica with AgNps was carried out using in-situ and co-mixing method. Characterization was achieved using UV-Visible to confirmed the presence of silica at 290 nm, 291 nm, and 295 nm at different time intervals of 0, 60, 90. Changes in intensities of the bands indicate perfect hybridization with an enhancement in optical property. The XRD pattern of the silica-silver nanoparticles showed crystalline peaks at 2θ = 22.0o, 26.5o,29.5o 41o, which have been keenly indexed as face centred cubic Ago nanocrystals arising from Anogeissus leiocarpus extract. The increase in absorbance value of silica from (0.5 to 1.45, 1.50 respectively) confirms the improvement in optical properties of silica due to presence of AgNPs. The SEM analysis revealed the cap shaped spherical morphology and uniform size distribution of the nanohybrids within the range of 18.20 nm. Capping obtained is an evidence of organic matter in the plant extract. The percentage elemental compositions of Ag, Si, C and O in the nanohybrids were revealed by EDX analysis where Ag and Si are dominant. Therefore, silica-silver nanocomposite can be used as improved raw material in optical, ceramics and other relevant industries.

Potential fields as a tool to characterize the inaccessible areas of the earth: The case of Pine Island–Ellsworth Mountains area, West Antarctica

We seek to characterize the geophysical properties of the West Antarctic Rift System. While it is recognized as one of the largest rift systems on the earth, the West Antarctic Rift System is poorly understood as it is covered by the thick West Antarctic Ice Sheet, making any geologic evaluation difficult. We used the potential-field data sets acquired by the British Antarctic Survey, which included aeromagnetic surveys, to conduct a multiscale analysis to identify the main structural lineaments, i.e., contacts, dikes, sills, volcanic necks and conduits, and spherical source distributions. Several interesting areas were defined in which contact-type sources were associated with faults bordering major rift systems (Pine Island, Byrd Subglacial Basin, and Bentley Subglacial Trench) or related to the tributaries in the Pine Island Rift. Moreover, we detected magmatic sources close to rifting zones based on their shape and orientation (Bentley Subglacial Basin edges), helping to define the depth of the sub-ice topography. Our results helped improve our knowledge of the structural regional geology of the West Antarctic Rift System. This work opens interesting scenarios about the extent and position of magmatic sources and how they contribute to the topography of this sector of the West Antarctic Rift System.

Vitamin B3 Containing Polymers for Nanodelivery.

Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) with an integrated dual delivery system enable the controlled release of bioactive molecules and drugs, providingtherapeutic advantages. Key design targets include high biocompatibility, cellular uptake, and encapsulating efficiency. In this study, a polymer library derived from niacin, also known as vitamin B3 is synthesized. The library comprises poly(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl nicotinate) (PAEN), poly(2-acrylamidoethyl nicotinate) (PAAEN), and poly(N-(2-acrylamidoethyl)nicotinamide) (PAAENA), with varying hydrophilicity in the backbone and pendant group linker. All polymers are formulated, and those with increased hydrophobicity yield NPs with homogeneous spherical distribution and diameters below 150 nm, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Encapsulation studies utilizing a model drug, neutral lipid orange (NLO), reveal the influence of polymer backbone on encapsulation efficiency. Specifically, efficiencies of 46% and 96% are observed with acrylate and acrylamide backbones, respectively. Biological investigations showed that P(AEN) and P(AAEN) NPs are non-toxic up to 300µg mL-1, exhibit superior cellular uptake, and boost cell metabolic activity. The latter is attributed to the cellular release of niacin, a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a central coenzyme in metabolism. The results underline the potential of nutrient-derived polymers as pro-nutrient and drug-delivery materials.

Preparation and Investigation of Sustained-Release Nanocapsules Containing Cumin Essential Oil for Their Bacteriostatic Properties.

Cumin essential oil chitosan nanocapsules (CENPs) were prepared through the ionic gelation method by blending chitosan (CS) with cumin essential oil (CEO) in different proportions (1:0.8, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4). Subsequently, these nanocapsules were characterized and evaluated for their antibacterial properties to determine the optimal cumin essential oil encapsulation and antibacterial efficacy. The outcomes demonstrated that the highest encapsulation efficiency of CENPs was 52%, achieved with a 1:3 CS/CEO ratio. At this point, the nanoparticles had the smallest particle size (584.67 nm) and a regular spherical distribution in the emulsion. Moreover, the CENPs could release the encapsulated CEOs slowly, leading to efficient inhibition of E. coli and L. monocytogenes over a relatively extended period (24-36 h) compared to the CS and CEO. This research offers a promising approach for the use of nanocapsules in food preservation.

