Spermatic Cord Research Articles

Diagnoses and Treatment of Acquired Undescended Testes: A Review.

Acquired undescended testes were once considered a sporadic disease. In recent years, reports suggest that they are not uncommon, with an incidence rate about 3 times that of congenital undescended testes. The etiology of acquired undescended testes remains inconclusive, clinical diagnostic standards are unclear, and treatment approaches are still controversial. There is ongoing debate about the mechanism of testicular ascent. The prevailing view is that acquired undescended testes occur due to the partial absorption of the gubernaculum, which forms part of the parietal peritoneum. The residual gubernacular fibers continuously pull on the spermatic cord, preventing the spermatic cord from elongating proportionately to somatic growth, leading to a re-ascent of the testis. Acquired undescended testes may increase the risk of testicular cancer, but this is still debated. The preferred treatment method is also controversial. However, surgical fixation has an immediate effect; no studies have proven that early surgery improves fertility in patients. The etiology of acquired undescended testes is closely related to the continuous pull of the residual gubernacular fibers on the spermatic cord, which prevents the cord from extending proportionately to body growth. There are no clear diagnostic standards for acquired undescended testes yet, and spontaneous descent is possible, so testicular fixation surgery may not be the preferred treatment method.

P-741 Standard IV Cannula Aspiration (SIVCA): A step-by-step video demonstration of the minimally invasive testicular sperm aspiration technique with technical improvements after 4 years of experience

Abstract Study question Is there room for further technical improvements in the Standard IV Cannula Aspiration (SIVCA), for a more efficient testicular issue aspiration and sperm extraction procedure? Summary answer A more efficient SIVCA procedure can be achieved by using a higher flow-rate cannula, less negative pressure aspiration and a Luer Lock syringe. What is known already Standard IV Cannula Aspiration (SIVCA) was introduced in 2022. It showed comparable sperm retrieval rates (SRR) to mTESE (56.2 vs 57.3%; McNemar P = 1.000). But given the novelty of the technique, some technical difficulties were encountered: The 14G cannula frequently kinked during the back and forth motions of aspiration, thus having to be replaced several times during the procedure; and the aspirating syringe often detached from the catheter mid-procedure, due to the absence of a lock mechanism securing it to the flashback chamber of the cannula. Study design, size, duration 224 men were enrolled in this prospective 24 months cohort study conducted at a specialized IVF center. The men had testicular tissue aspiration performed via SIVCA, either for azoospermia or increased seminal sperm DNA fragmentation, in anticipation of their partners’ ovum pick-up for an ICSI cycle. If enough testicular tissue was aspirated, it was examined for sperm. If not more than 0.2 gm of tissue could be aspirated from either testis, the patient underwent mTESE. Participants/materials, setting, methods After general anesthesia, 5cc of Xylocaine (lidocaine HCl) 2% was instilled into each spermatic cord. A standard 14-G 310 ml/min flow-rate IV cannula was introduced into the testis. After withdrawing the needle, a 3cc Luer Lock syringe was secured to the cannula. The plunger was maximally retracted to generate −250 Torr of negative pressure and clamped. Back and forth motions were performed, mapping and aspirating tissues from different regions of each testis at a time. Main results and the role of chance Out of a total of 224 cases, an adequate testicular tissue sample of more than 0.2 gm was successfully aspirated from 218 cases, with a 0.97 probability of success. Mild hematoma and pain were encountered in 5.8% of cases (n = 13/224) and subsided within two to three weeks (Grade I on the Clavien Dindo Scale). In a previous series, 130 cases of SIVCA were performed by fully retracting the plunger of a regular 20cc syringe, generating about −520 Torr of negative pressure, while the syringe was connected - but not secured - to the flashback chamber of a 270ml/min flow-rate cannula. In that series, adequate tissue samples could successfully be aspirated in 122 cases, showing a 0.93 probability of success. By using a higher flow-rate 14G IV cannula (310 ml/min vs 270 ml/min), less negative pressure (−250 Torr vs − 520 Torr) and a Luer Lock syringe; fewer number of cannulas were lost to kinking per procedure and no inconvenient disconnections occurred mid-procedure between the cannula and the aspirating syringe owing to the Luer Lock mechanism; all while maintaining a high success rate of aspiration of sufficient testicular tissue (X2 (1, N = 354) = 2.6156, p = .10582). Limitations, reasons for caution Whenever sclerosis and/or fibrosis of testicular tissue rendered aspiration of adequate amounts of testicular tissue difficult or challenging, we reverted to surgical m-TESE. Ice packs should be applied for at least 48 to 72 hours post-procedure to forestall hematomas. Further blinded randomized control studies with larger datasets are recommended. Wider implications of the findings SIVCA is a safe, efficient and easily reproducible method of testicular sperm aspiration. Its allowance for mapping different regions of the testes in order to extract sufficient amounts of tissues, makes it an ideal initial alternative to surgical m-TESE for testicular tissue aspiration and sperm searching. Trial registration number NCT05247723

