SPG Membrane Emulsification Research Articles

Local Destruction of Tumors for Systemic Immunoresponse: Engineering Antigen-Capturing Nanoparticles as Stimulus-Responsive Immunoadjuvants.

Immunotherapy has established a new paradigm for cancer treatment and made many breakthroughs in clinical practice. However, the rarity of immune response suggests that additional intervention is necessary. In recent years, it has been reported that local tumor destruction (LTD) can cause cancer cell death and induce an immunologic response. Thus, the combination of immunotherapy and LTD methods will be a promising approach to improve immune efficiency for cancer treatment. Herein, a nanobiotechnology platform to achieve high-precision LTD for systemic cancer immunotherapy has been successfully constructed. Possessing radio-sensitizing and photothermal properties, the engineered immunoadjuvant-loaded nanoplatform, which could precisely induce radiotherapy (RT)/photothermal therapy (PTT) to eliminate local tumor and meanwhile lead to the release of tumor-derived protein antigens (TDPAs), has been facilely fabricated by commercialized SPG membrane emulsification technology. Further on, the TDPAs could be captured and form personal nanovaccines in situ to serve as both reservoirs of antigen and carriers of immunoadjuvant, which can effectively improve the immune response. The investigations suggest that the combination of RT/PTT and improved immunotherapy using adjuvant-encapsulated antigen-capturing nanoparticles holds tremendous promise in cancer treatments.

Facile fabrication of PEG-coated PLGA microspheres via SPG membrane emulsification for the treatment of scleroderma by ECM degrading enzymes

We developed a facile fabrication method for preparing poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-coated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres with homogeneous size distribution via a combination of mPEG-b-PLGA and Shirasu Porous Glass membrane emulsification. Subsequently, extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzymes, collagenase (COLase) or hyaluronidase (HAse) were loaded into the microspheres. The obtained microspheres exhibited a sustained release of COLase or HAse over 10 days. The degradation of ECM polymers by the released COLase and HAse was confirmed in vitro. Reversal of established dermal fibrosis via degradation of over-deposited ECM is a promising treatment for scleroderma. The therapeutic effects of COLase- and HAse-loaded PLGA microspheres on scleroderma were evaluated in vivo following their intradermal administration to a bleomycin-induced mice model of scleroderma. COLase- and HAse-loaded PLGA microspheres decreased scleroderma dermal thickness without altering the mechanical properties of skin, whereas the administration of free COLase and HAse solution induced overdecomposition of skin ECM and α-SMA expression. The facile one-pot synthesis of PEG-coated PLGA microspheres with high colloidal stability and narrow size distribution could be employed as a drug carrier for various diseases in future.

Review on SPG membrane emulsification: an efficient approach to prepare uniform microspheric drug carrier

Review on SPG membrane emulsification: an efficient approach to prepare uniform microspheric drug carrier

Optimization and Evaluation of Monodispersed Tetrandrine- Loaded PLA Microspheres Prepared With A SPG Membrane Emulsification Technique

The results of Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction revealed that tetrandrine would be either molecularly dispersed in the polymer or distributed in an amorphous form

Synthesis of microcapsules using inverse emulsion periphery RAFT polymerization via SPG membrane emulsification

Synthesis of polymeric capsules with good control over the particle size and size distribution is demonstratedviaa novel approach involving SPG membrane emulsification.

SPG 막유화 및 UV 광중합법에 의해 제조된 PNIPAAm 하이드로젤 입자의 형태학에 관한 연구

Abstract: W/O emulsions were prepared from the aqueous solution containing NIPAAm, MBA, and APS in the continuous phase of toluene and mineral oil mixture with HMP and Span80 by using SPG membrane emul-sification, and followed by the formation of PNIPAAm hydrogel microspheres through UV photopolymerization. As the ratio of mineral oil to toluene increased in the continuous phase, both particle size of the hydrogel in-creased and density of PNIPAAm polymer in the hydrogel particle increased, and which significantly affected swelling/deswelling ratio (V/V o ) with temperature change around VPTT. When the polymerization temperature was below LCST (20°C), PNIPAAm hydrogel showed filled particle morphology; however, it was turned out to hollow particle morphology with thick shell layer with 40°C. Both density of PNIPAAm and gel content of the hydrogel increased with the increase in MBA concentration. Keywords: SPG membrane emulsification, hydrogel, PNIPAAm, LCST 1. 서 론 1) 균일한 입도를 가지는 고분자 입자의 제조방법으로는 분산중합(dispersion polymerization) 및 무유화 에멀젼중합(soap-free emulsion polymerization) 등이 널리 알려져 있으나, 5 µm 이상의 균일한 입도를 가지는 고

