Spergularia Marina Griseb Research Articles

The complete chloroplast genome of Spergularia marina (Caryophyllaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb, 1843 (Caryophyllaceae) is a halophytic plant widely distributed along the southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. marina was determined using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The chloroplast genome of S. marina is 152,460 bp in length with 36.7% GC content. It comprises a large single-copy (LSC; 83,321), a small single copy (SSC; 17,205 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs; 25,967 bp) with a typical quadripartite structure. It consists of 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNAs, and 37 transfer RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis using complete chloroplast genomes showed that among the 17 Caryophyllaceae species, S. marina is most closely related to Spergula arvensis. Since no complete chloroplast genome of the genus Spergularia has been reported to date, our study provides useful genetic information for determining phylogenetic relationships within the Caryophyllaceae.

The Content of Certain Groups of Phenolic Compounds and the Biological Activity of Extracts of Various Halophyte Parts of Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. and Glaux maritima L. at Different Levels of Soil Salinization.

Halophyte plants are known for their resistance to harsh environmental conditions associated with excess salts in their habitats. Their resistance to salinization is due, among other things, to their high ability to detoxify free radicals, owing to the relatively high content of antioxidants. On the coast of the Baltic Sea and in the lagoons, there are several rare halophyte species included in the Red Book of the Kaliningrad Region (Russia) and the Baltic region, such as Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. and Glaux maritima L. The aim of the research was to study the accumulation of certain groups of phenolic compounds in different parts of S. marina and G. maritima plants under conditions of weak and strong soil salinity, as well as to analyze the antioxidant, antibacterial, and fungicidal activity of extracts of the studied plant species. The present study showed an increase in total phenolic content in the roots and shoots of S. marina, and the shoots of G. maritima, in response to increased soil salinity. At the same time, the total content of flavonoids in all the studied parts of the two plant species remained unchanged. However, the content of individual flavonoids (hesperetin, epicatechin, apigenin derivative, luteolin derivative) in S. marina increased, for G. maritima there was a tendency to reduce the content of flavonoids in roots and shoots with an increase in soil salinity. There was an increase in the total content of hydroxycinnamic acids in the roots of Glaux maritima, as well as an increase in the content of protocatechuic acid in the roots and shoots of Spergularia marina. A positive relationship was established between the antioxidant activity of S. marina root extracts and the total content of phenolic compounds, as well as G. maritima shoots extracts and the total content of phenolic compounds. Extracts of S. marina showed no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and weak fungicidal activity of stem extracts and inflorescences grown on soils, with high levels of salinities, was detected against Candida albicans. The extracts of roots and shoots from G. maritima showed weak antimicrobial and fungicidal activity.

Spergularia marina: a potential source of a novel calcium channel blocker with antihypertensive and diuretic activities.

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Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of <i>Spergularia marina</i> (L.) Griseb extract

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb is a species from spergularia genus (Caryophyllaceae). This genus has some medicinal effects such as antidiabetic, antioxidant and diuretic effect. For many centuries people have been trying to alleviate and treat diseases with natural resources. Free radicals and oxidative agents cause disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. Synthetic antioxidants have toxic effects, so scientists are trying to find new antioxidants from natural resources such as plants. Nowadays plants are known as an important resource for treating different diseases such as: common cold, cough, diarrhea, bronchiolitis, respiratory infections, UTI, and skin lesions, because of this reasons, a lot of plants have been studied to make new drugs. Due to increasing drug resistant in microorganisms, it is necessary to find new compounds with antimicrobial properties. In this work, firstly the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Methanolic extract and Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Water fractions from Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb were calculated, and then the antioxidant activites of all samples were determined using three methods, DPPH radical scavenging, Reducing power and Ferrous Chelating activity assay. In this assays VitC, VitE, BHA, EDTA, rutin and gallic acid were used as reference compounds. The antimicrobial activities of Methanolic extract from all part of plant determined against standard strains include: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherchia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia Marssns and Candida albicans by disc diffusion method. In all antioxidant methods, Methanolic extract was showed the highest antioxidant activity and chloroform extract was the lowest antioxidant activity (aerial parts, seeds and all parts of plant). The results show methanolic extract of all parts of plant have any effect against above microorganisms. KeyWords : Spergularia marina ; caryophyllaceae; antioxidant; antimicrobial; DPPH; reducing power; ferrous chelating activit.