The effect of spermatic cord block on reducing the risk of vagal reflex during microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy: A randomized trial

PurposeThis study aimed to compare the risk of vagal reflex during microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy (MSV) under general anesthesia (GA) with or without additional local anesthetic (LA) spermatic cord block (SCB). MethodA single-center randomized controlled trial was conducted between January 2022 and June 2023.300 patients with left-sided grade Ⅲ varicocele were randomly divided into two groups: SCB group (n = 153) and control group (n = 147)（computer-generated random numbers list）. During MSV under GA, the SCB group was given of ropivacaine for SCB before pulling the spermatic cord, while the control group was directly lifted. The primary outcome was the reduction in the lowest heart rate in the SCB group as compared with the control group during spermatic cord traction (SCT). Secondary outcomes included the reduction in the lowest blood pressure in the SCB group as compared with the control group; and the reductions in the lowest heart rate and lowest blood pressure as compared with baseline during SCT. The number of times that surgery and medications were suspended because of symptomatic reflex bradycardia was also recorded. Adverse events were also recorded as secondary outcomes. ResultFive patients in the SCB group and 10 patients in the CG were excluded. The lowest heart rate and systolic blood pressure during SCT in the SCB group and the control group were significantly lower than the baseline values (P < 0.05). However, the decrease in the SCB group (70-73bpm VS 108–115 mmHg) was milder than that of the control group（66–72 bpm VS 105–114 mmHg）(P < 0.05). The number of surgeries and medication pauses due to symptomatic reflex bradycardia during surgery was significantly lower in the SCB group (2 VS 1) than in the control group (9 VS 7) (P < 0.05). ConclusionSCB can effectively reduce the vagal reflex caused by pulling the spermatic cord during MSV, and reduce the risk of anesthesia and surgery.

Two-stage orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testis with short spermatic vessels wrapped in anti-adhesion conduit. 25 years of experience

Treatment of high cryptorchidism can be challenging, often with frustrating results. We report 25 years of experience in the treatment of the cryptorchidism with very short spermatic vessels using an original two-stage orchiopexy that preserves the spermatic vessels. We reviewed the clinical charts of children affected by cryptorchidism with very short spermatic vessels treated through our original surgical approach in tree Institutes of Pediatric Surgery. The first stage of the procedure started with an inguinal incision and a standard orchiopexy with a deep mobilization in the retroperitoneum to straighten the spermatic vessels that are entirely preserved. After realizing intraoperatively that such maximal retroperitoneal mobilization cannot ensure a satisfactory scrotal position of the testis, the spermatic cord is wrapped in a thin sheet of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) shaped as a conduit. The testis is fixed to the bottom of the scrotum which remains invaginated due to the tension. [Fig.A - scheme of the operation]. This first stage can also be performed in laparoscopy, with a video-assisted positioning of the PTFE conduit [Fig.B - laparoscopic view with vessels and vas respectively marked by black and white arrows]. The second surgical stage is scheduled after 6-12 months to remove the PTFE conduit. A group of 100 children affected by cryptorchidism and very short spermatic vessels (9 bilateral, 86 intra-abdominal, 23 "peeping" at the internal ring) for a total of 109 testes underwent surgery with a two-stage procedure. From the first to the second stage, a progressive lowering of each testis towards the scrotum was observed. During the second stage, after removal of the PTFE sheet, the preserved cord was loose in the inguinal canal and all the testes were located in the scrotum: 68 testes were found correctly located with no further care needed, while 41 were still in a high scrotal position. However, the latter were easily detached from the scrotal bottom and re-fixed in a more satisfactory location. At 1-9 years follow-up all the testes but one (99%) were in the correct scrotal position with stable or increased testicular volume [Fig.C], while 1 testis vanished. No complications were observed all along the follow-up. This long term 25-year review indicates that our original surgical technique guarantees a high rate of success with neither evident contraindications nor drawbacks for patients affected by undescended testes with spermatic vessels so short to be untreatable through a standard orchiopexy.

