Spesific Gravity Research Articles

Compressive Strength Investigations Of Foamed Mortar Incorporating Sandblasting Waste As Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Silica sand is one of the abrasive materials commonly used in the sandblasting process. The production of sandblasting waste is raising yearly, linear with the rapid development of the shipping industries. Silica sand was produced as by-product waste, approximately 400 ton per year. This research focused on compressive strength investigations of the foamed mortar incorporating silica sand as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Foamed mortar is a lightweight mortar made from a mixture of water, cement, sand, and foam, which can reduce the density of the mortar for construction purposes. Prior to use as SCM, the silica sand was pre-treated by using mechanical grinding to produce finer materials similar to cement. The observations were applied to pre-treated silica sand, such as chemical compositions, particle size analysis, normal consistency test, and setting time test. The specimens used in this research were mortar concrete with dimensions 5 x 5 x 5 cm and tested according to ASTM C579-01. The pre-treated silica sand varied from 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of cement, were applied in this investigation. The compressive strength and spesific gravity were also observed. The results show that 20% cement replacement with pre-treated silica sand is the optimum composition and has 52.2 MPa in compressive strength at 28th days. These investigations conclude that pre-treated silica sand is potentially used as SCM in foamed mortars for sustainable concrete materials.

UJI KUALITAS BAHAN BAKAR BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK JELANTAH ( PENGGORENGAN PECEL LELE) DENGAN PARAMETER UJI SPESIFIC GRAVITY 60/60 ˚F ASTM D-1298, DISTILASI ASTM D-86, VISKOSITAS KINEMATIK ASTM D-445, FLASH POINT PM ASTM D-93, POUR POINT ASTM D-97 DAN CETANE

Biodiesel refers to one alternative fuel replacing diesel fuel obtained from renewable materials such as vegetable oil / animal fats (cooking oil). Used cooking oil is cooking oil which has been repeatedly used. Repeated use of cooking oil is by cause harm to the consumers. One of the utilizations of used cooking oil is by converting it into biodiesel. This study aims ti find out the process of converting used cooking oil into biodiesel and to investigate the quality of biodiesel produced from converted used cooking oil based on the parameters of Spesific gravity 60/60˚ F ASTM D-1298, distillation ASTM D-86, kinematic viscosity ASTM D-445, flash point ASTM D-93, pour point ASTM D-97, and cetane index ASTM D-4737. The process of making biodiesel from used cooking oil was conducted by two processes, namely esterification dan transesterification. On the process of esterification, ratio of used cooking oil and methanol was 1:2 and H2SO4 as the catalyst. On the process transesterification, on the other hand, the ratio of oil resulted from ester and methanol was 1:2 with NaOH as catalyst. Based on the analysis resul, Spesific gravity 60/60˚ F test showed 0.8562, 0.8569, 0.8569 (on specs), distillation on temperature 90% werw 340, 351 and 341 (on specs), kinematic viscosity resul showed 1,98 (off specs), flash point PM was 130˚ C, and 132˚ C (on specs), pour point result were 15˚ C, 17˚ C and 17˚ C (on specs), and cetane index result showed 51, 52, 51,5 (on specs).

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI MINYAK ZAITUN (OLIVE OIL) TERHADAP KELEMBUTAN SABUN CAIR

Zaitun tree (Olea europaea) comes from the Middle East and widely grown in Asia. The fruit and oil extraction widely used as food and medicine. The oil derived from olives is known as olive oil. Olive oil can be used for skin emolient. The aims of this study was to determine olive oil variation concentration to liquid soap softness. The soap was made with varying olive oil concentration (20% known as F1, 30% known as F2 and 40% known as F3). True experimental design with The Posttest Only Experiment was used as the study design. Evaluation of the soap including organoleptic test, pH, spesific gravity, free alkali assay, and responden emolient test. Responden emolient test was taken from 20 responden who has given questioner. The data from emolient test study was calculate by Kruskal Wallis test. The organoleptic test result showed that all formula showed liquid green, homogen, and jasmine odor. pH from F1, F2 and F3 were 10,39; 9,75 dan 9,34 respectively. The spesicic gravity from F1, F2 and F3 were 1,648%; 1,441% dan 0,863 % respectively. The free alkali from F1, F2 and F3 were 0,032%; 0,08% dan 0,064% respectively. The responden emolient test showed that F1 was soft, F2 was midle soft and F3 was very soft.