Quality Properties of Sponge Cake with Added Spergularia marina griseb powder

In this study, sponge cakes were prepared with replacement of 1, 3, and 5% spergularia marina griseb powder. The specific gravity tended to increase as the ratio of spergularia marina griseb powder increased. The control group had higher moisture content, volume, and specific volume than the spergularia marina griseb powder samples. As the amounts of spergularia marina griseb powder increased, L and b value increased. In terms of textural characteristics, Sponge cake levels of hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and brittleness increased as the amount of spergularia marina griseb powder additive increased. In the sensory evaluation, overall acceptability of 3% spergularia marina griseb powder was the highest. Based on the above results, sponge cake, made by addition of 3% spergularia marina griseb could be helpful in improving physical quality as well as taste enhanc the functionality of the product.

Spergularia marina induces glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells through bile acid receptor activation.

Spergularia marina Griseb. (SM) is a halophyte that grows in mud flats. The aerial portions of SM have been eaten as vegetables and traditionally used to prevent chronic diseases in Korea. However, there has been no scientific report that demonstrates the pharmacological effects of SM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is important for the maintenance of glucose and energy homeostasis through acting as a signal in peripheral and neural systems. To discover a functional food for regulating glucose and energy homeostasis, we evaluated the effect of an aqueous ethanolic extract (AEE) of SM on GLP-1 release from enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells. In addition, we explored the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonist activity of AEE-SM in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells transiently transfected with human TGR5. As a result, treatment of NCI-H716 cells with AEE-SM increased GLP-1 secretion and intracellular Ca(2+) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in a dose-dependent manner. Transfection of NCI-H716 cells with TGR5-specific small interference RNA inhibited AEE-SM-induced GLP-1 secretion and the increase in Ca(2+) and cAMP levels. Moreover, AEE-SM showed that the TGR5 agonist activity in CHO-K1 cells transiently transfected with TGR5. The results suggest that AEE-SM might be a candidate for a functional food to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis.

갯개미자리(Spergularia marina Griseb)의 염농도에 따른 발아 및 생장 반응

This study was conducted to investigate the germination and growth response by Salinities of Spergularia marina Griseb grown in the western coastal region in South Korea. The germination was investigated for 10 days at temperature 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ in order to examine the germination of Spergularia marina Griseb by NaCl concentration 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%. The germination of NaCl concentration 0.0~1.0% was 90% over at 15℃ treatment, but the germination of NaCl concentration 2.0% was 0% at all temperature treatments. To identify the growth response of Spergularia marina Griseb according to the salinity, Spergularia marina Griseb was cultivated for 8 weeks in Hoagland culture medium and sea water. In nutrient solution culture, growth was best in NaCl 50mM among 0∼400 mM concentrations and in 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100% of sea water, growth was best in 12.5% (dilution ratio with fresh water) treatment. Spergularia marina Griseb's inorganic component contents according to salinity showed that Na + content increased, but contents of K + , Ca + , Mg + decreased. As a result, appropriate condition for Spergularia marina Griseb's germination is considered to be maintained at 15℃ and in less than NaCl 1.0% of salinity. When nutrient solution culture, NaCl 0.3% of treatment level is considered to be the optimum salinity.

