Sphere Of Social Relations Research Articles

CAFERİ MEZHEBİNDE ÖRF VE SĪRA ‘UQALĀİYYA ( AKLA DAYALI ÇIKARIM) DELİLLERİ ARASINDAKİ ETKİLEŞİMİN ZAMANSAL ANALİZİ

In the Ja‘farī school of law, jurisprudence is not conceived as a civil act, but is instead held to be a religious practice that orientates towards eschatology and theology. The scholarly focus has converged upon the proposition that human society would not reach the true path and salvation unless limitations on the actions and appetites of each individual were first put in place by Islamic ideology (that is explained by the Prophet and Imams). From the point of Ja‘farī scholars, God has sought to impose boundaries upon human activity by putting in place five categories which encompass positive law in its entirety: absolutely forbidden actions (ḥarām), indispensable or expressly commanded actions (wājib or farḍ), admissible or permitted actions (mubāḥ), recommended or desired actions (mustaḥabb or mandūb) and reprehensible or offensive actions (makrūh). In the absence of solutions or rulings that can be achieved through the application of legal texts and methods, the principle of custom (‘urf) emerges as a valid source in response to the impossibility of restricting social issues that pertain to the jurisprudence. At this point, the resort to ‘urf which is applied as a legal principle in urgent circumstances may become an indispensable part of Islamic law that helps to validate the given solution or to categorise the permissible acts within the Ja‘farī school of law. The application of ‘urf might be considered as an affirmation of the position which holds that primary issues of faith (i‘tikād) should be determined with reference to the original Islamic sources including the Qur’an, the Sunna, icmā’ (consensus), ‘aql (reason) according to Ja‘farī school of law. However, here, it should be remembered that the scholars frequently advocate flexible and pragmatic approaches in the sphere of social relations (mu‘āmalāt). The implementation process of rules for cases pertaining to social relations can be said to have given credence to ‘urf being applied directly as a legal principle or as a subsidiary factor that relates to the interpretation of various legal principles. It is quite conceivable that the application of ‘urf will result in changes to legal methodologies and temporary legal rulings that had previously given by the early scholars of Ja‘farī school of law. The flexible nature of Islamic law in the scope of mu‘āmalāt authorises the scholars to interpret the legal sources (in harmony with the necessities of time and place) by using various legal methodologies. It is in fact the case that scholars are required to acknowledge the changing needs and habits of contemporary time during the jurisdiction process by preserving the formal framework of religious sanctity. The scholars have sought to set out the principles in more detail along with the conditions of their implementation. These principles relate to cases in which the true ordinance of God is not clear or deduced from the main sources of Islamic law. At the initial and foundational periods of the school, the classical Ja‘farī scholars openly referred to ‘urf as an independent source of ruling. However, the scholars of later and contemporary period have avoided to address ‘urf directly but prepared a substructure with ‘urf in order to use it during the interpretation of procedural and secondary sources. Among these sources, especially the principle of sīra ‘uqalā’iyya has gained a prestigious position and expanded the range of its validity in legal area according to explanations of recent Ja‘farī scholars. The principle of sīra ‘uqalā’iyya in operating as a legal constraint, prioritises the local conditions of the region and simultaneously operates at the level of theory and practice. The analogical and etymological comparison between the principles of ‘urf and sīra ‘uqalā’iyya clarifies that ‘urf (which finds its origin in the daily practices of people) is considered more vulnerable than and sīra ‘uqalā’iyya (which finds its roots in the rational practices of people).

The law-enforcement system in the civil rights and freedoms protection system: the international comparative aspect

The article focuses on the problem of place determination of law-enforcement agencies in the civil rights and freedoms protection system. The emphasis is given to the analysis of international legal instruments in this sphere, in particular: the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The article has proved that law enforcement agencies are mainly aimed at ensuring and protection of human and citizen civil rights and freedoms in all spheres of social relations.