Formulation natural ingredients combination and consumer preference product sunscreen lotion

UV rays exposure on the skin can lead to sunburn and cancer risk. Sunscreen is a preparation used to protect skin from sun exposure. Antioxidant compounds are known to have the potential effects to protect against the effects of UV rays. This research used green tea, lemon, and chitosan as natural ingredients to make sunscreen lotion. This research aims to get the right sunscreen formulation based on natural ingredients, understand the physicochemical characteristics, and acquire information on consumer preferences level. The stage of this research is to make a sunscreen formulation from green tea leaf extract (10%, 15% and 20%), chitosan (0%, 5% and 10%) and lemon juice 10%—the next step value measurement Sun Protector Factor (SPF) with spectrophotometry Uv-Vis. Quality inspection includes pH test, specific gravity, homogeneous lotion, viscosity and total plate count. Data processing was conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) methods and Microsoft Excel for calculating Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The best treatment was obtained sunscreen lotion from the third formulation with extract green tea 10%, chitosan10% and lemon 10%. For pH test 6.19, spesific gravity 1.05 g/ml, viscos 31,500 cP, TPC 0 Cfu, and SPF test 15. The CSI value of the product is 69%, customer satisfaction is at the normal level, or customers feel satisfied.

ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACTION OF RED DRAGON FRUIT PEELS (Hylocereus polyrhizus) USING MACERATION METHOD

Anthocyanins present in the red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) can be used as natural dyes. An extraction procedure can be used to acquire anthocyanins. The maceration method was used to isolate anthocyanin dyes in this analysis. The aim of this study was to see how the solvent ratio affected the total anthocyanin content in the skin of red dragon fruit. This research used laboratory experimental method using descriptive analysis. The solvent ratios used were (1:30, 1:40, 1:50 and 1:60) with a mixture of distilled water with 10% citric acid as the solvent. Parameters observed were total yield, pH, residual solvent content, spesific gravity and total anthocyanin content. The best treatment was found to be red dragon fruit peel with a solvent ratio of 1:30, which produced the highest total anthocyanin content of 4.73 mg/L. This treatment resulted total yield 7.40%, residual solvent content 0.05%, spesific gravity 1.30, and pH 1.05, respectively. It was proven that the more solvent added could linearly decrease the effectiveness of anthocyanin extraction of dragon fruit peel extracts.

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI MINYAK ZAITUN (OLIVE OIL) TERHADAP KELEMBUTAN SABUN CAIR

Zaitun tree (Olea europaea) comes from the Middle East and widely grown in Asia. The fruit and oil extraction widely used as food and medicine. The oil derived from olives is known as olive oil. Olive oil can be used for skin emolient. The aims of this study was to determine olive oil variation concentration to liquid soap softness. The soap was made with varying olive oil concentration (20% known as F1, 30% known as F2 and 40% known as F3). True experimental design with The Posttest Only Experiment was used as the study design. Evaluation of the soap including organoleptic test, pH, spesific gravity, free alkali assay, and responden emolient test. Responden emolient test was taken from 20 responden who has given questioner. The data from emolient test study was calculate by Kruskal Wallis test. The organoleptic test result showed that all formula showed liquid green, homogen, and jasmine odor. pH from F1, F2 and F3 were 10,39; 9,75 dan 9,34 respectively. The spesicic gravity from F1, F2 and F3 were 1,648%; 1,441% dan 0,863 % respectively. The free alkali from F1, F2 and F3 were 0,032%; 0,08% dan 0,064% respectively. The responden emolient test showed that F1 was soft, F2 was midle soft and F3 was very soft.Keywords: oilive oil, soap, softness

THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC TEST OF GAMAL (Gliricidia sepium) PELLET THAT ADDED OF BINDER

The experiment was conducted to study the influence of binder on physical characteristic Gamal pellet. The data were anlyzed by analyzed of variance and significant experiment result would be examined by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The treatments were consisted of P1 (30% molasses+ 70% Gamal meal), P2 (40% molasses + 60% Gamal meal), P3 (30% Tapioca + 70% Gamal meal), P4 (40% tapioca + 60% Gamal meal) and P5 (20% tapioca + 20% molasses + 60% Gamal meal). Variabel measured were spesific gravity, bulk density and compacted bulk density. The resuls showed that the treatment had significant effect (P> 0.05)on spesific gravity and bulk density but did not had significant effect (P<0,05) on compacted bulk density. The conclusion of the experiment that added of 30% molasses (P1) as binder gave the optimum physical characteristic of Gliricidia sepium pellet.Keywords : Binder, Physical characteristic test,Gamal Pellet