OLETF 쥐에서 칠면초와 세발나물의 인슐린 저항성 개선 효과

본 연구에서는 염생식물인 칠면초와 세발나물의 인슐린 저항성을 개선하는 효과를 조사하였다. 본 실험에 사용한 OLETF쥐는 CCK-1 수용체의 결함으로 인해 인슐린 저항성을 걸쳐 제 2형 당뇨병이 유발되는데, 인슐린 저항성이 진행되는 10주령부터 28주령이 될 때까지 칠면초와 세발나물을 18주 동안 섭취시켰다. 염생식물식이군들의 체중이나 공복혈당 변화는 식이기간 동안 전반적으로 대조군과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. Oral glucose tolerance test에서 염생식물 섭취가 당 내성을 개선하는 효과를 보였으나 그 혈당 변화를 면적으로 환산하였을 때 각 식이군들 간의 유의적인 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 혈중 insulin 및 HbA1c 수치는 유의하게 낮은 수치를 보였으며, adiponectin 수치는 높고 leptin과 ghrelin 수치는 낮았으나 현저한 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 세발나물식이군의 혈중 중성지질과 총 cholesterol 수치는 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 더 낮았다. 혈중 지질산화물 함량은 각 식이군 간 유의차가 관찰되지 않았으나 염생식물식이군에서 더 낮은 경향을 보였으며, NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> p65는 지방조직에서 유의적으로 낮은 발현량을 보였다. 또한 두 염생식물식이군에서 인슐린 신호전달의 negative regulator인 <TEX>$pIRS1^{Ser307}$</TEX>의 발현량은 대조군에 비해 더 낮음을 확인하였다. 그러므로 칠면초와 세발나물은 생후 성장하면서 인슐린 저항성이 생기는 OLETF쥐의 인슐린 저항성을 현저하게 줄여주지는 못하였으나 그 개선 효과는 있는 것으로 시사되며, 두 염생식물의 급여 기간을 늘려 제 2형 당뇨병을 예방하는 효과에 대한 섬세한 검토가 보완되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. We evaluated preventive effects of Suaeda japonica (SJ) and Spergularia marina Griseb (SMG) on the insulin resistance in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. The 10-week old OLETF rats were fed diets containing 3% (w/w) SJ and SMG for 18 weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels in SJ and SMG groups, measured using the oral glucose tolerance test, were lower than that of the control rats. The SMG group showed significantly lower levels of insulin, glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol than the control group. In addition, these levels were relatively lower in the SJ group than those in the control rats. The SJ and SMG groups had relatively lower protein levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX>) p65 in adipose tissue and serine phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in skeletal muscle than the control group. These results suggest that SJ and SMG prevent insulin resistance and SMG in particular reduces blood triglyceride and total cholesterol levels.

Blanching에 따른 세발나물의 이화학적 특성 변화

본 연구는 주로 blanching하여 나물로 섭취되고 있는 염생식물인 세발나물을 가지고 데침 과정에 의하여 일반성분, 유리당, 구성 아미노산, 유기산, 비타민 및 무기질 등의 주요 성분 함량 변화를 측정하였다. Blanching에 의해 탄수화물의 함량은 증가하였고, 조단백질, 조지방 및 조회분의 함량은 감소되었으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 세발나물의 총 유리당 함량은 blanching에 의해 62.50% 감소되었고, 유리당 중 galactose의 감소가 가장 크게 나타났다. 생 세발나물에 비하여 데친 세발나물의 총 구성 아미노산 및 필수 아미노산의 함량의 함량은 각각 12.17%와 11.78% 감소되었고, 검출된 모든 구성 아미노산의 함량 모두 blanching에 의해 감소되었으나, 생 세발나물과 데친 세발나물의 총 아미노산에 대한 필수 아미노산의 비율은 비슷하게 나타났다. 총 유기산 함량은 blanching에 의해 15.75% 감소되었고, 검출된 유기산 중 acetic acid를 제외한 4종의 유기산 함량 모두 blanching에 의해 감소되었다. 비타민 C와 E의 함량은 각각 17.84%와 27.12% 감소되었고, 총 무기질 함량은 21.18% 감소되었으며 생 세발나물에 가장 많이 함유된 Na 함량의 손실이 가장 컸다. 본 연구 결과 세발나물은 다량의 유용한 영양성분들을 함유하고 있어 식품 소재로 개발 가능성이 높아 앞으로 높은 부가가치를 창출할 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, blanching에 의해 유리당, 구성 아미노산, 유기산, 비타민 및 무기질 등의 성분들이 감소되어 앞으로 이러한 성분들의 손실을 최소한으로 줄일 수 있는 blanching 조건이 연구되어져야 할 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in physicochemical properties of Spergularia marina Griseb by blanching. The proximate composition, free sugar, free amiao acid, organic acid, vitamin and mineral composition of raw and blanching Spergularia marina Griseb were compared. After blanching treatment, the moisture and carbohydrate contents of Spergularia marina Griseb increased, but the crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents decreased. Total free sugar content decreased by 62.50% compared with raw Spergularia marina Griseb after blanching, and the reduction of galactose was the largest in free sugars. The raw and blanched Spergularia marina Griseb contained all the essential amino acids, except tryptophan. The total amino acid and essential amino acid contents were reduced by blanching, but the essential amino acid ratios of the raw and blanched Spergularia marina Griseb were similar. The amounts of all the detected organic acids were reduced by blanching, except acetic acid. Spergularia marina Griseb was found to contain high levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, and minerals, but these were reduced by blanching. These results showed that most of the nutrients contained by Spergularia marina Griseb are decrease by blanching. Therefore, the blanching conditions that can reduce nutrient loss of Spergularia marina Griseb must be established.