Postoperative analgesic effect of adding neostigmine to levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided spermatic cord block for testicular sperm extraction surgery

Abstract Background and Aims: Providing postoperative pain management in patients who underwent scrotal surgeries is achieved using several methods, one of which is the ultrasound-guided spermatic cord block (US-SCB). To enhance anesthesia quality and extend analgesia postoperatively, several agents have been added in conjunction with local agents. This study targeted assessing the results of combining neostigmine with levobupivacaine in US-SCB for providing perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing testicular sperm extraction (TESE) surgery. Material and Methods: This double-blind, randomized controlled study was performed for 112 subjects undergoing TESE operation using general anesthesia. They were randomly and equally divided into two groups. All participants received bilateral US-SCB after induction of general anesthesia by 19 mL of levobupivacaine 0.5% combined with 1 mL of neostigmine 500 μg in (group N) or 1 mL of normal saline in (group C). The first analgesic dose request time and the amount of analgesic consumed in the first 24 h were the main points of comparison in both groups. Results: The mean postoperative analgesia duration was noticeably increased in the N group compared to the C group, with a value of 480 ± 41.34 min versus 404 ± 34.14 min, independently (P &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the total amount of postoperative analgesic consumption was remarkably decreased in group N when compared to group C without statistically remarkable divergence concerning complications between both groups. Conclusion: Adding neostigmine to a local anesthetic solution in US-SCB proved to detain the first analgesic request postoperatively with reduced perioperative analgesia consumption, without significant side effects.

Lichtenstein technique for inguinal hernia repair: ten recommendations to optimize surgical outcomes

PurposeApproximately 20 million individuals worldwide undergo inguinal hernia surgery annually. The Lichtenstein technique is the most commonly used surgical procedure in this setting. The objective of this study was to revisit this technique and present ten recommendations based on the best practices.MethodsPubMed and Scientific Electronic Library Online were used to systematically search for articles about the Lichtenstein technique and its modifications. Literature regarding this technique and surgical strategies to prevent chronic pain were the basis for formulating ten recommendations for best practices during Lichtenstein surgery.ResultsTen recommendations were proposed based on best practices in the Lichtenstein technique: neuroanatomical assessment, chronic pain prevention, pragmatic neurectomy, spermatic cord structure management, femoral canal assessment, hernia sac management, mesh characteristics, fixation, recurrence prevention, and surgical convalescence.ConclusionThe ten recommendations are practical ways to achieve a safe and successful procedure. We fell that following these recommendations can improve surgical outcomes using the Lichtenstein technique.

Delayed Presentation of Testicular Torsion: A Case Report

Testicular torsion is a medical emergency due to twisting of spermatic cord on its axis which hinders blood supply to the testes, causing acute symptoms. It is considered one of the emergency presentations seen in young adolescents. This emergency is mostly observed in patients under 18 years of age, and occurs is 3.8 per 100000 population. We describe a 25-year-old patient presenting to the emergency department with acute symptoms typical of testicular torsion. Keywords: Testicular torsion, twisting of spermatic cord.

Outcomes following inguinal and subinguinal urologic procedures under deep intravenous sedation.

We aimed to investigate the surgical outcomes following inguinal and subinguinal urologic procedures under deep intravenous sedation (DIVS) with multimodal local anesthesia (LA). We conducted a retrospective cohort study from September 2022 to December 2023 including adult patients deemed eligible for day surgery (American Society of Anesthesiologist score 1-3) undergoing radical orchiectomy (RO), microscopic varicocelectomy (MV), or microscopic denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC). All procedures were performed at a single urologic ambulatory surgical center and outpatient clinic, and by a single surgeon (PP). Procedures were performed through a subinguinal or inguinal approach with DIVS and adjunctive multimodal LA. We evaluated intraoperative complications and relevant surgical outcomes and parameters. A total of 103 patients were included in the analysis with a mean age ± standard deviation of 37.3±9.6. This included 25 patients who underwent RO, 54 patients who underwent MV, and 24 patients who underwent MDSC. All procedures were completed successfully without intraoperative complications. Oncologic outcomes were preserved, fertility outcomes improved, and pain scores reduced similarly to the expected rates in the literature. Our preliminary results demonstrate the safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of performing inguinal and subinguinal urologic procedures under DIVS with LA. These findings suggest that this technique preserves high-quality care while avoiding the unnecessary risks of general or spinal anesthesia, representing an opportunity to transfer these cases outside of hospitals' operating rooms into outpatient ambulatory centers.

