Agricultural Sphere Research Articles

Державна політика в галузі забезпечення зайнятості в аграрному секторі економіки Болгарії (1989 -2007)

Ensuring the stable socio-economic development of Bulgaria, improving the demographic and infrastructural situation of rural areas and the well-being of villagers are possible primarily under the condition of increasing employment of the rural population level. However, the significant mismatch between the demand and supply of the agricultural labor market, and the lack of competitiveness of agricultural products in most of its sales markets, had a negative impact, first of all, on the efficiency of the use of labor and the differentiation of its activities in the agricultural sphere. Thus, the use of hired labor, the number of hired workers, mobility of the labor force in the labor market, and employment of the population in the agricultural sector of the economy for the period 2000–2007 in Bulgaria decreased by an average of 30% according to each of the above indicators. As a result, a significant and uncontrolled migration of labor resources in the agricultural sector negatively affected the food security of the country as a whole. Taking into account the above-mentioned problem, an urgent issue at the current stage of the development of the agrarian sector of the economy is the formation of effective diversification of the employment of labor resources. This, first of all, provided for the disclosure of the socio-economic essence, definition, characterization, and development of ways to increase the effectiveness of the diversification of labor force employment in the agricultural sector. As a result of the research, we established that there were different approaches to the interpretation of the content of effective state policy in the field of employment. The current state of employment of the population of Bulgaria was primarily characterized by a sharp decrease in the demand for labor, the closure or temporary suspension of the activities of enterprises, the reduction of employees, and part-time working hours. As a result, the number of unemployed increased, which was directly caused by the difficult political and socio-economic situation in Bulgaria. All this substantiated the relevance of this study.

ДЕРЖАВНЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the issues of security, support, development of state regulation of foreign economic activity of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine and economic development of the state. It is determined that foreign trade regulation is carried out to balance the economy and balance of the domestic market of Ukraine, stimulate progressive structural changes in the economy and create the most favorable conditions for attracting our economy to the world division of labor and bringing it closer to market structures. The commodity structure of export-import operations of the agro-industrial sector of the state is studied. The prospects of processing of agricultural products and measures to stimulate the relevant processes are determined. It is proved that the improvement of state regulation requires first of all measures to stimulate the development of biogas production for own needs and long-term export. Subsidies for agricultural milk producers. Encouraging greater use of pellets produced from agricultural waste within the state by setting export quotas. Stimulating the processing of grain crops into finished products with subsequent sale abroad. Excellent visa duties on critical food imports to compensate for the rising cost of relevant products for the population. It is determined that most pellets are exported, which in the context of energy shortages in Ukraine should be regulated by imposing restrictions on export transactions for the sale of solid biofuels. It is proved that the processes of differentiation in stimulating the state through subsidies and soft loans will allow to adapt the production capacity of the agro-industrial complex to the conditions of world markets and increase exports. It is determined that the priority areas of work in the state regulation of the external sphere of agriculture should be: - Attracting foreign investment in agriculture through constant monitoring of proposals from investors, establishing contacts with international financial institutions and international organizations; support of specific investment projects in the field of modernization of agricultural enterprises and providing comprehensive assistance in their implementation; implementation of measures to deepen the activities of executive bodies in the field of practical implementation of the Program of European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Ukraine; promoting the intensification of foreign economic relations of agro-industrial enterprises and their entry into the foreign market under martial law.

Migrants of the post-soviet space as a resource of the Russian rural labor market