Bee chitosan nanoparticles loaded with apitoxin as a novel approach to eradication of common human bacterial, fungal pathogens and treating cancer.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the largest medical challenges because of the rising frequency of opportunistic human microbial infections across the globe. This study aimed to extract chitosan from the exoskeletons of dead bees and load it with bee venom (commercially available as Apitoxin [Api]). Then, the ionotropic gelation method would be used to form nanoparticles that could be a novel drug-delivery system that might eradicate eight common human pathogens (i.e., two fungal and six bacteria strains). It might also be used to treat the human colon cancer cell line (Caco2 ATCC ATP-37) and human liver cancer cell line (HepG2ATCC HB-8065) cancer cell lines. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) properties, ζ-potentials, and surface appearances of the nanoparticles were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR and XRD validated that the Api was successfully encapsulated in the chitosan nanoparticles (ChB NPs). According to the TEM, the ChB NPs and the ChB NPs loaded with Apitoxin (Api@ChB NPs) had a spherical shape and uniform size distribution, with non-aggregation, for an average size of approximately 182 and 274 ± 3.8 nm, respectively, and their Zeta potential values were 37.8 ± 1.2 mV and - 10.9 mV, respectively. The Api@ChB NPs had the greatest inhibitory effect against all tested strains compared with the ChB NPs and Api alone. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the Api, ChB NPs, and Api@ChB NPs were evaluated against the offer mentioned colony forming units (CFU/mL), and their lowest MIC values were 30, 25, and 12.5 μg mL-1, respectively, against Enterococcus faecalis. Identifiable morphological features of apoptosis were observed by 3 T3 Phototox software after Api@ChB NPs had been used to treat the normal Vero ATCC CCL-81, Caco2 ATCC ATP-37, and HepG2 ATCC HB-8065 cancer cell lines for 24 h. The morphological changes were clear in a concentration-dependent manner, and the ability of the cells was 250 to 500 μg mL-1. These results revealed that Api@ChB NPs may be a promising natural nanotreatment for common human pathogens.

Aqueous Synthesis of Plasmonic Gold-Tin Alloy Nanoparticles.

This protocol describes the synthesis of Au nanoparticle seeds and the subsequent formation of Au-Sn bimetallic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have potential applications in catalysis, optoelectronics, imaging, and drug delivery. Previously, methods for producing alloy nanoparticles have been time-consuming, require complex reaction conditions, and can have inconsistent results. The outlined protocol first describes the synthesis of approximately 13 nm Au nanoparticle seeds using the Turkevich method. The protocol next describes the reduction of Sn and its incorporation into the Au seeds to generate Au-Sn alloy nanoparticles. The optical and structural characterization of these nanoparticles is described. Optically, prominent localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) are apparent using UV-visible spectroscopy. Structurally, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) reflects all particles to be less than 20 nm and shows patterns for Au, Sn, and multiple Au-Sn intermetallic phases. Spherical morphology and size distribution are obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. TEM reveals that after Sn incorporation, the nanoparticles grow to approximately 15 nm in diameter.

A unified approach to goodness-of-fit testing for spherical and hyperspherical data

We propose a general and relatively simple method to construct goodness-of-fit tests on the sphere and the hypersphere. The method is based on the characterization of probability distributions via their characteristic function, and it leads to test criteria that are convenient regarding applications and consistent against arbitrary deviations from the model under test. We emphasize goodness-of-fit tests for spherical distributions due to their importance in applications and the relative scarcity of available methods.

Gravitationally decoupled charged anisotropic solutions in Rastall gravity

This paper develops the stellar interior geometry for charged anisotropic spherical matter distribution by developing an exact solution of the field equations of Rastall gravity using the notion of gravitational decoupling. The main purpose of this investigation is the extension of the well-known isotropic model within the context of charged isotropic Rastall gravity solutions. The second aim of this work is to apply gravitational decoupling via a minimal geometric deformation scheme in Rastall gravity. Finally, the third one is to derive an anisotropic version of the charged isotropic model previously obtained by applying gravitational decoupling technology. We construct the field equations which are divided into two sets by employing the geometric deformation in radial metric function. The first set corresponds to the seed (charged isotropic) source, while the other one relates the deformation function with an extra source. We choose a known isotropic solution for spherical matter configuration including electromagnetic effects and extend it to an anisotropic model by finding the solution of the field equations associated with a new source. We construct two anisotropic models by adopting some physical constraints on the additional source. To evaluate the unknown constants, we use the matching of interior and exterior spacetimes. We investigate the physical feasibility of the constructed charged anisotropic solutions by the graphical analysis of the metric functions, density, pressure, anisotropy parameter, energy conditions, stability criterion, mass function, compactness, and redshift parameters. For the considered choice of parameters, it is concluded that the developed solutions are physically acceptable as all the physical aspects are well-behaved.