Case report: Para-testicular spindle cell lipoma suspected of well-differentiated liposarcoma

Spindle cell lipoma is a relatively rare benign tumor that can occur in the posterior neck, shoulder, and upper back. Herein, we present a case of intrascrotal spindle cell lipoma in a 71-year-old male who presented with a mass in the left scrotum that had developed over 2 years. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a 5.7cm mass accompanying enhanced solid components. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a heterogeneous signal intensity. Therefore, a well-differentiated liposarcoma derived from the spermatic cord was suspected; therefore, the patient underwent radical inguinal orchidectomy with high ligation of the spermatic cord. Histopathological examination revealed mature adipocytes and bland-spindle cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CD-34 and negative for CDK4, MDM2, and p16. These findings indicated a spindle cell lipoma. Surgical margins were negative. Three months after surgery, no relapse was observed. This case underscores the rarity of para-testicular spindle cell lipoma. While CT and MRI play crucial roles in disease diagnosis, they may not detect all lesions. To prevent overtreatment, it’s essential to also consider pre-surgical examinations and intraoperative findings.

Establishment of a rabbit model of different degrees of testicular torsion

Introduction and objectivesDifferent degrees of testicular torsion result in varying degrees of testicular damage, which influences treatment options and outcomes. Therefore, establishing a testicular torsion model with different degrees is necessary for clinical diagnosis. Materials and methodsRabbits were randomly divided into four groups and their spermatic cords were twisted at 0 °, 180 °, 360 °, and 720 °, respectively. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) were performed to evaluate the blood supply in testicles. The twisted testicles were surgically removed at six hours post-operation and were evaluated by morphological observation and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. ResultsCDFI signals were gradually decreased as the degree of testicular torsion increased, and scores of CDFI in the 360 ° and 720 ° groups were significantly decreased at postoperative six hours compared to pre-surgery. Compared to the sham, the testicle in the 180 ° group exhibited slight congestion, whereas the testicles in the 360 ° and 720 ° groups were dark red in color and had severe congestion and unrecognizable vessels. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining showed mild spermatogenic cell reduction and testicular interstitial hemorrhage in the 180 ° group. In the 360 ° and 720 ° groups, disordered seminiferous tubules, shed spermatogenic cells in tubules, inflammatory cell infiltration, and severe hemorrhage were found. In comparison with the sham, interstitial hemorrhage scores in the 360 ° and 720 ° groups were significantly higher, and scores of germinal epithelial cell thickness in the three testicular torsion groups were significantly decreased. ConclusionsCollectively, we successfully constructed a testicular torsion model with different degrees in rabbits.

Adult genitourinary sarcomas: A single-centre experience over 25 years.