Psychosocial characteristics of tuberculosis patients in Russia and treatment compliance factors

The authors of the article analyse approaches to treatment for tuberculosis (TB), which have become widespread throughout the world. Scientists from different countries have made attempts to study the influence of psychological, social, cultural, ethnic, and geographical factors on the spread of tuberculosis and the effectiveness of its treatment. But so far little is known about personal or sociocultural factors that lead to a violation of treatment compliance, which significantly actualises the problems stated in this article. The relevance of the study is also determined by the fact that all measures currently used for treating tuberculosis do not lead to its complete eradication and elimination of the epidemic in the world as well as in the Russian Federation. The purpose of this work was to study the psychosocial characteristics of TB patients in Russia and their interrelationships, which will provide an opportunity to predict the patients’ behaviour in a disease situation and their treatment compliance. The study involved 1600 respondents aged 19-60 years: 800 women and 800 men, residents of Samara (Russia), of which 800 persons were TB patients and the other 800 were conditionally healthy. The following psychodiagnostic techniques were used: The World Health Organisation Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Questionnaire (core module), The Level of Social Frustratedness Questionnaire, The Neurotic Disorders Questionnaire (Russian modification of H.D. Hansgen’s BVNK-300), M. Bond’s Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) in Russian adaptation by E. Tunik, The Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WSQ) by S. Folkman and R. Lazarus in a modified and adapted Russian version, The Type of Attitude Towards the Disease (TATD) Questionnaire, and The Level of Compliance Questionnaire. It was found that the TB patients had a significantly decreased quality of life, especially in the spheres of social relations, psychological state and spirituality. Characteristic features of the TB patients in Russia were disorders of the digestive and cardiovascular systems, sleep and motor disorders, affective instability, mental exhaustion, excitability, impaired working ability, fears, and social-psychological maladaptation. The respondents tended to use more maladaptive psychological defence mechanisms. As the leading coping ways for the TB patients, search for social support and acceptance of responsibility were identified. The prevailing types of attitudes toward the disease were characterised by an intrapsychic orientation, causing impaired social adaptation of these patients. The authors constructed regression models of compliance to determine strategies for TB patients psychological support. The results of the study as well as the constructed models can be used for training professional personnel in the field of medicine, clinical psychology, social work and social pedagogy in order to optimise the provision of medical, social, psychological and pedagogical assistance to TB patients in Russia and in other countries of the world: studies show that the factors identified and analysed in this paper are similar in TB patients in different countries, regardless of their geographic location or the level of economic development and cultural features.

MARGINALITY AS A REALITY AND A PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSITION: CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES IN CULTURE

The purpose of the article. The socio-philosophical analysis of the peculiarities of margins in the conditions of globalization, determinants, and mechanisms of social transit of marginal individuals and marginal communities in the integrated socio-cultural space is studied. The aim is to study marginality as a socio-cultural and existential phenomenon that has meta anthropological and creative potential to determine its role in the cultural space. Methodology. The article combines cultural and philosophical analysis with dialectical and synergetic methods in the study of marginal communities in culture as complex, open, dynamic, self-organized, holistic systems, the transformation of which is considered through the dialectical law of mutual transition of quantitative meanings and qualitative changes. Scientific novelty. Most modern researchers interpret the state of Ukrainian socio-culture as borderline close to critical. The proposed loss is a special mode of transition and is associated with the risk of avalanche-like development of total marginalization of society. Conclusions. It was found that "margin" means an objective social process that reflects the processes of distancing specific social objects from the dominant axiological guidelines in society the distribution of material goods and is characterized by a dichotomy of "ascending-descending"; "Marginal transition" appears as a change in the essence of social relations of a social object which fixes its specific position in society; "Marginal leap" is defined as a form of transition of the community to a new social order in a relatively short time. The theoretical and practical significance of the obtained results lies in identifying and substantiating the peculiarities of the transformation of marginalized communities in the context of globalization. Substantiation of the specifics of the socio-philosophical design of the transit of the Ukrainian community into the integrated socio-cultural space will contribute to 1) clarification of external and internal contexts of social transformation; 2) systematization of factors that determine the margins of the community, in order to determine the determinants of its demarginalization; 3) elaboration of integration guidelines, compromises for an inhomogeneous society. The current stage of development of society is accompanied by a qualitative and large-scale transformation of social ties, group dominants, socio-cultural stereotypes which determines the peculiarity of marginal transformations in the context of globalization. The high dynamics of transitive processes in society affects the objective formation of significant disparities in various spheres of social relations. As a result, the scale of the marginalization of society is increasing.