Human resources are the most important factor in the socio-economic development of the economy, including the economy of the agricultural sphere (meaning the organic unity of agricultural production and rural areas). In this regard, the authors of the study pay special attention to the analysis of the situation of its staffing, primarily in terms of studying the processes occurring in the human resources potential of mass professions, specialists and managers of agricultural organizations in Russia. The analysis was carried out according to the departmental reports of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. The article shows the dependence of the agricultural labor market, characterized by a shortage of personnel, both mass professions and specialists, on the internal factor (training of personnel) and external (attraction of migrants), examines the modern agricultural labor market, describes the multidirectional trends in the supply of labor both at the expense of migrants and at the expense of the domestic system of professionalization of personnel. It is determined that the outflow of rural population within and between the regions of Russia is more extensive than the inflow due to migration exchange with foreign countries, this disparity increases during the pandemic caused by COVID-19 and related social distancing measures. At the same time, despite the constantly observed decline in the number of workers in mass professions in the agro-industrial complex, the availability of jobs is almost at the same level of 93–95 %. It is shown that the income of migrants and the transfer of part of the funds to the countries of emigration have a positive effect on GDP growth and poverty reduction in these countries, and the quality of exported labor also improves. The relationship between rural migration and agricultural production is revealed. As a result of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the state migration policy should stimulate the consolidation of the rural population and the return migration of the urban population to the rural area, and increase the attractiveness of rural areas for resettlement through the formation of unified rural-urban labor markets and rural-urban agglomerations.

THE FEATURES OF TRADITIONAL AND DIGITAL MARKETING IN AGRICULTURE

The article highlights specific features of marketing in agriculture. It is emphasized that key condition for successful development of agricultural marketing is the orientation of farms to ensure their own competitive advantages. Essence of the category «marketing» is revealed. In general, the latter is characterized as a process of promoting goods from producer to buyers, at the level of an individual enterprise – as a mechanism to ensure ways of planning of activity, pricing and distribution of products. The core principles are presented, on the basis of which the algorithm of agro marketing functioning is developed. It is substantiated that during their own activity agricultural enterprises should take into account the following marketing features: dependence of production volumes on natural and climatic conditions; the importance of products for the population; seasonality of production; variety of forms of ownership and management; different levels of marketing activity; imperfect legislative base. It is committed a brief overview of the current economic situation in the Ukrainian agricultural sector. We believe that the improvement of the state of development of the domestic agricultural sphere will be facilitated by more active involvement of digital approaches in product promotion. It is approved that the introduction of digital marketing at foreign agricultural enterprises provides great benefits for their successful activity. It is founded, that digital marketing is a marketing strategy to improve the sale of goods and services based on use of digital channels (advertising on radio, contextual internet ads) to attract and retain customers. Structural components of digital marketing are considered and systematized. The key advantages of digital marketing are revealed. It is clarified that the most convenient means for agricultural producers regarding the improvement of degree of brand recognition is social networks and messengers, as they can be used to establish targeted advertising to neighboring towns or villages and provide feedback in a dialog format with consumers. It is concluded that traditional and digital marketing are a structural mechanism for promoting products on the platform of various communication channels.

CREATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS PROMOTION

The article argues the relevance and feasibility of using marketing tools to promote agricultural products. The peculiarities of the promotion complex of agro-industrial products related to the specifics of the agricultural market are determined. Thus, it was found that the choice of means and methods of promoting agricultural products is determined by specific factors that depend on the type of market in which the company operates (B2C and B2B), agriculture (agriculture, manufacturing, processing, infrastructure), goods life cycle stages, modern promotion trends used by leading agricultural companies.
 The modern tendencies in the field of promotion of agricultural products, problems of application of creative in the process of promotion of agro - industrial products are resulted. The method of creativity SCAMPER (Substitute. Combine. Adapt. Modify. Put. Eliminate. Reverse), expediency of its application in the agricultural sphere is considered. Situations that do not allow to use a creative approach in finding solutions to promote agricultural products are analyzed.
 The efficiency of using Internet resources to promote agricultural products is argued. The main advantage of digitalization is the scaling of agribusiness. For large B2B companies, this is a way to enter foreign markets, to establish work for export. For small and medium-sized businesses, this is an increase in brand awareness, a way to expand the market, to attract new customers.
 The main types of available Internet resources for agribusiness are identified, including: free bulletin boards and forums on agricultural topics; online farm shops or aggregator sites that bring together producers and buyers; agricultural portals.
 Features of traditional channels of Internet promotion in the agricultural sphere are considered. The essence of content marketing as a tool of creative approach to product promotion is revealed. It is determined that the development and presentation of interesting content in the agricultural market helps to attract the attention of various target audiences - from farmers and investors to shareholders of the agricultural holding.
 A set of basic modern tools for creating successful content of agricultural companies has storytelling, videos, live broadcasts on social networks, webinars, 3D modeling, exhibitions in online format, sponsorship, participation in social projects, blogging. Examples of creative presentation of agricultural products by creating content are given. An analysis of the content of the surveyed companies suggests that with the help of well-developed, creative content there is a close emotional connection between the company and the consumer, strengthens trust in the brand, builds loyalty and increases sales.