Ecological Characteristics and Distribution of Native Scrophularia takesimensis in Ulleung-do Island

Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai called Sum-Hyun-Sam, growing about 1m in high is a perennial plant of Scrophulariaceae. Because the number of these species is very limited in the world, the Ministry of Environment has appointed S. takesimensis as a preserved plant. The Korea Forest Service also protects it strictly by the law since S. takesimensis is an out-of-the-way plant and possible to be exterminated soon in Korea. Investigation for distribution and ecological characteristics of the habitat for S. takesimensis was carried out in Ulleung-do Island. S. takesimensis has a tendency to emerged with Calystegia soldanella Roem. et Schultb. and Artemisia japonica subsp. littoricola Kitam. C. soldanella community were developed on the dry and well-lighted as east or north facing conditions. A. japonica subsp. littoricola community have tendency to developed on the properly lighted as west or north facing and well maintained soil or air humidity. C. soldanella community were developed on the sandy gravel or gravel and grew with Farfugium japonicum, (L.) Kitam., Lonicera japonica Thunb., and Peucedanum japonicum Thunb.. A. japonica subsp. littoricola communities were emerged on the rock beds or pile of rocks and grew with Sedum oryzifolium Makino, Sedum takesimense Nakai, and Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb..

Sodium Transport and Compartmentation in Spergularia marina

In this paper, a combination of tracer uptake, efflux, and pulse-chase techniques is applied to the problem of compartmentation of Na(+) ((24)Na(+)) in the roots of intact, midvegetative Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. plants. An approach is presented for conducting useful compartmental analysis when it is known that the assumptions required for straightforward interpretations of influx and efflux studies are invalid. Linear rates of (24)Na(+) accumulation in both roots and shoots were attained within at most a few minutes following the start of labeling. Shoot (24)Na(+) contents equaled root contents within about 20 minutes. Analysis of root accumulation rates, and compartmental and pulse-chase efflux studies indicated that the unidirectional flux rates involved were at least an order of magnitude greater than linear rates of root and shoot accumulation. These rapid fluxes involved only a small portion of the total root Na(+) (about 1%). The results suggest the existence of a small symplastic compartment, distinct from the ;bulk cytoplasm,' rapidly exchanging with the medium, and responsible for delivery of Na(+) to the xylem. The physical identity of this compartment and its physiological significance are discussed with respect to precedents in the literature.

Control of Na+ and K+ transport in Spergularia marina. III. Relationship between ion uptake and growth at moderate salinity

In this paper, we continue our analysis of Na+ and K+ uptake by mid‐vegetative Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. plants growing on 0.2x sea water medium, with attention to the relationship of ion uptake and growth. In the first part of the paper, growth analysis techniques are used to compare relative growth rates (RGR) and relative accumulation rates (RAR) for Na+ and K+. Under constant growth conditions, a high correlation between RGR and RAR indicated that growth and accumulation of both ions were well balanced, resulting in Na+ and K+ concentrations within the plants which were stable after adjustement to the saline medium. The analysis confirmed the existence of a Na+ ‐related growth stimulation in S. marina and an associated increase in the efficiency of K+ utilization for growth. When plants were subjected to more rapid salinization and step changes in the light intensity of the growth chamber, RGR and RAR were again similar, even through the discontinuities in growth conditions, suggesting that growth and ion accumulation were co‐regulated rather than simply correlated.The growth analysis data were then transformed to give net uptake rates for Na+ and K+ and the results were compared to those of isotope studies under similar growth conditions. In roots, the rates estimated by the two techniques differed substantially; net uptake rates reflected primarily growth, while isotope studies indicated a substantial ion exchange rate between mature cells and the growth medium. The rates of transport of either Na+ or K+ to the shoot were very similar using the two estimation techniques. As the rates measured with isotopes were taken from studies lasting at most a few hours, this suggested a very rapid turnover of the upwardly mobile Na+ and K+ pools in the roots.