Analysis of the ratio of livestock and livestock production by farms of Lviv region at the turn of the century

The end of the XX and the beginning of the XXI centuries were characterized by radical changes in all spheres of social relations. During this period there was an intensive process of breaking the socialist systems of economic activity and the transition to a market economy. These changes can be fully attributed to the epoch-making, because there have been radical changes in all components of various spheres of social relations. Regarding the digital information used in the analysis of the presence of livestock in farms of Lviv region, it is reasonable to say that during the study period significantly decreased the number of farm animals in all categories of farms and in terms of enterprises and households. Regarding the indicators of livestock production in economic entities of Lviv region, the situation here is almost similar in terms of changes in the number of farm animals. The essence of the problem of this study is to analyze the effects of economic processes on the state of livestock development in Lviv region. At the same time, we have selected the main components of the functioning of the industry, namely: the presence of livestock and the volume of livestock production. These indicators are important and form the basis of the industry and therefore they are chosen as the basis that forms the essence of the problem. Our research should encourage scientists to conduct further research on the state of development of animal husbandry with a focus on identifying the causes that inhibited and inhibit the effective functioning of the livestock industry. The obtained research results should become an effective basis for managers and specialists to make rational management decisions to eliminate certain inhibitory factors in the development of animal husbandry.

The peculiarities of legal liability for violation of tax legislation in the United States

Relevance of the selected topic is justified by the importance of the institution of liability for the current tax systems, since taxpayers are not always willing to voluntarily part with their earnings. Drawing on the experience of the developed countries can be valuable in determining advantages and disadvantages of the models of the institution of liability for violations of tax legislation, with future consideration in reforming the corresponding sphere of social relations in Russia. The goal of this work consists in examination of peculiarities of the institution of liability for violation of tax legislation in the United States, jurisdiction with one of the most effective tax systems in the world. For achieving the set goal, the author sets a number of scientific tasks, among which is consideration of the types of liability for violation of tax legislation in the United States and questions of their demarcation, as well as the forms of penalties for violating tax legislation. The following conclusions were made: 1) liability for violation of tax legislation in the United States can be either criminal or civil; 2) both types of liability are established in the same legislative act – the Internal Revenue Code; 3) demarcation of liability is rather conditional, depending on the type of offence, severity of penalties for its commission, as well as procedure of implementation of liability; 4) civil liability for violation of tax legislation in the United States has no parallels with the Russian law, and essentially incorporates the features of administrative and civil liability; 5) since in the United States law, civil penalties can have restorative justice nature, a person can be subject to both administrative and criminal liability for the same offence.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ENSURE OF “THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD” IN THE FIELD OF JUNIOR JUSTICE

Today, the concept of “best interests of the child” is recognized as one of the guiding principles of ensuring the rights of children in all spheres of social relations. The object of this study is social relations in juvenile justice as a specific area of children’s rights. The aim of the article is to clarify the meaning of the concept of “best interests of the child” as well as to define the features of administrative and legal provision of this principle in the field of juvenile justice. To achieve this goal, general scientific and special methods of scientific research are used. The author argues that the definition of “best interests of the child” in the field of juvenile justice should only be generally oriented to guaranteeing child’s vital and social needs as a participant in jurisdictional proceedings, taking into account his or her age, biological and social characteristics. Under any circumstances, the list of such interests cannot be exhaustive. In view of the public-service nature of administrative and legal relations, an important role in the current and future ensure of the best interests of the child in any type of jurisdictional proceedings belongs to the administrative and legal means. The priority of attention to administrative and legal means in ensuring the best interests of the child in the field of juvenile justice is due to the wide range and relative universality of administrative and legal regulation, which allows to meet the procedural needs of children within purely jurisdictional proceedings as well as to facilitate other organizational and legal issues of social protection of children.