Social capital of the agricultural sphere: indicators of measurement for conditions of formation and results of use

Purpose. The aim of the article is to reveal the theoretical and methodological approaches to the assessment of social capital and to build a system of indicators of its formation and results of use in the agricultural sector.
 Methodology / approach. The theoretical-and-methodological basis of the study are the conceptual provisions of economic theory, which allow determining the principles of creation and use of social capital. In the research we used methods of theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis (to determine the object and objectives of the study); system approach (to identify components of social capital); systematization and classification (to determine the system of indicators that determine the formation and use of social capital); analysis of hierarchies (for comparative analysis of social capital of agricultural holdings).
 Results. Based on a critical review of literature sources, scientific trends in the assessment of social capital were systematized. There are determined new conceptual approaches to the development of indicators of social capital of the agricultural sector for meso- and microlevels, which take into account industry specifics, are determined by groups of factors of its formation and results of use, and reflect the main components of social capital – innovation (norms), relational (trust) and structural (social networks) social capital. On the basis of the method of analysis of hierarchies the comparative it was carried out an estimation of factors of formation of social capital of two domestic agroholdings which results correspond to results of the analysis of indicators of results of its use
 Originality / scientific novelty. The methodological bases of the analysis of social capital of the agrarian sphere through complex measurement of its components by means of system of indicators on meso- and microlevels taking into account branch features were improved, factors of formation and results of use of social capital were systematized.
 Practical value / implications. The obtained results allow substantiating the key approaches to measuring the social capital of the agricultural sector, which makes it possible to obtain comprehensive information for decision-making regarding its further formation and effective use.

Improving the efficiency of agro-industrial production in the North Caucasus Federal District based on the use of the experience of state regulation of modern innovative technologies of the agricultural sphere in foreign countries

Improving the efficiency of agro-industrial production in the North Caucasus Federal District based on the use of the experience of state regulation of modern innovative technologies of the agricultural sphere in foreign countries

Cultural diplomacy of the Republic of Korea

Problem setting. The relevance of the topic of scientific researchis due to the active involvement of culture in the foreign policy discourse of states and international organizations, which enhances scientific interest in understanding cultural diplomacy as an extremely important instrument of international cooperation. Target of research. Research of cultural diplomacy of the Republic of Korea as a component of public diplomacy, characteristics of its features, as well as the potential impact of this experience on Ukrainian cultural policy. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Analysis of scientific research allows us to state the growing interest in the stated topic in scientific discourse, as evidenced by the work of such scientists as F. Barghorn, J. S. Nai, Su Huang Young, S. A. Gutsal, J. R. Johnson, E. W. Kim, M. M. Lebedeva, G. I. Lutsyshyn, L. S. Matlay, A. S. Prygunkova, M. V. Protsyuk and others. Article’s main body. A unique example of the effective use of cultural diplomacy is the Republic of Korea, which is increasingly using new public diplomacy in its foreign policy, through which the country promotes its achievements abroad in political, financial, economic, industrial, technological, agricultural, scientific and cultural spheres. and thus enhances the national reputation in the world. The «Korean wave» is a phenomenon of South Korean culture, which contributed to the rapid growth of the popularity of the Korean brand. The article characterizes the main stages of development of cultural diplomacy of the country and their specifics, reveals in more detail the essence, role and influence of K-pop on general political interaction with the world. The importance of the South Korean experience for the development of Ukrainian cultural diplomacy is especially noted. The authors call the following acute problems of Ukrainian cultural diplomacy: - development of a strategy for cultural diplomacy; - awareness of the relationship between the success / failure of cultural diplomacy and the economic condition of the country; - ensuring the attractiveness of Ukraine for its own people etc. An example for Ukraine is a moderate and reasonable combination of borrowed cultural experience and national cultural potential. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The cultural component of the public diplomacy of the Republic of Korea is very actively developing. It is worth noting the relevance of studying the phenomenon of the «Korean wave» as a set of components of mass culture of the Korean people. The «Korean wave» is a clear manifestation of the processes of glocalization, reasonable and balanced unity of the processes of modernization and preservation of traditional values, which provides great opportunities for further cultural and economic development of this country.

