Disbursement Of Funds Research Articles

Penerapan Program Keluarga Harapan Dan Dilematika Bagi Pengentasan Kemiskinan Dikelurahan Teluk Nilau

This research is entitled Application of the Family Hope Program and Dilemmas for Poverty Alleviation in Teluk Nilau Village. The research method used by researchers is a qualitative approach. The results of this study were: (1) the mechanism for implementing the PKH program in Teluk Nilau subdistrict was carried out in several stages, namely, regional selection and selection of PKH participants, initial meeting and validation of prospective PKH participants, verification of eligibility, data updating and initial disbursement of funds. PKH in Teluk Nilau Village is aimed at improving the health quality of children under five, pregnant women and the elderly. For the education level of elementary, middle and high school children, the distribution of PKH funds is carried out once a month in 4 stages, namely in January, April, September and December through banks (BNI, BRI and Bank Mandiri). (2) The PKH program in Teluk Nilau sub-district plays an important role in increasing community economic poverty alleviation or KPM PKH including: First, reducing the poverty rate, from the data on the number of PKH beneficiaries from the data the number of recipients is 251 down to 224 in 2021. Second, in the field of education with the PKH program assistance is able to provide an increase in the level of education. Third, in the health sector, the existence of PKH program assistance is able to play a role in increasing poverty alleviation towards improving the level of public health. (3) Regarding the obstacles that were often faced before, it was often the case that recipient cards for the Family Hope program were blocked, but for now this obstacle has almost never happened. Again, this is because the PKH beneficiaries themselves collect the assistance at the post office or bank that has been determined. So for the constraints of the family program, hope has more or less been able to top it.

ASSESSMENT OF KEY MARKETS FOR INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR

The article is devoted to the assessment of key markets for institutional investors in Ukraine in the context of Russia's full-scale invasion. The purpose of this study is to assess the institutional investor market in Ukraine during the war. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to study the legal status of an institutional investor in Ukraine and its types, to assess changes in the institutional investor market after the start of a full-scale invasion, to identify key risks that exist in the market now, and to provide proposals on the need to improve state regulation of the institutional investor market to protect citizen investors in times of war. The methodological basis of the study was formed by general scientific methods of cognition: the dialectical method of cognition of the phenomena of the surrounding reality and the comparative legal method for establishing the legal status of an institutional investor, methods of logic (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), economic analysis, absolute and comparative advantages and statistical methods for analysing the market of institutional investors and making proposals, mathematical methods for calculating the volume of the market of institutional investors. In accordance with the systemic and structural approach, the institutional investor market was assessed by each of the structural elements of this market. The authors propose to consider an institutional investor as a financial intermediary that attracts and accumulates funds of individual investors (consumers of financial services) and carries out investment activities in the interests of individual investors aimed at financing socially and economically important sectors of the economy for the state and society. The authors pay special attention to the concept of responsible business conduct, pointing out that today, socially responsible business conduct is extremely important for the activities of an institutional investor, which includes "responsible attraction (accumulation) of funds" and "responsible spending (investment) of investors' funds". The study found that the main markets for institutional investors in Ukraine – banking, insurance and private pensions – showed stability and a slight increase in key indicators, which is very positive for Ukraine today. However, in the long term, there are a number of risks that should be taken into account by the government when formulating the state policy on the activities of institutional investors in these markets to protect the interests of citizen investors. The article provides suggestions on the main areas of improvement of the legislation on the activities of institutional investors to minimise the risks of citizen investors.

Health financing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for universal health care: a case study of 15 countries

The COVID-19 pandemic was a health emergency requiring rapid fiscal resource mobilisation to support national responses. The use of effective health financing mechanisms and policies, or lack thereof, affected the impact of the pandemic on the population, particularly vulnerable groups and individuals. We provide an overview and illustrative examples of health financing policies adopted in 15 countries during the pandemic, develop a framework for resilient health financing, and use this pandemic to argue a case to move towards universal health coverage (UHC). In this case study, we examined the national health financing policy responses of 15 countries, which were purposefully selected countries to represent all WHO regions and have a range of income levels, UHC index scores, and health system typologies. We did a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, technical reports, and publicly available data on policy measures undertaken in response to the pandemic and complemented the data obtained with 61 in-depth interviews with health systems and health financing experts. We did a thematic analysis of our data and organised key themes into a conceptual framework for resilient health financing. Resilient health financing for health emergencies is characterised by two main phases: (1) absorb and recover, where health systems are required to absorb the initial and subsequent shocks brought about by the pandemic and restabilise from them; and (2) sustain, where health systems need to expand and maintain fiscal space for health to move towards UHC while building on resilient health financing structures that can better prepare health systems for future health emergencies. We observed that five key financing policies were implemented across the countries-namely, use of extra-budgetary funds for a swift initial response, repurposing of existing funds, efficient fund disbursement mechanisms to ensure rapid channelisation to the intended personnel and general population, mobilisation of the private sector to mitigate the gaps in public settings, and expansion of service coverage to enhance the protection of vulnerable groups. Accountability and monitoring are needed at every stage to ensure efficient and accountable movement and use of funds, which can be achieved through strong governance and coordination, information technology, and community engagement. Our findings suggest that health systems need to leverage the COVID-19 pandemic as a window of opportunity to make health financing policies robust and need to politically commit to public financing mechanisms that work to prepare for future emergencies and as a lever for UHC. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Can financing technological development programs mitigate mineral resource consumption-related environmental problems faced by Sub-Saharan African nations?