Oxytetracycline degradation and antidermatophytic activity of novel biosynthesized MoS2 photocatalysts

The presence of environmental contamination poses a significant threat to life on our planet. Oxytetracycline, an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of effectiveness, demonstrates resistance to biodegradation, potentially resulting in an ecological hazard. In this study, we synthesized both pure and biosynthesized Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles using extracts from the bark of Ficusreligiosa L (FR) and leaves of ZiziphusjujubeL (ZJ). These nanopartices were characterized by various analytical methods to assess their efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) and their antidermatophytic activity. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the prepared MoS2 catalysts typically exhibited hexagonal phase structure with crystalline size of approximately 13, 6, and 4 nm. Both pure and biosynthesized MoS2 nanoparticles displayed a nanoflake-like morphology with a spherical size distribution. BET surface area analyses exhibited an increase in surface area for biosynthesized MoS2 nanoparticles from 79 to 121 m2g−1. Optical absorption revealed a red shift in band gap energy, decreasing from 2.37 to 2.03 eV for biosynthesized MoS2 nanoparticles. The biosynthesized MoS2:FR nanoparticles exhibited remarkable OTC degradation with 99 % achieved within 100 min along with strong antifungal activity (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration - MIC of 12.5 µg/mL, Minimum Fungicidal Concentration - MFC of 25 µg/mL). These biosynthesized MoS2 catalysts are promising for water treatment purposes.

Dream360: Diverse and Immersive Outdoor Virtual Scene Creation via Transformer-Based 360° Image Outpainting.

360° images, with a field-of-view (FoV) of $180^{\circ}\times 360^{\circ}$, provide immersive and realistic environments for emerging virtual reality (VR) applications, such as virtual tourism, where users desire to create diverse panoramic scenes from a narrow FoV photo they take from a viewpoint via portable devices. It thus brings us to a technical challenge: 'How to allow the users to freely create diverse and immersive virtual scenes from a narrow FoV image with a specified viewport?' To this end, we propose a transformer-based 360° image outpainting framework called Dream360, which can generate diverse, high-fidelity, and high-resolution panoramas from user-selected viewports, considering the spherical properties of 360° images. Compared with existing methods, e.g., [3], which primarily focus on inputs with rectangular masks and central locations while overlooking the spherical property of 360° images, our Dream360 offers higher outpainting flexibility and fidelity based on the spherical representation. Dream360 comprises two key learning stages: (I) codebook-based panorama outpainting via Spherical-VQGAN (S-VQGAN), and (II) frequency-aware refinement with a novel frequency-aware consistency loss. Specifically, S-VQGAN learns a sphere-specific codebook from spherical harmonic (SH) values, providing a better representation of spherical data distribution for scene modeling. The frequency-aware refinement matches the resolution and further improves the semantic consistency and visual fidelity of the generated results. Our Dream360 achieves significantly lower Frechet Inception Distance (FID) scores and better visual fidelity than existing methods. We also conducted a user study involving 15 participants to interactively evaluate the quality of the generated results in VR, demonstrating the flexibility and superiority of our Dream360 framework.

Fast particle-mesh code for Milgromian dynamics

Context. Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a promising alternative to dark matter. To further test the theory, there is a need for fluid- and particle-dynamics simulations. The force in MOND is not a direct particle-particle interaction, but derives from a potential for which a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) needs to be solved. Normally, this makes the problem of simulating dynamical evolution computationally expensive. Aims. We intend to develop a fast particle-mesh (PM) code for MOND (the AQUAL formalism). Methods. We transformed the nonlinear equation for MOND into a system of linear PDEs plus one algebraic equation. An iterative scheme with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) produces successively better numerical approximations. Results. The algorithm was tested for dynamical systems in MOND where analytical solutions are known: the two-body problem, a body with a circular ring, and a spherical distribution of particles in thermal equilibrium in the self-consistent potential. Conclusions. The PM code can accurately calculate the forces at subpixel scale and reproduces the analytical solutions. Four iterations are required for the potential, but when the spatial steps are small compared to the kernel width, one iteration is suffices. The use of a smoothing kernel for the accelerations is inevitable in order to eliminate the self-gravity of the point particles. Our PDE solver is 15 to 42 times as slow as a standard Poisson solver. However, the smoothing and particle propagation takes up most of the time above one particle per 103 pixels. The FFTs, the smoothing, and the propagation part in the code can all be parallelized.