Improving the Level of Economic Development and Social Welfare in Rural Areas for Young People

One of the three global goals set by states is to eradicate poverty and ensure economic and social progress for all.
 Young people in many low- and middle-income countries face exceptional challenges in finding their place in a globalizing economy. Integrating hundreds of millions of young people into the labor market is one of the greatest global development challenges for decades to come. Rural populations all over the world are aging. The role of young people as drivers of change in agricultural and food systems and their place in rural labor markets is receiving increasing attention at the global level, especially as a result of increased global migration flows. How can this problem be transformed into a “youth” driving force for rural development?
 This paper argues for leveraging growing demand for agricultural products and recent advances in the agricultural sector to expand youth employment opportunities and promote attractive decent jobs, especially green jobs, in rural areas.
 The paper analyses the situation in our daily life, in which the proportion of the worldwide countries are dealing with the problem related to the economic development and social welfare in rural areas. The paper includes the following issues such as the attractiveness and creation of opportunities for youth and consideration of them as the main partners in rural areas play a crucial role nowadays. Moreover, green jobs as well are effective and efficient in enhancement of both productivity and sustainability of agricultural sphere. The question is how to transform this challenge into an opportunity and harness the energy of young people as a driving force for development. The role of young people as drivers of change in agro-food systems and their place in rural labor markets is receiving increasing attention at the global level, especially as a result of increased global migration flows.
 A top priority for developed and developing countries is to systematically mainstream youth rural decent employment issues into programs and investment projects in agriculture, value chains, agro-industry development, rural transformation, and sustainable food systems. This paper argues for expanding employment opportunities for youth through the creation of decent jobs, especially green jobs, in rural areas.

Mass Artificial Famine of 1921—1923: Social and Economic Consequences of Legitimation of the Communist Regime in Ukraine

The article attempts to generalize social and economic consequences of legitimation of the communist regime in Ukraine on the basis of analysis of historical and statistical data, and to confirm the fact of mass artificial famine in 1921–1923 and regular confiscation, export of grain and food products abroad from Ukraine. To ensure a comprehensive study of the main aspects of the research topic, we used historical, problem-chronological, historical-comparative, historical-psychological methods, as well as general scientific methods – systematization, analysis, generalization, modeling, etc. The new archival materials from the funds of State Archives of Zaporizhzhia Region were introduced into the scientific use that prove the facts of mass artificial famine of 1921–1923, as well as the materials from the State Archives of Khmelnytskyi Region that confirm the facts of regular and extra confiscations and export of grain, especially abroad. It is mentioned that after the legitimation of party and Soviet organizations in Ukrainian territories with the use of Cheka, the Bolsheviks conducted the policy of confiscations, product dictatorship, used already known and created new mechanisms of terror. In 1922, mass famine covered Zaporizhzhia province, and because of the lack of relief aid, people were physically exhausted, ate surrogates, died of starvation; there were cases of cannibalism. During 1922, the system of compulsory extra confiscations (of rye and wheat) for starving regions was introduced in the regions that suffered less, especially in Podillia province. Regular extra confiscations and export of grain from Podillia province had prolonged effects, which later led to the stagnation of agricultural sphere in the region, facts of starvation and hunger edema.