Studies on preparation by SPG membrane emulsification method and in vitro characterization of tetradrine-tashionone ⅡA -PLGA composite microspheres

Studies on preparation by SPG membrane emulsification method and in vitro characterization of tetradrine-tashionone ⅡA -PLGA composite microspheres

Mechanistic studies for monodisperse exenatide-loaded PLGA microspheres prepared by different methods based on SPG membrane emulsification

Poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres have been widely prepared by many methods, including solvent evaporation, solvent extraction and the co-solvent method. However, very few studies have compared the properties of microspheres fabricated by these methods. This is partly because the broad size distribution of the resultant particles severely complicates the analysis and affects the reliability of the comparison. To this end, uniform-sized PLGA microspheres have been prepared by Shirasu porous glass premix membrane emulsification and used to encapsulate exenatide, a drug for treating Type 2 diabetes. Based on this technique, the influences on the properties of microspheres fabricated by the aforementioned three methods were intensively investigated, including in vitro release, degradation and pharmacology. We found that these microspheres presented totally different release behaviors in vitro and in vivo, but exhibited a similar trend of PLGA degradation. Moreover, the internal structural evolution visually demonstrated these release behaviors. We selected for further examination the microsphere prepared by solvent evaporation because of its constant release rate, and explored its pharmacodynamics, histology, etc., in more detail. This microsphere when injected once showed equivalent efficacy to that of twice-daily injections of exenatide with no inflammatory response.

Membrane emulsification: A promising alternative for vitamin E encapsulation within nano-emulsion

The purpose of our study was to develop a vitamin E-loaded nano-emulsion which could be a convenient drug carrier to be used for targeting the lungs. The nano-emulsion components (MCT oil and surfactant mixture Tween 80/Brij 35) were selected after solubility studies, and the concentration range was chosen after construction of ternary phase diagrams. For emulsion manufacturing, an SPG membrane emulsification process was developed. Key parameters influence on nano-emulsion characteristics was investigated. It has been established that small droplets and narrow size distribution were favored at low transmembrane pressure, high continuous phase flow rate and high agitation speed. Under optimal conditions, nano-emulsion with a span factor of 0.25±0.01, which meant high monodispersity, and an average size of 78±3nm, was prepared. The high zeta potential of −22.9±0.9mV was sufficient to prevent droplet coalescence. Vitamin E was successfully encapsulated within the optimized nano-emulsion with high entrapment efficiency value (99.7±0.4%). Transmission electron microscopy images revealed spherical-shaped and well-distributed nano-droplets. Additionally, special attention was paid on process reproducibility and preparations stability. Results confirmed the robustness of the optimized membrane emulsification technique which seems to be fast, simple and reliable.

Facile synthesis of hollow polymeric microparticles possessing various morphologies via seeded polymerization

In this paper, hollow poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene-co-methacrylic acid) microparticles possessing various morphologies were synthesized by a combination of seeded polymerization and SPG membrane emulsification. Three families of polystyrene (PS) microspheres with various molecular weights but similar diameters were fabricated by SPG membrane emulsification. These PS microspheres were used as seeds to investigate the effect of their molecular weight on the phase separation between the PS seeds and microgel-like networks formed during seeded polymerization and on the morphologies of the resultant particles. Our study revealed that three resultant microparticles possessed diameters of ca. 10 μm and hollow cavities. The shell thickness of the particles became thinner as Mw increased from 3.5 × 104 to 28.0 × 104. The morphological evolution of the microparticles during seeded polymerization was monitored, and these results verified the influence of the molecular weight of the PS seeds on the phase separation behavior and hence the morphologies of the resultant particles.