PENGARUH LIMBAH PLAFON GIPSUM TERHADAP PENURUNAN KONSOLIDASI PADA TANAH LEMPUNG EKSPANSIF

Expansive clay has a high potential to swell if compared to other types of clay. Expansive clay also has very low bearing capacity so that a method of soil improvement was needed to improve the soil. This type of soil can be found in Gasing village, Tanjung Api-Api Km. 11 Banyuasin regency of South Sumatra Province. This research aims to study the mixture of gypsum plafond waste as additives in the process of stabilizing expansive soil clay. It can be made according to the needs of the mixture. In this study, the percentage of mixture of gypsum plafond waste are 5 %, 10 % and 15%. The test used an Oedometer (SNI 2812: 2011/ASTM D2435) equipment. By giving the pressure of 2.5 kN/m 2 ; 5 kN/m 2 ; 10 kN/m 2 ; 20 kN/m 2 ; and 40 kN/m 2 . The test results of the clay without mixture with gypsum plafond obtained were liquid limit value (LL) = 67%, plastic limit (PL) = 26.38% and plastic index value (PI) of 40.62%. Spesific Gravity (G s ) = 2.696, optimal water content (w opt ) = 21.55 % and optimal dry weight (w opt ) = 1.55 gr/cm 3 . Therefore, the soil sample was an expansive clay type and classified as A-7-6 (AASHTO classification). Consolidated test results show that soil compression index (Cc) = 0.190. After mixed with gypsum plafond waste of 15 %, the compression index value (c c ) = 0.080. This indicates that the compression index value (c c ) has decreased. Based on the above, it can be concluded that the mixture of gypsum waste in expansive clay causes soil settlement.

One pot reaction to synthesize allyl etherified eugenol from clove oil

The research to improve the value of eugenol as the main component of clove oil by modification its structure to allyl etherified eugenol through nucleophylic subtitution reaction had been done. Further, the modification product was hoped to be starting material for other valuable substances. The reaction of allyl etherified eugenol synthesis was done by reacting eugenol with allylbromide using NaOH as a catalyst. The final product was analysed its structure using FT-IR spectrophotometer and Mass Spectrometer. The synthesized product was yellowish liquid with spesific gravity and yield of 1.2 g/mL and 96%, respectively. IR and mass spectrum showed the presence of Csp3-H, Csp2-H, O-C and C=C for the former and the value of M+ = 204 for the later that revealed the functional groups and molecular weight of allyl etherified eugenol (1-allyl-4-allyloxy-3-methoxybenzene).

Kecenderungan dehidrasi pada remaja obesitas

Background : The content of water in fat cells in obese people is lower than muscle cells so that obese people are more easily dehydrated.Objective : The purpose of this study is to determine the risk factors of dehydration in adolescents.Methods : This study was a cross sectional study which began with screening of 168 students at SMA N 1 and 2 Semarang and found 63 students fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Subjects were selected by consecutive sampling. The dependent variable of this study is hydration status measured by the urine spesific gravity method. The independent variables consisted of obesity status that determined by the BMI/Age Z-score value, fluid intake was assessed using Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), physical activity was assessed using physical activity questionnaire, whereas knowledge regarding fluid was assessed by questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Chi Square test.Results ; There were 52,4% (n=33) subjects who were obese and only 9,5% (n=6) subjects were well-hydrated. The incidence of dehydration in obese adolescents (63,6%) was higher than non obese adolescents (36,7%). Obese subjects was 1.73 times more dehydrated than non obese subjects. Subject with deficiency of fluid intake was 1,85 times more dehydrated than subject with adequate fluid intake. Knowledge regarding fluid and physical activity was not a risk factor for dehydration in adolescents.Conclusion :Obesity and inadequate fluid intake ia risk factor for dehydration in adolescents