The “Machine of Power” and Aspects of Political Balance

This article explores the historical pattern of the evolution of power technologies. The methodological basis relies on the philosophical movements of the twentieth century (phenomenology, structuralism, etc.) and works by P. Bourdieu, C. Lefort, N. Luhmann, D. Naisbitt, P. Sloterdijk, M. Foucault, O. Spann, F. G. Jünger, N. Elias, and a number of other authors. The creation of technologies for managing society and complex power mechanisms (“power machines”) are a general pattern of social development. The notion of dynamic power balance acts as a mandatory attribute of the management of society and focuses political activity on the constant consideration of numerous phenomena, circumstances, and interests. The state, as the main instrument of political management, seeks to constantly strengthen its power both within and without, and to spread it ever more to new spheres of social relations and territories. But over time, first in the sphere of international law, universal principles are recognised that establish the limits of power and assume the impossibility of strengthening the power of any one state (the idea of political balance of sovereign national states). In domestic politics, the increasing degree of agreement and gradually developing mechanisms of consensus contribute to the reduction of the role played by direct violence and the emergence of a system of institutions that were perceived as legitimate. Previous spontaneous processes and collisions of opposing forces are translated into technical, organisational, normative language – and political dynamics – into static social structures. Chaos and uncertainty are replaced by ideas about the desired ideal and order. The new “power machine” also receives a new justification that is no longer transcendent, but rather rational and technological. Constantly improving and becoming more complex, the “power machine” becomes ever more effective. The “technical” regularities of the organisation and functioning of political power, which determine the new social role of the “power machine”, come to the fore. The state, which is organised into a mechanism with supreme political power and absolute authority, has a decisive influence on the development of society. The transition from a dynastic to a bureaucratic state depersonalises the “power machine”. The figure of a monarch with absolute power dissolves in the hierarchy of numerous officials vested with power. The organisation of power to a large extent separates carriers or subjects of power from their decisions. There is no visible mechanism of power and subordination and the opposite interests of the ruling and the governed. Further, in the twentieth-century industrial revolutions, the “power machine” is forced to adapt to new social realities, i. e. to “network” relations where communication and connections between people and their groups become fundamental. This leads to the creation of new management structures with a plurality of centres.

On the question of the criteria for the classification of labor regimes

The article analyzes the basic approaches to the classification of legal regimes proposed by the representatives of the general theoryof law and other branch sciences, proposes the criteria for the separation of the labour-law regime. It is emphasized that the classificationof legal regimes in labor law is of great scientific and practical importance, and the classification of labour-law regimes can beconsidered as one way of knowing the development of labor law as a branch.The labor-law regime, like other sectoral regimes, is a legal category, so it is logical that it will be classified from a legal perspective.Regimes characterized by an impact on the homogeneous sphere of social relations in the labor field are classified accordingto the legal means, thus forming a multilevel division, which is associated with the transition from generic objects to species, which,uniting in a single system, form a single branch regime that characterizes the specifics of labor law as an branch. Since labor law as abranch of law is a combination of private and public elements, this feature is also reflected in the classification of types of labor-lawregime. Therefore, depending on the criterion of interest being satisfied, the whole array of legal regimes in the field of hired labor canbe divided into such types as legal regimes in private law and legal regimes in public law.Depending on the functions of labor law, it is advisable to distinguish the social-legal regime, which, in combination with allother types of legal regimes, in particular, with the private-law and public-law regime, covers all institutions of labor law, provides differentiationof legal regulation of labor relations, the principle of equality, the principle of freedom of work, non-discrimination, etc. Itis concluded that the most complete socio-legal nature and legal content of legal regimes in labor law reveals precisely the social-legalregime, which is divided into restrictive and stimulating.

Diagnostic capabilities of the WHOQOL-100 Questionnaire in Life’s Quality assessment for patients with coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation

Introduction: Circulatory system diseases have high medical and social significance, therefore, the study of the quality of life associated with health for cardiological patients is of great practical importance. A large number of methods for assessing the quality of life are known, but not all methods have a methodological justification in cardiology and practical approbation. The aim of the work was to assess the clinical value of the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire for a group of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods: The work methodology is presented by the analysis of RISC, Springer Link, Oxford University Press, New England Medical Journal, British Medical Journal, Elsevier SCOPUS database, EBSCO platform, as a result, the WHOQOL100 method was justified for use. Results: It has been established that the psychological field (the ratio of positive and negative emotions) and the sphere of social relations with an emphasis on practical social support are components of the quality of life, which can be considered as key vectors of social rehabilitation and criteria for the social effectiveness of treating patients with cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: The international questionnaire WHOQOL-100 is recommended for use for cardiological patients with the subsequent analysis of the whole profile of quality of life.