e23532 Background: Genitourinary sarcomas are a rare entity. This study is a retrospective review of the patient characteristics, types of adult GU sarcomas, treatments and outcomes in a single institution over the past 25 years. Methods: Survival probabilities were estimated and plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Estimates along with 95% pointwise confidence intervals were reported. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) is defined as time from when the patient was disease-free to recurrence. Otherwise, patients were censored at last disease evaluation. OS was defined as time from when the patient was disease-free to death due to any cause. Patients still alive were censored at last known alive. Results: 29 patients presented with various types of GU sarcomas, with the majority being paratesticular tumors (n = 22, 75.9%). Others included bladder leiomyosarcomas (n = 5), prostatic leiomyosarcoma (n = 1), renal leiomyosarcoma (n = 1). Median age for diagnosis was 51 years (range: 21-79) for leiomyosarcoma vs 61 (range: 36-89) for liposarcoma. Among the paratesticular tumors majority were (n = 16) were liposarcoma, remaining 5 being leiomyosarcoma and 1 being rhabdomyosarcoma. Majority tumors were stage III and above (n = 16, 55.17%), high and intermediate grade (65.51%). All tumors were resected ± adjuvant therapy (n = 4). Leiomyosarcomas had a higher stage (66%) and grade (83%) at diagnosis, recurrence rate was also higher at 37.5% (vs 6.6% for liposarcoma) along with a higher mortality (41.6%). Commonest site of recurrence for leiomyosarcoma was the lungs (n = 3, 100%). Treatment for recurrence commonly involved radiotherapy, pembrolizumab etc. Paratesticular liposarcomas were found to be associated with a lipomatosis syndrome with n = 5 (31.25%) having lipomas elsewhere in the body and n = 2 (12.5%) patients having had previously resected spermatic cord lipoma. Paratesticular sarcomas often required (n = 15, 68%) revision surgery due to being initially diagnosed as a hernia, cord lipoma or hydrocele and requiring high ligation of the cord with hemiscrotectomy and radical orchiectomy ± LND on revision surgery, which often demonstrated a focus of residual tumor in liposarcomas (n = 5, 31%). N = 4 patients (25%) had positive margins in spite of revision surgery. Majority of these were MDM2+ positive on FISH (n = 9, 56%). Overall, GU sarcomas had an RFS of 63% (53-94%) and OS of 82% (53-94%) at 36 months since NED was achieved. The median length of follow-up was 19.9 months for leiomyosarcoma, 33.8 months for liposarcoma. Conclusions: Leiomyosarcomas in adults have worse outcomes compared to other GU sarcomas especially if it originates in the bladder. [Table: see text]

FIELD TECHNIQUES FOR VASECTOMY IN BLACK HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PIGRA).

Three adult black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) were vasectomized for the purpose of population control. Two different surgical approaches (inguinal and pelvic) were used to vasectomize the animals under general anesthesia. One monkey was vasectomized with a pelvic approach, and the other two monkeys were vasectomized with an inguinal approach. The inguinal approach was minimally invasive and proved to be an effective field procedure, utilizing minimal surgical equipment with a mean operative time of 35 min. The inguinal approach allowed for better visualization of the spermatic cord, which prompted easier ligation and transection of the ductus deferens. Identification of the ductus deferens was successfully performed intraoperatively using a tuberculin syringe to aseptically aspirate cord contents, as histopathology was not available. All howler monkeys fully recovered without complication. The social hierarchy of the troop and mating behavior has not been affected. There have been no new pregnancies reported in the troop since the vasectomies were performed. The inguinal approach is preferred as it is minimally invasive and can be performed confidently in a field setting.

Inguinal hernia coexisting with spermatic cord leiomyoma

Leiomyomas primarily occur in the uterus, small bowel, and esophagus, with occasional instances found in the genitourinary system-bladder, epididymis, prostate, testis, and penis. Among these, scrotal leiomyomas, belonging to genital leiomyomas, present as solitary growths within scrotal structures, displaying gradual growth. Specifically, spermatic cord leiomyoma is exceptionally rare, with limited cases since the 1950s. A 63-year-old male exhibited persistent left groin pain and swelling, initially suggesting a hernia. Examination revealed an inguinal hernia and a palpable, mobile 3 cm solid mass. Ultrasonography identified a well-defined solid hypoechoic lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) displayed a 37x24 mm ovoid lesion, hinting at its origin from the spermatic cord. Surgical intervention involved hernia repair and mass excision, confirming leiomyoma via histopathology. Spermatic cord leiomyomas, rare and hernia-mimicking, highlight the crucial role of MRI in accurate preoperative diagnosis, emphasizing the need to consider leiomyoma in inguinal mass differentials.

HERNIA MESH EXPLANTATION FOR MESH INGUINODYNIA AND ALLODYNIA. WHY IS HERNIA MESH SO PAINFUL?

Abstract Introduction Chronic pain after mesh repair for abdominal wall hernia is an indication for the removal of mesh and reconstruction by a non-mesh technique. Materials and Methods In a consecutive series over 19 years, 128 patients had mesh removed to relieve chronic pain. This open method of mesh removal relies on confirming normal anatomical landmarks. The superior and inferior leaf of the External oblique aponeurosis are raised, the spermatic cord is identified and retracted. The mesh is gently dissected off the Internal oblique from lateral to medial, taking care in preserving the vas, and accompanying vessels. Adherent ilio-inguinal, iliohypogastric and genitofemoral nerves are removed with the mesh. The resultant recurrent hernia is repaired by Moloney darn, a tension-free tissue repair. Results 128 consecutive patients have been treated by mesh explantation and immediate reconstruction on average 6 years after implantation. Resolution of symptoms was experienced very shortly after the mesh removed. Preperitoneal mesh particularly Kugel patch has been the most difficult to remove. Meshes have been submitted for histological examination and the findings are usually chronic granulomatous foreign body reaction. Few complications have been encountered with a follow-up period ranging from 6 months to 15 years, the most common being the failure of explantation to alleviate inguinal pain in the long-term. Conclusion All hernia patients should be afforded informed consent including discussing the potential long-term consequences of chronic groin and abdominal pain.