Application of biological and digital technologies in resolving the negative effects of COVID-19 pandemic on crop production in Nigeria

The COVID-19 pandemic has wrecked great havoc in many spheres of life, including education, health, economy, and agriculture. This paper x-rayed the effects of the pandemic on crop production in Nigeria, and efforts made to proffer viable solutions through the application of biological and digital technologies. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on crop production was palpable in shortage of farm labour and labour immobility, disruption of agricultural input supply chain (e.g., fertilizers, agrochemicals, and seeds) and food distribution network. These irregularities grossly escalated food insecurity challenges, sparked price hikes, increased hunger and food losses. Considering the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on crop production which invariably extends to farmers’ income, food security, family nutrition and health, prompt measures to minimize the onward transmission among key players in crop production and food supply chain are imperative. The application of biological technologies including vaccination, use of natural herbs and spices, organic agriculture options (such as organic manuring, use of botanical protectants, farmers’ own seeds, cover cropping, mulching, biofertilizers, etc.), agricultural mechanization, and the digital technologies (mobile phones, remote sensing services, online platforms, robotics and artificial intelligence) would go a long way in resolving the negative effects of the pandemic on crop production in Nigeria. Strict adherences to the recommended public health safety measures (social distancing, compulsory use of face masks in the public, regular hand hygiene, covering of one’s mouth when sneezing or coughing, disinfection of high touch surfaces) are crucial in curtailing the spread of COVID-19 infection.
 Key words: COVID-19 pandemic, crop production, food security, bio-and digital technologies, Nigeria

ANALISIS KONSEP FISIKA PADA PENGGUNAAN ALAT PERTANIAN CANGKUL OLEH PETANI SEBAGAI BAHAN PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA

Indonesia is an agricultural country so there are still many agricultural environments. One of the implementations of the agricultural sector in education, it’s can be applied to vocational high schools agriculture major. Students learning activities in this major can be integrated with their practical activities in the agricultural sphere, because learning physics will be more attractive to students if the learning activities in the classroom also linked with students daily experience and environment. Within the scope of agriculture, agricultural tools are closely related to the concept of physics, one of which is the hoe. So the purpose of this research is to describe the physics concepts analysis on the use of hoe by farmers, then designed a draft of physics learning materials. This research is descriptive qualitative research using content analysis method to obtain the results that in the use of hoe there are several physics concepts about mechanics including the concept of force, rotational dynamics, work and energy. Then processed into a draft of physics learning materials for students of vocational high school class X in agribusiness and agrotechnology major, by adjusting the relevant basic competencies, namely KD 3.4 on work and energy, and KD 3.6 on rotational dynamics.

Risk analysis of digital transformation of the statistical database of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation

Digital technologies today are already an objective reality, engrained into all spheres of life. This article raises the problem of analyzing the risks of digital transformation of the statistical database of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation due to the lack of reliable and objective information. The research is aimed at identifying risks, analyzing them, as well as giving recommendations for improving the safety of forming a statistical database of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation in a new digital format. As a result of the research, through the use of general scientific and private methods of cognition, a system of risks, which the process of digital transformation of the statistical database of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation is exposed, was formed and assessed. A list of recommendations was proposed for improving the safety of forming this kind of database. The advantage of the constructed system of risks is the identification of general and specific risks that are distinctive for supplying sphere, the sphere of agriculture and the sphere of processing agricultural products and its implementation of the agro-industrial complex in separately. The author concludes that it is necessary to strengthen actions to prevent negative consequences inherent for all spheres of the agro-industrial complex as a whole and for the supporting sphere especially.

Sociological Study of Work Load and Autonomy among Female Farm Workers in Punjab Pakistan

Literature suggests that the women are underprivileged around the globe in all spheres of life with mere differences. Female labor participation in agricultural sphere is most significant for economic development of any country especially for developing countries. Almost 43% of agricultural labor consists on female workers around the world and 67% of female labor force work in agriculture in Pakistan. The research in hand was gender based study conducted to assess the work load and level of autonomy among female farm workers in Punjab Pakistan. It was cross sectional quantitative study, interview schedule was used as data collection tool, multistage and proportionate sampling was used to draw sample of 400 female respondents from Punjab. SPSS was used for Univariate, bivariate and Multivariate data analysis. The study concluded that female in farming bear heavy work load with least level of autonomy in Punjab Pakistan.