P1.030] Preparation of nano-emulsions using SPG Membrane Emulsification -Application to Vitamin E Encapsulation

P1.030] Preparation of nano-emulsions using SPG Membrane Emulsification -Application to Vitamin E Encapsulation

Uniform-sized silicone oil microemulsions: Preparation, investigation of stability and deposition on hair surface

Emulsions are commonly used in foods, pharmaceuticals and home-personal-care products. For emulsion based products, it is highly desirable to control the droplet size distribution to improve storage stability, appearance and in-use property. We report preparation of uniform-sized silicone oil microemulsions with different droplets diameters (1.4–40.0 μm) using SPG membrane emulsification technique. These microemulsions were then added into model shampoos and conditioners to investigate the effects of size, uniformity, and storage stability on silicone oil deposition on hair surface. We observed much improved storage stability of uniform-sized microemulsions when the droplets diameter was ⩽22.7 μm. The uniform-sized microemulsion of 40.0 μm was less stable but still more stable than non-uniform sized microemulsions prepared by conventional homogenizer. The results clearly indicated that uniform-sized droplets enhanced the deposition of silicone oil on hair and deposition increased with decreasing droplet size. Hair switches washed with small uniform-sized droplets had lower values of coefficient of friction compared with those washed with larger uniform and non-uniform droplets. Moreover the addition of alginate thickener in the shampoos and conditioners further enhanced the deposition of silicone oil on hair. The good correlation between silicone oil droplets stability, deposition on hair and resultant friction of hair support that droplet size and uniformity are important factors for controlling the stability and deposition property of emulsion based products such as shampoo and conditioner.

Surface Charge Affects Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles

Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in drug delivery, device-based therapy, tissue engineering, and medical imaging. In this aspect, a clear understanding of how physicochemical properties of these NPs affect the cytological response is in high demand. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of surface charge on cellular uptake profiles (rate and amount) and intracellular trafficking. We fabricate three kinds of NPs (∼ 215 nm) with different surface charge via SPG membrane emulsification technique and deposition method. They possess uniform size as well as identical other physicochemical properties, minimizing any differences between the NPs except for surface charge. Moreover, we extend our research to eight cell lines, which could help to obtain a representative conclusion. Results show that the cellular uptake rate and amount are both positively correlated with the surface charge in all cell line. Subsequent intracellular trafficking indicates that some of positively charged NPs could escape from lysosome after being internalized and exhibit perinuclear localization, whereas the negatively and neutrally charged NPs prefer to colocalize with lysosome. These results are critical in building the knowledge base required to design chitosan-based NPs to be used efficiently and specifically.

Preparation of Monodisperse Chitosan Microcapsules with Hollow Structures Using the SPG Membrane Emulsification Technique

We describe herein successful preparations of monodisperse chitosan microcapsules with hollow structures using the SPG membrane emulsification technique. Two preparation procedures were examined in this study. In the first method, monodisperse calcium alginate microspheres were prepared and then coated with unmodified chitosan. Subsequently, tripolyphosphate treatment was conducted to physically cross-link chitosan and solubilize the alginate core at the same time. In the second method, photo-cross-linkable chitosan was coated onto the monodisperse calcium alginate microspheres, followed by UV irradiation to chemically cross-link the chitosan shell and tripolyphosphate treatment to solubilize the core. For both methods, it was determined that the average diameters of the chitosan microcapsules depended on those of the calcium alginate microparticles and that the microcapsules have hollow structures. In addition, the first physical cross-linking method using tripolyphosphate was found to be preferable to obtain the hollow structure, compared with the second method using chemical cross-linking by UV irradiation. This was because of the difference in the resistance to permeation of the solubilized alginate through the chitosan shell layers.

Rapid Synthesis of Uniform Magnetic Microspheres by Combing Premix Membrane Emulsification and in Situ Formation Techniques

Uniform magnetic poly(styrene-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PST-HEMA) microspheres were fabricated by a novel route combining premix membrane emulsification of double emulsion and an in situ magnetization technique. The fabrication involved, first, the preparation of uniform double W/O/W emulsions with ferrous ferric solution as the internal water phase and dichloromethane dissolved with PST-HEMA as the oil phase by premix SPG membrane emulsification. Then, the inner ferrous ferric solution was in situ magnetized into nanoparticles by adding the ammonia solution into the external water phase. This W/O/S emulsion was finally solidified into microspores by solvent evaporation. Results showed that the in situ magnetization technique could effectively overcome the encapsulation difficulties in traditional synthesis routes due to poorer affinity between iron oxide nanoparticles and polymer, and facilitated the enhancement of encapsulation efficiency with a high magnetization up to 14.23 emu/g.