Prognostıc Factors In Testıcular Cancer

Aim: Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 15-35 years and accounts for 1% of all lifetime male cancers. There are two histologic subtypes: seminoma and nonseminoma. In our study, we aimed to investigate the factors predicting recurrence in early-stage testicular cancer. Materials and Methods: Our study is a retrospective study of early stage testicular cancer admitted to the medical oncololi clinic of our hospital between 2006-2018. During the study, 344 patient files were reviewed and 130 patients who met the study criteria were included in the study. Our primary aim in this study was to investigate the factors predictive of recurrence in early stage testicular cancer. Results: When evaluating PFS in patients with nonseminoma with and without lymphovascular invasion, no median PFS value was reached in either group. However, PFS was worse in patients with LVI (p=0.037). When comparing stage 1 with stage 2 seminoma patients, no median PFS values could be reached, but there was a statistical difference between the two groups in terms of recurrence (p=0.019). Conclusions: In our study, we found no association between tumor size, embryonal carcinoma predominance, tunica albuginea invasion, spermatic cord involvement and tumor marker values and recurrence in nonseminoma germ cell testicular tumors. PFS was shorter in patients with LVI compared to those without LVI. Lymphovascular invasion, spermatic cord involvement, tunica albuginea involvement, and rete testis involvement were not associated with disease recurrence in seminoma patients, whereas higher disease stage predicted the risk of recurrence.

Shugan Tongluo Qiangjing recipe protects against varicocele of EVC rats through modulating sperm DNA damage, telomere expression and oxidative stress

Varicocele (VC) refers to expansion and tortuosity of spreading venous plexus in spermatic cord due to poor blood flow. This study aimed to investigate effects of Shugan Tongluo Qiangjing recipe (SGTL) on sperm DNA damage and oxidative stress in experimental VC (EVC) rats. EVC model was established by partial ligation of left renal vein. Spermatic vein diameter, testicular weight, sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were evaluated. Telomere reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression, telomere gene transcription, and testicular tissue morphology were determined·H2O2, catalase, SOD, T-AOC were measured with colorimetry. SGTL significantly decreased spermatic vein diameter (P=0.000) and increased testicular weight (P=0.013) of rats compared those of EVC rats. SGTL maintained testicular tissue morphology in EVC rats. SGTL markedly reduced sperm DFI value in sperm of rats compared to EVC rats (P=0.000). SGTL significantly enhanced TERT expression and telomere gene transcription (P=0.028) in testis of rats compared to EVC rats. SGTL reduced H2O2 levels (P=0.001) and promoted CAT activity (P=0.016), SOD activity (P=0.049), and T-AOC activity (P=0.047) of rats, compared to EVC rats. In conclusion, SGTL could reduce pathogenic process of EVC by reducing sperm DNA damage and regulating telomere length in EVC rats, which may be related to oxidative stress regulation.

Evaluation of Autoligation of The Spermatic Cord for Castration of Small Adult Dogs