Pengaruh Abu Cangkang Sawit Terhadap Kuat Tekan Dan Kuat Lentur Batubata

This research was conducted to increase the value of compreive strength by adding palm shell ash to the base soil of brick. The palm oil shell was got from the result of the disposal of Incasari Raya Factory Damasraya. The soil as the basic material of the brick was got from the brick’s manufactory Gunung Sariak Padang. The persentage of palm shell ash in the soil mixture was 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% from the soil dry weight. The test consisted of physical properties test and mechanical properties test. The physical properties test consisted of water content test, spesific gravity test, Atterberg limit test, and grain size analysis test.The mechanical properties test consisted of compaction test, compressive strength test and flexural strength test. The water content in manufacture brick was 0,85% γd maximum on wet side optimum of the soi. All the process of the brick is manufactured with manual fabrication. The result of the test showed that the values of spesific gravity (Gs), plastic limit (PL), shrinkage limit (SL),maximum dry density, optimum of water content, and compressive strength of brick increased. Mean while the liquid limit (LL),passing of sieve no. 200 in three days care, plastic index (PI), decreased. For flexural strength, at first increased, along with addition percentage from palm shell ash, this value inclined decreased. The optimum result was got 5% palm shell ash in the soil mixture.

KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA ANTOSIANIN EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH MENGGUNAKAN METODE UAE (Physicochemical Characteristics of Red Dragon Fruit Skin Anthocyanin Extracts using UAE Method)

Red dragon fruit skin (Hylocereus polyrhizus) contains naturally pigment as anthocyanin. Anthocyanins can be extracted using conventionally or other method. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) is a prospective extraction method because resulting higher yield and shorten time process. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of extraction time and amplitude to the physicochemical characteristic of extract red dragon fruit’s skin. The maceration method was used as control treatment. The parameters observed were total extraction yield, residual solvent content, anthocyanin content, pH, specific gravity and colour. The method used was laboratory experiment by using descriptive analysis. The research showed extraction time at 45 minutes and amplitude number 65% was a best variables extraction which resulted total yield 10.62%, residual solvent content 37.50%, specific gravity 1.2198, total anthocyanin content 29.640 ppm, pH 2.80, respectively. Based on hue angle (23.42o) indicated that the dragon fruit peel extract was red colour. Meanwhile, control treatment resulted a total yield was 9.44%, residual solvent content was 52.67%, specific gravity 1.0609, total anthocyanin content 24.074 ppm, pH 3.06, and hue angle 33.16o. The UAE method revealed a better extraction method than maceration to produce a higher red dragon fruit’s skin extracts and anthocyanin concentration.
 Keywords: anthocyanin, extract, physicochemical characteristic, red dragon fruit skin, UAE
 
 ABSTRAKKulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus) mengandung pigmen alami sebagai antosianin. Antosianin dapat diekstraksi dengan cara konvensional atau metode lainnya. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) merupakan metode ekstraksi prospektif karena menghasilkan rendemen lebih tinggi dan waktu proses lebih singkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji lama waktu ekstraksi dan amplitudo terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia ekstrak kulit buah naga merah. Metode maserasi dilakukan sebagai kontrol. Karakteristik ekstrak yang diamati meliputi rendemen, kadar sisa pelarut, total antosianin, pH, bobot jenis dan warna. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimental laboratorium dengan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kulit buah naga merah dengan amplitudo 65% dan lama ekstraksi 45 menit merupakan perlakuan terbaik dengan rendemen total 10,62%, kadar sisa pelarut 37,50%, bobot jenis 1,2198, kadar total antosianin sebesar 29,640 ppm, pH 2,80. Berdasarkan nilai hue (23,42o) ekstrak tersebut berwarna merah. Sedangkan perlakuan kontrol menghasilkan rendemen total 9,44%, kadar sisa pelarut 52,67%, bobot jenis 1,0609, kadar total antosianin sebesar 24,074 ppm, pH 3,06 dan hue 33,16o. Pada penelitian ini dibuktikan bahwa metode UAE menghasilkan lebih banyak ekstrak kulit buah naga merah dan konsentrasi antosianin lebih tinggi dibandingkan metode maserasi.
 Kata kunci: antosianin, ekstrak, karakteristik fisikokimia, kulit buah naga merah, UAE