Development of cooperative movement technology in the legacy of Hryhorii Halahan

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to consider the development of technology of the cooperative movement, which is based on teachings of Hryhoriy Halahan. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods are used to study the problems: dialectical, deductive, inductive, abstraction, concretization and comparative method. The following research methods are used: dialectical method of cognition – when considering the historical path of H. Halahan's activity; theoretical generalization and comparison – for the development of the conceptual apparatus and research on the development of cooperative movement technology; abstract and logical – in the theoretical generalization of the essence and achievements of the scientific heritage of H. Halahan. The primary sources in the study are historical Ukrainian works. Findings. A study of the main milestones in the life and work of a prominent figure in Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth century Hryhoriy Halahan is conducted. The main emphasis in the research processes is focused on: consideration of the conditions for the development of various spheres of social relations in the middle of the XIX century in Ukraine; development and implementation of technology of H. Halahan’s cooperative activity; determining the impact of the technology of H. Halahan’s cooperative activity on the development of agricultural relations. A review of the life of Hryhoriy Halahan, as a prominent figure in Ukrainian economic thought, is implemented. Originality. The generalization of H. Halahan's versatile activity is carried out; in particular the technologies of cooperative activity are singled out. Practical value. Assessing the practical steps of implementation of the technology of H. Halahan’s cooperative activity gives grounds to assert the need for further research on the enrichment of science in this direction. The obtained results of the study are aimed at highlighting the “white spots” of the history of the technology of cooperative movement in the Ukrainian lands of the XIX century. Key words: Hryhoriy Halahan, public relations, cooperation, technologies of cooperative activity, savings and loan cooperation, credits, cooperative activity.

Consequences of sexual violence: criminological dimension

The article substantiates the need to activate criminological knowledge of the fundamental problem of the consequences of crime. The consequences of sexual violence, their parameters, levels of manifestation, the addressees of causation, the «price» and other points are of theoretical as well as practical interest. It is suggested that the material consequences of sexual violence be considered as various forms of causing physical violence, materialized in the consequences: death, violation of the anatomical integrity and physiological function of organs and tissues of the person; as well as economic losses related to the temporary or permanent withdrawal of a person from the sphere of social relations and the response of state or public institutions to a crime. Formulated author's definition of intangible consequences of crime as generated by crime for the individual, society, state of consequences of undeclared nature, forms of manifestation of which cause mental (moral) harm to individuals, as well as non-pecuniary damage to legal entities of the public and private society. At the individual level, the non-material consequences of sexual violence are post-traumatic and mental disorders of victims of crimes by individuals. On the basis of the provisions of criminological science, legal psychology, medicine, the material and intangible consequences of sexual violence were analyzed, taking into account the criminal statistics. It is emphasized that obtaining objective and up-to-date data on criminal practices of sexual violence in Ukraine is a paramount condition for the formation of an information base for the socio-legal assessment of the relevance of combating this type of crime. Despite the incompleteness and inconsistency of official statistics data, the high latency of detecting and fixing post-traumatic and mental disorders of sexually abused victims, the lack of effective algorithms for calculating their «price», collecting this criminologically relevant information, and facilitating the development of action.

ОХОРОНА ДИПЛОМАТИЧНИХ ПРЕДСТАВНИЦТВ ПІДРОЗДІЛАМИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ: НАПРЯМИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ

One of the urgent issues of interstate cooperation, which is becoming increasingly important today, is to ensure the security of diplomats and other representatives of diplomatic missions of foreign countries located in Ukraine. The question of the effectiveness of measures aimed at strengthening the security and protection of diplomatic facilities and their personnel has been the subject of consideration by the United Nations General Assembly. In Ukraine, the protection of diplomatic missions is carried out by units of the National Guard of Ukraine. Execution of combat missions of this kind can take place both in calm conditions of daily activities and in conditions of aggravation of the socio-political situation in the country, and in crisis situations that necessitate the evacuation of members of diplomatic missions and property, escorting columns with personnel and cargo, protection of places of their compact stay. To date, the forms, methods and procedures for performing these tasks have not been fully explored or specified, which makes it difficult to plan and implement such security activities properly.Given the relevance of this study and its importance, this article presents the analysis of existing legal acts in the field of law-enforcement activities of the National Guard of Ukraine when performing tasks for the protection of diplomatic missions, including places where members of diplomatic staff stay compact in case of their evacuation in crisis situations in the state, accompanied by columns with personnel and cargo of diplomatic representative offices (consular offices) of foreign states that are evacuated in such conditions. On the basis of generalization and assessment of special legal norms governing the indicated sphere of social relations, views are set forth and directions for the improvement of this activity are proposed.