Constructing models for spherical and elliptical densities

Abstract The article provides construction algorithms for consistent model classes of continuous spherical and elliptical distributions. The algorithms are based on characterization theorems for consistent families of generator functions. This characterization uses the term of complete monotonicity. The algorithms are applied to several examples of generators leading to consistent families of generators with explicit formulas for marginal densities of arbitrary dimension.

Continuous preparation of sustained release vildagliptin nanoparticles using tubular microreactor approach

This investigation used a tubular microreactor to produce Vildagliptin (VLG) loaded ethyl cellulose (EC) nanoparticles (NPs) for sustained delivery of a drug. A central composite design was used to quantify the influence of independent variables on the desired responses. The independent factors selected to achieve the desired entrapment efficiency and sustained drug release were EC concentration and sodium lauryl sulfate concentration. On the other hand, the dependent variables chosen for assessment were particle size (Y1) and encapsulation efficiency (Y2). The nanoparticles produced were analyzed, which included particle size measurement, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, encapsulation efficiency (EE) determination, and in vitro drug release study. The optimized samples TEM investigation verified the nanoparticles’ spherical shape and particle size distribution, ranging from 160 to 250 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) fell within the range of 63–87%. In the in-vitro drug release study, VLG-loaded EC nanoparticles exhibited sustained release over 12 h. Applying various kinetic equations to the in-vitro drug release data demonstrated that the drug release mechanism involved diffusion. This comprehensive study concluded that the VLG-EC-NPs achieved optimal particle size, EE, and desirable level of sustained drug release.

Assessment of the photocatalytic performance and cytotoxic effects of barium sulfate nanoparticles synthesized with a one-step hydrothermal method

The article introduces a novel method for the production of barium sulfate nanoparticles (BaSO4-NPs), which was executed utilizing a particular methodology that entailed the reaction between barium chloride and sodium sulfate. FT-IR, PXRD, UV–Vis, FESEM/EDX, TEM, and PSA analyses were employed to approve the fabrication of BaSO4-NPs. The XRD pattern showed that the NPs had a higher occurrence of the orthorhombic phase with the Pnma space group. Furthermore, the synthesis of BaSO4-NPs was confirmed utilizing FTIR analysis, which displayed their strong bands. The FESEM pictures of BaSO4-NPs exhibited spherical morphology and uniform distribution. The proficiency of photocatalysis by BaSO4-NPs was evaluated in the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye. After 150 min, the observed degradation percentage was 89%. In the current research, the cytotoxicity of the BaSO4-NPs was studied on normal mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cell and cancer mouse melanoma B16F0 cell lines and the IC50 value was 823.8 µg/mL for cancer B16F0 cells and the results revealed a slight reduction in the viability of cancer cells compared to normal cells.

Testing of [formula omitted]-gravity through gravastar configurations

In this article, we are reporting for the first time the existence of gravastar configurations in the framework of κ(R,T)-gravity, which can be treated as an alternative to a black hole (Mazur and Mottola). This strengthens how much this new gravity theory may be physically demanding to the gravity community in the near future. We first develop the gravastar field equations for a generic κ(R,T) functional and then we study four different models within this theory. We find that the solutions for the interior region are regular everywhere regardless of the exact form of the κ(R,T) functional. The solutions for the shell region indicate that two of the four models subjected to the study are physically feasible. In addition, the junction conditions are considered at each interface by using the Lanczos equations that yield the surface density and pressure at the thin shell. We investigate various characteristics of the gravastar structure such as the proper length, energy, and entropy of the spherical distribution.

Constraints via the Event Horizon Telescope for Black Hole Solutions with Dark Matter under the Generalized Uncertainty Principle Minimal Length Scale Effect

AbstractFour spherically symmetric but non‐asymptotically flat black hole solutions surrounded with spherical dark matter distribution perceived under the minimal length scale effect is derived via the generalized uncertainty principle. Here, the effect of this quantum correction, described by the parameter , is considered on a toy model galaxy with dark matter and the three well‐known dark matter distributions: the cold dark matter, scalar field dark matter, and the universal rotation curve. The aim is to find constraints to by applying these solutions to the known supermassive black holes: Sagittarius A (Sgr. A*) and Messier 87* (M87*), in conjunction with the available Event Horizon telescope. The effect of is then examined on the event horizon, photonsphere, and shadow radii, where unique deviations from the Schwarzschild case are observed. As for the shadow radii, bounds are obtained for the values of on each black hole solution at confidence level. The results revealed that under minimal length scale effect, black holes can give positive (larger shadow) and negative values (smaller shadow) of , which are supported indirectly by laboratory experiments and astrophysical or cosmological observations, respectively.