The utilization of stone ash on cellular lightweight concrete

Lightweight concrete brick is a brick which made of cement, sand, water, and foam as the basic composition. This brick are divided into 2, based on the foam used such as AAC (Autoclave Aerated Concrete) that use aluminium paste and CLC(Cellular Lightweight Concrete) that use foaming agent from BASF as its foaming material. In this trial, the lightweight brick that are ging to be use are the CLC with foaming agent as its foaming material with the mixture of stone ash that are produced by the Stone Crusher with spesific gravity 2666 kg/m3 as their partly sand substitution . In this research, the stone ash variant that are used are 10%, 15%, and 20% from the amount of sand that planned before. After casting, the result of the 10% will receive a reduction of compressive strength while an increasing in absorption as 25.07% and 39.005% and the 15% variant will recieve a reduction of compressive strength as much as 65.8% and a reduction of absorption as much as 17.441% and the 20% variant will recieve a reduction of compressive strength as much as 67.4% while an increasing of absorption as much as 17.956%.

LOCAL WISDOM IN UTILIZING PEAT SWAMP SOIL AND WATER TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF GELAM WOOD

Local wisdom in utilizing swamp soil and water to improve the quality of gelam wood in Central Kalimantan becomes an interesting phenomenon. Improving the quality of wood can economize on the use of wood, which in turn preserves the forests in peat swamp lands. Gelam (Melaleuca sp.) woods that are mostly found in peat swamp forests can be used as piles/stakes in swamp soil, and they are durable for decades. The general objective of this study was to provide a scientific explanation of the effect of peat swamp soil and water on improving the quality of gelam wood either in barked and barkless conditions. This study was conducted by taking gelam trees that grew in Central Kalimantan. It was carried out for 18 months, and investigated the barked/barkless woods, media (swamp water, freshwater, peat swamp soil, and sandy soil) and 3 lengths of burying times. Wood properties analyzed were physical and mechanical properties. The standard of physical-mechanical property tests referred to British Standard 373. The results showed that the interaction between bark factor (A) and media (B) affected specific gravity. Barked wood produced the highest spesific gravity in swamp water medium. Water media (swamp and fresh water) improved the wood’s specific gravity more than soil media (swamp and sandy soil). The highest values of hardness, stress on Proportional Limit, and Modulus of Elasticity were in the medium of swamp soil. The improvement of the quality of gelam woods, which were either buried or used as stakes/piles, was allegedly resulted from the swamp water infiltrating into gelam woods that thereby increased the specific gravity.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Bolted Bamboo Joints without Void Filled Material

An experimental and theoretical are presented to calculate the load capacity of shear single connection (SSC) and shear double connection (SDC) without void filled material. The model presents an extension of the Johansen theory for bamboo connection type, also known as the European Yield Model (EYM). The bamboo of Gigantchloa atroviolacea of the most popular as non-wood has been used as a construction material in some region of Indonesia. The uniqueness bamboo is bamboo non-homogen material, sectional shape non-prismatic, the straighthness stems not same, on the culms guiler node and a cross-section in hollow. The diameter of Gigantochloa atroviolacea bamboo used in this study is ranged from 70 to 90 mm. The diameter of bolt is 12.7 mm. The connection strength can be determined with theoretical and eksperimental. Application theory of the European Yield Model could be developed into theory of connection laterally strength of bamboo without void filler material. Factors that affected of connection laterally strength is bamboo thickness, bolt diameter and spesific gravity. The equation four of connection strength base on European Yield model can calculated of according to yield model of accurred. The connection strength is specified from the value smallest of the equation four of connection yield models.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN RESORSINOL PADA PEMBUATAN PEREKAT LIKUIDA SABUT KELAPA

Liquid adhesive coconut coir is the result of a reaction between lignin powder material used with aromatic compounds at high temperatures in order to obtain a solution that can be used as an adhesive. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of liquid adhesive of coconut coir (LACC) qualities and determine the effect of resorcinol in the manufacture of adhesives LACC. The study was conducted in three phases: the first stage of coir manufacturing particles, which at this stage coir made into particles of 100 mesh, adhesive manufacturing second stage LACC which at this stage there are two stages of the liquefaction reaction coir and polymerization, and the third stage addition of resorcinol LACC into the adhesive. The variables used in this study is the addition of variable rate resorcinol at 10, 20, 30% by weight. Variables - variables that were analyzed pH, viscosity, spesific gravity, solid content, formaldehyde-free rate and compound analysis using FT-IR adhesive LACC to conditions without the addition of resorcinol and with the addition of 30% resorcinol. The results showed that the addition of resorcinol LACC influence on the resulting adhesive, which has a liquid form, the pH ranged from 12.6 to 10.6, 43,867- 131.712 cps viscosity, specific gravity of 1.252 to 1.258, solid content 46.67 to 80%, from 1.952 to 1.051% formaldehyde content. FT-IR results showed similarity LACC adhesive force phenol formaldehyde resin, namely the presence of the OH group, C = H of the aromatic ring, of methylene CH, CO from ether and fenolic compound.