Toponymic Image-Building for Urban Locations

The paper looks into the specifics of urban place naming from the perspective of modern territory marketing and branding. Regarding the image of a place as a strategy, the author postulates the importance of toponymic image-building for the market economy and transformation of the socio-cultural milieu. The study focuses on the cases of urban naming aimed at managing the perception of spatial objects and supported through their specific media representation. Most of these place names belong to Ekaterinburg, although some references to other cities are made as well. The originality of the proposed research consists in using discourse analysis to explain the image-building capacities of place naming that relate both to the name choice and to the semiotics of the material landscape, as well as to the intents and purposes of stakeholders involved in the promotion process. Toponymic image-building techniques are commonly used for positioning and promotion of residential real estate, prestigious business facilities, leisure and sports grounds. This enables the author to outline the naming techniques associated with different spheres of social relations. It is noted that toponymic image-building is another means of commodification of urban space, which is not limited to the cost component as such but also adds to the social value of the urban landscape. The conditional-symbolic principle of naming proves to be increasingly productive, which, according to the author, attests to the growing popularity of individualising components in ergonymic and toponymic naming. The research outcomes, covering both linguistic and general semiotic aspects of toponymic image-building, can contribute to solving problematic issues of applied toponymy and the development of urban toponymic policy.

PROVIDING PUBLIC ORDER IN THE LIGHT OF CODIFICATION OF CURRENT LEGISLATION

The article deals with the codification of administrative legislation. The basic concepts are considered, approaches to a problem are revealed, directions of improvement of the current legislation are analyzed. The main attention is paid to the issue of codification as a legal category and codification of administrative law, since it is a form of lawmaking, and its main purpose is to providing the most complete legal regulation of a certain sphere of social relations by adopting logically complete normative acts of complex and generalizing nature. It is suggested that public law should perform the function of public order, which is provided with appropriate means of influence in case of violation of relations in this field. It is emphasized that the list of remedies of public order includes the rules of public law, but those with a protective orientation, public-legal relations that arise in cases of committing offenses in the sphere of public order, and acts of implementation of these rules. As for administrative law, its main function should be to protect the rights and freedoms of a citizen from illicit acts or inction of state bodies (officials). On the basis of a critical analysis of the foundations of post-Soviet jurisprudence, a modern understanding of the role and content of norms of administrative law is offered, as well as a comprehensive, balanced and consistent revision of the legislation, and its adjustment with modern European standards. In particular, there is an urgent need to reform the administrative law of Ukraine, the basis for defining the purpose of which is an approach formed in Soviet times, which should be based on a substantially updated, more democratic understanding of the public purpose of public law, which will replace Soviet administrative law. It is concluded that a qualitatively new ideology of legal thinking must be created and practically introduced in Ukraine.

Anti-Corruption Sense of Justice as an Overriding Factor of Personality Development of a Penal Correction System Officer

The need in corruption prevention and the necessity to create the anti-corruption legal base are recognized by all states. This particular research is devoted to modern trends in corruption observed inside the penal system. The authors analyze views of researchers on this phenomenon as well as anti-corruption solutions and prove the importance of developing anti-corruption sense of justice and moral education of penal corection system officers. They also offer particular prevention measures aimed at developing anti-corruption sense of justice of officers. In the course of their research the authors analyze provisions of the federal law No, 273 On Corruption Prevention dated December 25, 2008 and offer measures aimed at anti-corruption behavior of officers. As a result of their research, the authors emphasize the need to develop anti-corruption policy and anti-corruption culture as well as the need to teach anti-corruption behavior and sense of justice to penal correction system officers and the need to discover and eliminate causes of corruption. They also conclude that there is a need to develop anti-corruption standards that are being developed by state authorities today for particular spheres of social relations. 