Preparation of silver nanoparticles using the SPG membrane emulsification technique

Silver nanoparticles with diameters around 10 nm were synthesized successfully using the SPG membrane emulsification technique for the first time. In this method, W/O microemulsions containing silver ions in the water phase were prepared using the SPG membrane emulsification technique and utilized as reaction spaces for the reduction of silver ions. 5–20 nm sized silver nanoparticles with around 15–20% CVs were obtained as a result of the small reaction space of the W/O microemulsion prepared using the SPG membrane emulsification technique. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized using DLS, UV–vis, XRD, and TEM–EDX. In addition, we investigated the effects of the concentration of the aqueous silver nitrate solution and the pore size of the SPG membrane, and the results indicated that we could control the diameter of the nanoparticles by varying such parameters.

Hollow quaternized chitosan microspheres increase the therapeutic effect of orally administered insulin

The delivery of insulin by non-parenteral routes has gained significant attention over the last two decades. In the present study, we prepared hollow quaternized chitosan microspheres by the SPG membrane emulsification technique and glutaraldehyde cross-linking method. The structural properties, as well as the uniform size and autofluorescence, enabled us to develop oral delivery of insulin which conserved the bioactivity of the encapsulated insulin, achieving bioadhesion of microspheres, increasing the loading ability and optimizing the release profile. In vivo evaluation also saw an optimal reduction in blood glucose level and powerful therapeutic effects after treatment with the designed microspheres, which further confirmed the feasibility of using hollow quaternized chitosan microspheres as insulin carriers for oral administration.

Systematic purification of polydatin, resveratrol and anthraglycoside B from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc.

For comprehensive utilization of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc., a systematic, environmental friendly preparative process was developed for purification of polydatin, resveratrol and anthraglycoside B simultaneously from the herb. The process was simple, consisting of macroporous resin adsorption and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Macroporous resin adsorption separated the solvent extract into fraction I containing polydatin and fraction II containing resveratrol as well as anthraglycoside B. The fractions I and II were further purified by reversed-phase chromatography to get the fractions corresponding to polydatin, resveratrol and anthraglycoside B, respectively. Two polydivinylbenzene microspheres (PDVB-SPG and PDVB-Swelling) were prepared by SPG membrane emulsification and by two-step activated swelling polymerization, respectively. These new media were compared with a commercial C 18 bonded silica medium in the reversed-phase liquid chromatography step. The PDVB-SPG column demonstrated a better separation compared with C 18 and PDVB-Swelling column. The pH value of the mobile phase showed little effect on the separation of polydatin and resveratrol, and large effect on the separation of anthraglycoside B for both HPLC analysis and preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography. After the chromatographic process and a further crystallization, polydatin, resveratrol and anthraglycoside B were purified from 7.5%, 1.3% and 2.4% to 98.8%, 98.2% and 98.6%, respectively, with total recoveries of 81.3%, 77.4% and 80.2%.

Preparation of monodisperse poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) microspheres and microcapsules via Shirasu-porous-glass membrane emulsification

We have successfully prepared monodisperse poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microspheres and hollow microcapsules by employing monomer-contained water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions as the polymerizing templates and introducing proper initiators into the disperse water phase or continuous oil phase, respectively. First, monodisperse monomer-contained W/O emulsions were prepared by SPG membrane emulsification method; then, UV irradiation was used to polymerize the monomer-contained W/O emulsions at a temperature below the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAM. The prepared PNIPAM microspheres and hollow microcapsules were featured with goodmonodispersity and excellent thermo-responsive properties. The preparation methodology demonstrated in this study provided a unique approach for preparing monodisperse microspheres and hollow microcapsules with single W/O emulsions.

Preparation of Monodispersed Chitosan Micropheres Using SPG Membrane Emulsification and Its Application as Drug Carriers

Preparation of Monodispersed Chitosan Micropheres Using SPG Membrane Emulsification and Its Application as Drug Carriers