Produksi Bioetanol Dari Rumput Laut dan Limbah Agar Gracilaria sp. dengan Metode Sakarifikasi Yang Berbeda

The Indonesia needs of Bioethanol were 390.000 kL in 2012, but the local ethanol production only able to cover less than 4% from the needed. The high demand of the bioethanol encourage for another innovation in ethanol production more efficient and effectively. Seaweeds and the residual pulp of Gracilaria sp. could be useful as substrate for bioethanol production, because of the high amount of polysaccharide, cellulose and galactan type. Unfortunately, this cellulose and galactan had through the saccharification process first, before they can be used as substrates in bioethanol production. This study examined the difference between two saccharification process which are acid hydrolisis using H2SO4 1% and enzymatic process using Aspergillus niger on the use seaweed and the residual pulp of Gracilaria sp. for bioethanol production. Bioethanol production been conducted for 5 days and in each 24 hour, the sampling for cell number variable, reduction sugar amount variable, and medium fermentation pH variable had been retrieved. The ethanol amount calculation in the last incubation phase conducted using distillate fermentation spesific gravity methode. The highest ethanol was obtained 5,50% by treatment using seaweed medium with acid hydrolisis. The anova analysis result showed that interaction between medium variable and hydrolisis didn’t have signifficant influence toward ethanol product. It showed that seaweed and the residual pulp of Gracilaria sp. had same quality and they can be useful as main component of bioethanol production which are hydrolisis by enzymatic or acid hydrolisis. Key Words : Gracilaria sp., the residual pulp, saccharification, reducing sugar, ethanol

Penyulingan Minyak Nilam

The amount of the oil as well as the quality are influenced by among others pretretment of the fresh leafe. distilation methode , density of the leaf mass, temperature, steam pressure, and time of distillation. The quality of the oil are evaluated trough their spesific gravity, optical rotation, ester number, acid number and solubility in alcohol.

Determination of some functional and technologcal properties of octopus (Octopus vulgaris C.), calamary (Illex coindetti V.), mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis L.) and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) meat

In this research, emulsion properties of fresh octopus (Octopus vulgaris C.), calamary (Illex coindetti V.), mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis L.) and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) were studied by using a model system. Some properties of meats from four different seafood species (octopus, calamary, mussel and cuttlefish), such as pH value, cooking loss (CL), water holding capacity (WHC), drip loss (DL) and various parametres of emulsion such as emulsion capacity (EC), emulsion stability (ES), oil separation from emulsion (SO), water separation from emulsion (SW), emulsion spesific gravity (ESG) were determined. Mussel muscle had the highest CL and DL while mussel had the lowest WHC (p

Ind

The objective of this research is to study the processing of candle nut oils by using solvent extraction and pressing techniques. In a solvent extraction technique, several solvents were applied in the experiment. The choice solvent was used to extract the treated candle nut seeds. In a pressing technique, five levels of pressing temperature were applied to extract untreated candle nut seeds. The effect of the temperatures was calculated by a complete randomized design. Relationship between the pressing temperature and oil properties was analysed with a polynomial orthogonal method. Results showed that a hexane solvent with pure analytical grade was the best solvent to extract candle nut oils as indicated by the highest yield of oils. Using this solvent, a dry-frying treatment on candle nut seeds gave the highest yield of oils, compared boiling and control treatments. In a pressing technique, the increasing of pressing temperature gave a highly significant effect on yields, specific gravity, peroxide and iodine numbers. It also gave a significant effecr on saponifiable number. A polynomial orthogonal analysis showed that pressing temperatures had a highly significant quadratic relationship to oil yields or iodine number, a linear relationship to peroxide number or spesific gravity, and a significant cubic relationship to saponification number. Based on the regression equation for iodine number, the optimum value of iodine number was obtained at a 93° C pressing temperature. At this temperature, the oil yield which could be produced was 59, 79 %. The candle ma oil produced at this temperature was the best oil quality, as indicated by the highest value of iodine number, 97.28.