Public transit and urban poetics: Singapore’s Moving Words poetry project and anthology

ABSTRACT This essay examines the 2011 Moving Words public poetry campaign in Singapore where poems were displayed in many train stations of the Mass Rapid Transit rail system. It also discusses the poetry anthology, Moving Words, containing poems submitted by members of the public as part of the campaign. While existing studies of Singaporean literature and culture discuss urban space, architecture, and roadways as significant literary tropes, no study of the Mass Rapid Transit’s role and representation in poetry exists. In contrast to the Singaporean state’s promotion of neoliberal work-driven time-discipline and lifestyles, the Moving Words poems imagine an affective and temporal sphere of social relations that is more capacious and relational. Drawing on Walter Benjamin’s idea of distraction and socio-cultural studies of urban life and public transit, I analyse the poems by showing how their form and content appropriate the mechanical and regulated spaces of train stations and carriages to transcend civil inattention and explore alternative temporal rhythms and emotional states. Disrupting the calibrated coercion of Singaporeans as docile passengers and efficient workers, the poems encourage readers to imagine relationships with each other and with the country’s past and future that exceed neoliberalism’s relentless focus on the present and productivity.

Реализация иных убеждений несовершеннолетними осужденными: организационный и правовой аспекты

In the article the author actualizes the problem of narrow interpretation of the realization of the freedom of conscience and freedom of religion. The Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations”, Penal Code of the RF regulates the implementation of exclusively religious beliefs. Other convictions (political, philosophical, ideological) are mentioned in legal acts regulating various spheres of social relations, but without a single legal mechanism remain declarative. The author analyzes two directions of realization of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion by convicted minors: religious and non-religious and justifies the need to enshrine in the penal legislation an expanded interpretation of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion, the possibility of restricting them, providing for a system of protective norms; as well as political information and ideological education of minor convicts. As part of the study an interdisciplinary study of the conceptual apparatus and legal thesaurus of public relations on the implementation of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion by convicted minors serving a sentence of imprisonment was conducted, the essence of the legal terms used was investigated, aspects of the legislative technique, international standards for the treatment of convicts were investigated; there are formulated proposals to improve the legal and organizational framework for the implementation of freedom of conscience and religion of minor convicts.

Cooperative activity of Ivan Porytko from rogatin

The article highlighted the thick layer of activity of those co-operators, which ensure the implementation of theoretical developments of cooperation in the practical actions of business entities. At one of the numerous group of cooperative figures, namely: on the cooperative activity of Ivan Porytka attention was paid to the research process on the chosen topic of publication. In this article, the presentation of the research results is conducted in a certain logical sequence. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the chosen theme, its importance for further development of the cooperative movement in various spheres of social relations. Particular attention is paid to the activities of those cooperators who introduced theoretical developments into the practice of business entities. Each person in one or another kind of activity is characterized by a whole complex of both general and personal attributes that are inherent to it. These are, first of all, periods of birth, education and first steps of activities. Specific features of their implementation in the life of I. Porytka are reflected in table 1. Further activity of the person under study, which began at the beginning of the 20th century on the cooperative field, is reflected in the materials of table 2 and partly in table 3. Here, in the specified forms, all of what I. Porytko practically practiced during the interwar period is represented. His activities were multifaceted and fruitful, which materialized in the creation of cooperatives. He acted not in himself, but in constant cooperation with his associates, representatives of the clergy, and others like that. All this in the complex provided success in the development of cooperation.

ПРАВОВОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ УСЛУГИ КАК СУБЪЕКТА ПРАВООТНОШЕНИЙ ПО ДОБРОВОЛЬНОМУ СТРАХОВАНИЮ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ РАСХОДОВ

With the transition of the economy of the Republic of Belarus to market relations, it became necessary to search for new sources of income for financing socially important spheres of social relations. The social policy priority areas of the Republic of Belarus are the protection of citizen’s health and the provision of quality medical care. At the same time, the state is not able to provide the population with free medical care of adequate volume and quality. State obligations to provide such assistance are not fully provided with financial resources. The growing public demand for health services requires additional sources of funding. We believe that additional sources of financing for health services can be provided by health insurance. However, the minimum state guarantees of citizens for free medical care should also be fixed at the legislative level. We consider legal status of the independent subject of relations on voluntary medical insurance – the executor of medical service. Also we substantiate the expediency of fixing at the legislative level of medical service Institute executor. As the executor of medical services it is offered to consider not only the organizations of health care of the state and non – state forms of ownership providing medical care, but also other subjects which according to the legislation of Republic of Belarus, are authorized to carry out medical activity-individual entrepreneurs and other organizations.