Management peculiarities of integration development in the agricultural sector

The search for the most effective forms of functioning of agriculture is the actual direction in modern methods of management of regional economics. The article deals with the development of regional agro-industrial complex as a system, functioning at the expense of integration processes occurring at the level of agricultural sphere of activity. The issues of integration in agriculture are considered from the point of view of forming the stability of balanced regional economy. A distinctive point of our paper is the application of the process approach which allow construct models of farm land use on the example of the Republic of Khakassia. Also we consider realization mechanism of agro-industrial integrative development model by means of various management methods. The choice of the direction of integrative development of agriculture in the regions is justified by the fact that integration ties arising at all levels of agro-industrial complexes (providing, producing, processing) contribute to active formation of sustainable local agricultural markets.

Market prospects for soybean seed production of the East Siberian ecotype domestic varieties

The article presents the research results on the domestic and foreign market of oilseeds. In the current conditions, there is a growing demand for soybean products, which determines the necessity for high-quality harvests of this legume plant, both in the segment of the industrial and consumer market of soybean products. Both domestic and large foreign companies producing oilseeds are represented in the Russian market. According to the Food Security Doctrine, the share of domestic seeds should be at least 75% and in 2019 this figure was 62.7%. The article substantiates the production of soybean seeds of the East Siberian ecotype domestic varieties which has potential sales markets. R & D conducted by the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University together with the advanced enterprises of the agro - industrial complex of the region have the goal of forming and developing the system of selection and seed production of the East Siberian ecotype soybeans by developing and implementing molecular genetics technologies in the selection process and industrial seed production of the crop. Selection achievements are interdependent and the characteristics of marketable agricultural products are closely related to the growing technology (with costs and productivity), which will ensure the demand for selection achievements, the university’s leading position in the dissemination of innovations in the agricultural sphere of Siberia, and the advanced enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the region to organize large-scale production of soybeans and increase the production activities profitability.

Financial and economic activity in agricultural enterprises: theoretical aspects

The goal is to show the specifics of conducting financial and economic activities in agricultural enterprises, which differs from other sectors of economy, which is more characterized by the assortment, volumes of products produced and sales in value terms, which is directly dependent on the quality, deterioration of production facilities, the availability of the necessary raw materials, materials, sales options. The following tasks were solved: problems of accounting in the entities of agricultural sphere were studied; identified difficulties in enhancing economic activity in farms of this sector; a system of measures is proposed to improve the efficiency of the use of land, production assets, material, financial and labor resources, reduce losses, increase the profitability of agricultural products and improve the financial and economic situation of farms, in the presence of extensive, promptly received information. The results of the analysis show that along with external factors (inflation, violation of parity of inter-industry exchange, effective demand, level of consumer income and other economic conditions of management), internal factors also have a great influence on financial and economic activities: optimization of the structure of assets, introduction of investment and innovation processes, technical and technological modernization of agricultural sector. Agricultural accounting helps to provide the necessary information on the progress of production processes, increase profitability and improve the quality of work. The main conclusions are that when organizing accounting in agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to provide the use of advanced information technologies, implementation of new opportunities for adaptation to the needs of various user groups, development of mechanisms for interaction with other programs. Effective agro-industrial production is possible only under the condition of a stable financial condition of economic entity.

Features of a systematic environmental assessment of the agricultural landscapes in the chestnut soils arid steppe