Traditionally, when performing a canine castration, the spermatic cord is double ligated prior to removing the testicles. Double ligation with suture is thought to prevent hemorrhagic complications and has been considered necessary to prevent morbidity and mortality when performing these procedures. A relatively new technique has emerged where the spermatic cord is ligated on itself, or autoligated, in a manner similar to the way that feline spermatic cords are ligated when performing cat neuters. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the rate of complications across a large number of dogs whose spermatic cords were autoligated rather than double ligated with suture. This prospective clinical study included 215 shelter-owned dogs that underwent autoligation of the spermatic cord during routine castration. Inclusion criteria included age of 5 months or older, and body weight of 11.4 kg or less. Age was obtained from records, when available, or estimated based on size, breed, and dentition. The primary outcome measure was defined as hemorrhage from the testicular pedicle, as the primary potential complication that would be expected from a novel or unproven ligation method. Thus, patients were monitored for intraoperative hemorrhage, postoperative bleeding, or development of a scrotal hematoma. Incisional bruising was also noted, but not attributed to bleeding from the testicular pedicle unless noted to be overtly greater than what is observed with traditional canine castration surgery. There were no intraoperative hemorrhage-related complications in any dog. Additionally, none of the patients experienced postoperative bleeding nor did any patient develop a scrotal hematoma. Minor complications were all mild and self-limiting. These included peri-incisional bruising in 10/215 (4.7%) and scrotal bruising in 8/215 (3.7%) for an overall complication rate of 18/215 (8.4%). No dog required hospitalization or medical care related to any surgical complication. The results of this study indicate that autoligation of the spermatic cord is a safe technique when utilized in the castration of adult dogs that weigh 11.4 kg or less. Anecdotally, many shelter veterinarians report using this technique and this publication serves to establish the safety of this practice, particularly for those practicing in high-quality/high-volume spay and neuter operations.

Observations on the anatomy of the funiculus spermaticus and the testis in Brachyteles sp. (SPIX, 1823) primates - Atelidae.

Analysing the literature about the reproductive anatomy on New World Primates, one can see the need of standardisation on the description methods and, more importantly, the lack of detailed information. The problem is aggravated by the difficult access to specimens of the endangered species such as Brachyteles sp. This paper's objective was to extend knowledge on the male reproductive anatomy of these primates. The testis and funiculus spermaticus of Brachyteles are described in detail. We utilised one individual of Brachyteles arachnoides, two hybrids (B. arachnoides × Brachyteles hypoxanthus) and photographs of the testis of a third fresh specimen of a hybrid individual. The septum formed by tunica dartos adheres to the testis and separates the scrotum in two testicular cavities. Passed the spermatic cord, the external spermatic fascia continues with the tunica dartos, covering the cranial half of the testis. The fascia cremasterica divides itself in bundles of fibres and forms loops around the testicles creating a sac like structure that seems to be unique among Neotropical Primates. The appendix testis is described for the first time in platyrrhini. It is presented as a sessile structure in the extremitas capitata of the testis. Previous literature on the reproductive anatomy of platyrrhini is limited. Despite that, it can be said that the large size and volume of the testis, and complex structure of the cremaster, could consist of a heat loss reduction strategy in cold and humid forest environments. Except for the larger size of the testicles in hybrid individuals, no other significant morphological differences were found between B. arachnoides and hybrids (B. arachnoides × B. hypoxanthus).

Elaboración de un modelo experimental en conejos con diferentes grados de torsión testicular

Introduction and objectivesDifferent degrees of testicular torsion result in varying degrees of testicular damage, which influences treatment options and outcomes. Therefore, establishing a testicular torsion model with different degrees is necessary for clinical diagnosis. Materials and methodsRabbits were randomly divided into 4groups and their spermatic cords were twisted at 0°, 180°, 360°, and 720°, respectively. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) were performed to evaluate the blood supply in testicles. The twisted testicles were surgically removed at 6hours post-operation and were evaluated by morphological observation and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. ResultsCDFI signals were gradually decreased as the degree of testicular torsion increased, and scores of CDFI in the 360° and 720° groups were significantly decreased at postoperative 6hours compared to pre-surgery. Compared to the sham, the testicle in the 180° group exhibited slight congestion, whereas the testicles in the 360° and 720° groups were dark red in color and had severe congestion and unrecognizable vessels. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining showed mild spermatogenic cell reduction and testicular interstitial hemorrhage in the 180° group. In the 360° and 720° groups, disordered seminiferous tubules, shed spermatogenic cells in tubules, inflammatory cell infiltration, and severe hemorrhage were found. In comparison with the sham, interstitial hemorrhage scores in the 360° and 720° groups were significantly higher, and scores of germinal epithelial cell thickness in the 3testicular torsion groups were significantly decreased. ConclusionCollectively, we successfully constructed a testicular torsion model with different degrees in rabbits.

Mésothéliome paratesticulaire : à propos d’un cas rare

Paratesticular mesothelioma is a very rare tumour, accounting for 0.3 to 1.4% of all mesotheliomas. Mesothelioma arising from the spermatic cord is extremely rare with only a few cases reported in the literature. We report a case of spermatic cord mesothelioma in a 70-year-old man who presented with a right inguinal mass and pain.