Rapid preparation of cobalt-free lithium rich cathode materials with layered structure and excellent performance via capillary microreactors

High voltage and high energy density cathode materials are the future development trend of power batteries. Li-and Mn-rich layered oxide (LMR) materials exhibit high capacity, low cost, and environmental friendliness, making them a promising cathode material for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. In this study, a continuous-flow process for rapid co-precipitation synthesis of LMR precursor (Mn0.75Ni0.25CO3) in capillary microreactors was developed. Due to the good mixing characteristics of the microreactor (tm=54 ms), Mn0.75Ni0.25CO3 displays a complete spherical morphology and uniform elemental distribution without adding any complexing agent during the synthesis. The reaction time can be controlled within 11.78 s. The prepared Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 (LMR) cathode exhibits excellent properties with a high initial discharge capacity of 266.52 mAh•g−1 at 0.1C and a superior capacity retention of 93.7 % after 200 cycles at 1C. This work demonstrates that microfluidic technology presents a viable and promising approach for quickly producing lithium battery cathode precursors.

Unveiling the Structure-Luminescence-Stability relationship in 5s2-Based Antimony halides toward High-Performance emitters

Emerging low-dimensional metal halides have attracted enormous research interests due to their prominent photoluminescence (PL) properties and extensive application potentials. However, the systematic discussion on the structure-luminescence-stability relationship is still lacking. Herein, a series of novel lead-free metal halides are developed to unveil the underlying relationship. The as-synthesized (C6H5NH3)6SbCl9·H2O single crystal is structurally unstable that would spontaneously transform into (C6H5NH3)3ClSbCl5·H2O in the mother liquor, due to the strong antibonding Sb-5s2 lone pair with a spherical distribution in highly symmetrical geometry. To suppress this effect and stabilize the metastable phase, In3+ without ns electrons is introduced into the lattice of (C6H5NH3)6SbCl9·H2O, as a result, the changed coordination environment, including band structure, lattice constant and intermolecular electronic interaction, not only inhibits the structure transformation, but also leads to an enhanced PL efficiency (83.37 %) at ∼ 600 nm. This work promotes the understanding of structure-luminescence-stability relationship in organic–inorganic materials, and provides a new insight for further searching for high-performance lead-free perovskite luminescent materials.

Analysis of complexity on the anisotropic charged fluid in modified teleparallel gravity

This article is about the impact of complexity on the anisotropic charged fluid in f(T) gravity, where accountability of the torsion scalar T is offered by the gravitational influence. Our focus is on the anisotropic charged fluid. We took into account the static spherical distribution for the interior region. Foremost, we present the basic formalism of f(T) theory, which comprises the electric charge, and then evaluate the field equations along with the hydrostatic equilibrium equation in this framework. The criterion of complexity is taken up from Herrera’s design (Herrera, 2018), where the complexity factor is attained from the division of the Riemann curvature tensor in an orthogonal direction. We set up the relation between the Misner–Sharp mass function and the hydrostatic equilibrium equation comprising the electric charge in f(T) theory. We match the interior region with the Reissner-Nordström geometry in the exterior direction and investigate the role of the Tolman mass in this background. We carry out the analysis of the structure scalars for charged anisotropic fluid within f(T) gravity and study the impact of the density homogeneity and inhomogeneity along with local anisotropy on the complexity factor YTF. The manuscript concluded with the defined concepts that satisfy the constraint of diminishing complexity in f(T) theory, which comprises the electric charge.

Fuzzy-Rough Intrigued Harmonic Discrepancy Clustering

Fuzzy clustering decomposes data into clusters using partial memberships by exploring the cluster structure information, which demonstrates comparable performance for knowledge exploitation under the circumstance of information incompleteness. In general, this scheme considers the memberships of objects to cluster centroids and applies to clusters with the spherical distribution. In addition, the noises and outliers may significantly influence the clustering process; a common mitigation measure is the application of separate noise processing algorithms, but this usually introduces multiple parameters which are challenging to be determined for different data types. This paper proposes a new fuzzy-rough intrigued harmonic discrepancy clustering (HDC) algorithm by noting that fuzzy-rough sets offer a higher degree of uncertainty modelling for both vagueness and imprecision present in real-valued datasets. The HDC is implemented by introducing a novel concept of harmonic discrepancy, which effectively indicates the dissimilarity between a data instance and foreign clusters with their distributions fully considered. The proposed HDC is thus featured by a powerful processing ability on complex data distribution leading to enhanced clustering performance, particularly on noisy datasets, without the use of explicit noise handling parameters. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed HDC, which generally outperforms the popular representative clustering algorithms on both synthetic and benchmark datasets, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed algorithm.