Most of the modern agricultural landscapes (agrolandscapes) are significantly deformed in a varying degree. The relevance of systemic assessments of agricultural landscapes lies in prompt and objective identification of their ecological state and deviations, as well as timely development of measures for restoration and preservation of ecosystems. The methodological basis of the research is presented in the works by A.N. Kashtanov, A.A. Zhuchenko, V.A. Nikolaev, V.I. Kiryushin, A.G. Isachenko, M.I. Lopyrev, N.P. Masyutenko and other scientists. The conducted research has allowed revealing a significant impact of agricultural technologies and farming systems (up to 72-78%) on the agrolandscape of the arid zone of chestnut soils of the Volgograd region. The combination of these factors can lead the agricultural objects under study to a high degree of ecological balance or, conversely, to degradation. The authors have developed the system of criteria for direct, indirect and integrated assessment of the state of agricultural landscapes of steppe and dry-steppe zones of the Volgograd region. These criteria are estimated in points from 1 to 5: 5 points (absolutely balanced), 4 points (balanced), 3 points (medium balanced), 2 points (poorly balanced), 1 point or less (unbalanced). This assessment system has been tested on real objects. When calculating the average point, object “C” had 2.3 points (poorly balanced); object “I” – 2.9 points (medium balanced); and object “U” – 3.6 points (relatively balanced). The developed system of direct, indirect and integrated assessment of the state of agricultural landscapes for the conditions of insufficient humidity allows for objective evaluation of agricultural objects in terms of their ecological balance. The system can be used as the basis for regulation of anthropogenic load on the agricultural sphere as well as for timely adoption of organizational and technological measures aimed at restoration of ecological balance in the conditions of insufficient humidity peculiar of the southern regions of the Russian Federation.

Fundamental aspects analysis of the People’s Republic of China agricultural policy

The article considers the problems of Chinese agrarian policy development as a form of economic policy, as well as the peculiarities of rural areas reforms in time space through the prism of the emergence and deployment of the theory of Western modernization theory and then socialist modernization as a purely Chinese national phenomenon, which covered all aspects of Chinese society, including the economy and agriculture sphere. The mechanism of increasing the productive forces of labor in the countryside, its transformation, the current state and the problems are shown. It is demonstrated that the expansion of the national internal and external market occurs through the expansion of socialization processes in a form of a regulated market. Particular attention is paid to issues of both already resolved problems in the countryside, and new ones, as well as ways of their implementation. It is noted that the dynamic motion of China’s economy since 1978 preserves the best developments from the ideas of Sun Yatsen, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping before Xi Jinping. It is clearly demonstrated that a dynamic growth in agricultural production, followed by industrial production in the country over the past two decades, has transformed China into the world’s leading country. It is emphasized that China, occupying a leading position in the world in the production of many types of agricultural products, is currently focused on the need to increase domestic consumption to make the economy less dependent on exports in the future. The idea is substantiated that the modern development of the productive forces in the countryside increasingly requires the search for new ways to raise the social sphere, which should be incorporated into the new urbanization processes and the country’s development strategy.

Current ecological condition of rural residential territories of Ukraine: reproduction and preservation of human and natural resource potential

In the modern socio-ecological and economic life of Ukraine, rural areas occupy a special place; they are an integral part of the agricultural sphere, because they are home to more than a third of the population of our country. These areas are characterized by an exceptional contribution to the formation of food security. Increasing the country’s export potential makes the development of rural areas one of the main priorities of Ukraine’s state policy, which aims to raise living standards of the rural population, increase the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex, improve the environment and improve the quality of life of peasants. However, prior to land reform, monitoring of agricultural land on former collective and state farms was conducted at the state level, and residential areas where the population grew for their own needs were never surveyed. And according to the population itself, no standards for the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers have ever been observed. Many years of research conducted at the Institute of Agroecology and Nature Management of NAAS found that in the residential area of rural settlements drinking water is contaminated with nitrates, vegetable products — nitrates and heavy metals, which indicates the need for monitoring in the residential area. Modern ecological assessment of rural settlements remains relevant, unrealized and requires regular research, socio-ecological monitoring and scientific substantiation of their ecologically balanced development. Intensification of agricultural production, reduction of forests and forest belts, intensive plowing of lands, intensification of water and wind erosion processes, drainage of swamps, migration and reduction of the number of experienced rural population have led to degradation of Ukraine’s agrosphere. The analysis of modern strategies of development of rural territorial communities has shown that in none of them the ecological nature protection aspect is taken into account (at best, socio-economic one, and usually — just economic development). This indicates that community leaders are not properly trained to perform their current community development functions, taking into account environmental security and policies. The still low ecological culture and consciousness of the rural population of Ukraine inhibits the civilized development of rural areas and with it the quality of life of the population in these areas.