Control of Na+ and K+ transport in Spergularia manrina. II. Effects of plant size, tissue ion contents and root‐shoot ratio at moderate salinity

In this paper we continue our analysis of Na+ and K+ uptake in vegetative Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. plants growing on 0.2x sea water in solution culture. We consider the relationships between isotope uptake and plant size, root: shoot ratio (RSR) and total ion contents, both individually (with the linear effects of time removed) and in combinations through stepwise multiple linear regression. The results differ from those of other studies, representing in our case inherent variability in a homogeneous population under steady‐state growth conditions. The results were broadly similar for 22Na+ and 42K+. Total uptake was significantly and negatively correlated with RSR and root weight (Wr), and positively with root K+ content (Kr). These 3 variables were mutually correlated, however, and this was reflected in the multiple analyses as a reduction or loss of significance of one or more of the measures. Transport to the shoot was very highly correlated with total uptake (r2 &gt; 0.99 for both isotopes), resulting in nearly identical regression results. In multiple regression analyses of root data alone, accumulation was related only to root contents, but in a manner inconsistent with the allosteric regulation hypothesis, the most significant correlation being positive with Kr. The results were nearly identical for the two isotopes. The results were not consistent with a single factor regulatory system involving only initial root plamalemma ion influx. The observed Na+‐K+ and root‐shoot balances seem to require at least involvement of symplast‐to‐medium and symplast‐to‐xylem transport steps. Though the biochemical and biophysical signalling and transduction steps are not known, a physiological working hypothesis is presented, in which the positive correlation of uptake with root contents is balanced by a negative feedback signal deriving from plant size and by the diluting effects of growth. Considered over the vegetative period, these would produce the observed stability of plant contents during growth. The negative interaction with RSR is postulated to manifest the integrating system required to deliver ions to the shoot at the required rates.

Short term 22Na+ and 42K+ uptake in intact, mid‐vegetative plants

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. is. a rapidly growing, annual, coastal halophyte. Because of its small size, it is suitable for isotope studies of ion transport well beyond the seedling stage. The purpose of this report is to establish the similarities and differences between 22Na+ and 42K+ uptake in S. marina and in more commonly used mesophytic crop species. Vegetative plants were used 18 days after transfer to solution culture. Plants were grown either on Na+‐free medium or on 0.2 × sea water. 22Na+ uptake was linear with time for several hours. The rate was relatively insensitive to external concentration between 1 and 180 mol Na+ m−3, particularly in Na+‐free plants. Transport to the shoot accounted for 40 to 70% of the total uptake, dependent on salinity but largely independent of time. 42K+ uptake decreased with increasing salinity in Na+‐free plants and increased in 0.2 × sea water plants. Both uptake and transport to the shoot were non‐linear with time, upward concavity suggesting recovery from a manipulative and/or osmotic injury. Steady state root contents were compared with predicted contents based on cortical cell electrical potentials using the Nernst equation. Reasonable agreement was found in all cases except Na+ content of 0.2 × sea water plants, in which active efflux was indicated. Uptake studies conducted in the presence of chemical modifiers (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, dinitrophenol and fusicoccin) showed responses of 42K+ uptake as expected from studies on agronomic species, and implied the presence of a similar active uptake here despite the appearance of equilibrium. Active Na+ uptake was suggested at low Na+ levels. We conclude that S. marina is a promising experimental system combining the rapid nutrient acquisition strategy of agionomically important annuals with a high degree of salt tolerance.

Salinity tolerance in Spergularia marina

Attributes of the coastal halophyte Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. that make it useful for studies of the physiological basis for salt tolerance in fully autotrophic higher plants are discussed. Growth, morphological, and ion-content characteristics are presented to serve as a background for subsequent studies of transport physiology. Plants were grown in solution culture on dilutions of artificial seawater or on the same solution without NaCl ("fresh water") from the time at which they could be conveniently transferred as seedlings (about 2 weeks old) to the onset of flowering about 5 weeks later. Eighteen days after transfer, plants growing on 0.2 × seawater were larger, being nearly twice the size of plants on fresh water. A Na+ specific effect was indicated, as the major part of the growth stimulation (54%) resulted from a 1 mM NaCl supplementation of "fresh water." Succulence was not a consideration in the growth response: root length was directly proportional to weight as was leaf surface area and neither was affected by salinity. Total Na+ plus K+ per gram root or shoot showed little variation with salinity from 1 to 180 mM Na+ levels. In roots, the relative Na+ and K+ contents were also little affected by salinity, but in the shoots, increasing salinity resulted in higher Na+ and lower K+ contents. Distribution within the shoots of 0.2 × plants showed no regions either free of or exceptionally high in Na+. The ion content and distribution patterns are compared with those in a number of other halophytes.