Much like the Global South, countries located in the Sub-Saharan African region have plentiful deposits of critical minerals. However, mineral dependency in these countries is assumed to be inflicting detrimental impacts on their environmental conditions. Hence, this study tests this assumption by utilizing data from 30 developing nations from this mineral-rich region. Specifically, the environmental influences associated with mineral consumption, technological development financing, financial globalization, and urbanization are explored. Based on the analytical outcomes, derived using robust panel data analytical methods, it is certified that mineral resource dependence is responsible for triggering carbon emission-led environmental problems. Besides, disbursement of technological development funds is found to directly improve environmental conditions while indirectly limiting the environmental distresses exerted by the mineral industries located across Sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, validating the pollution haven hypothesis, the findings endorse the environmental condition-degrading impact of foreign direct investment flowing into the concerned nations. Lastly, urbanization is found to be responsible for raising environmental concerns by boosting the carbon emission figures further. Thus, it is recommended that the governments of the selected Sub-Saharan African nations make their mineral industries more ecologically friendly, provide ample financial support for technological development programs, attract clean foreign direct investment, and implement environmentally-sustainable urbanization policies.

Increasing the Effectiveness of the Budget Organizations through the Influence of Financial Control

The article examines the issue of increasing the effectiveness of the budget organizations through the influence of financial control. In addition, the article studies research papers of scholars–economists on financial control, the activities of financial control bodies to ensure the purposeful spending of funds of budget organizations, as well as analytical operations performed. In reliance upon the research outcomes, the author has developed relevant conclusions.

Public Private Community Partnership in Ngebel Lake Tourism Development, Ponorogo Regency

Tourism development is one of the priority sectors in a country because the influence of tourism is able to drive economic growth and become the country's largest foreign exchange earner. In developing tourism, the government has entered into partnerships such as that carried out by the Ponorogo Regency Government with the Moroccan International Group Of Development, Technologies And Construction Companies (GDTC) and the Ngebel Tourism Awareness Group (POKDARWIS) as the government's effort to develop Ngebel Lake tourism. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the characteristics of the Public, Private, and Community Partnership (PPCP) in the development of tourism in Ngebel Ponorogo Regency as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses data collection, data reduction, data display and verification. The results of this study found that the partnership between DISBUDPARPORA Ponorogo Regency, GDTC International Morocco and POKDARWIS Ngebel has not gone well, there are still obstacles between the government and private parties and in the budget that was initially submitted by the private party, they switched to using the APBD budget with government problems, which did not immediately make BUMD a requirement for disbursement of funds from the private sector. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the characteristics of successful partnerships so that stakeholders can improve themselves before collaborating

Monetary Policy and Commercial Banks Profitability in Nigeria

This study examines the impact of monetary policy on profitability of commercial banks in Nigeria over the period from 1988 to 2021. Data on credit to deposit ratio, return on asset, return on equity, Z-score, money supply, income per head, interest rate, interest spread, and inflation were obtained from the statistical bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) techniques were used to estimate the short and long-term dynamic equilibrium relationship between monetary policy and commercial banks' profitability in Nigeria. The analysis confirms mixed integration through unit root tests, which justifies the use of the ARDL approach for the four baseline models. The estimation results for these models provide evidence of a cointegrating relationship between monetary policy and commercial bank profitability in Nigeria, indicating that all the variables are bound in the long run. Among the indicators of commercial bank profitability, return on asset responds more quickly to changes in monetary policy, compared to return on equity, credit-deposit ratio, and Z-score. The long-term disequilibrium adjustment further supports the presence of a cointegrating relationship among these variables. The estimated level equations demonstrate that money supply and inflation have positive multiplier effects on the bank credit-deposit ratio in the long run. Based on these findings, the study strongly recommends increasing the Z-score of the Nigerian banking sector by reducing the standard deviation of return on asset. The volatility of ROA in the Nigerian banking system contributes to a low Z-score, therefore, bank management teams should strive to maintain relatively stable ROA over time. The government should work on reducing inflation, particularly inflation resulting from reckless spending of public funds, excessive quoting by public officers, and corruption-induced inflation. The interest spread is too wide, and any increase in this margin has a negative impact on return on asset and equity. Accordingly, the study suggests meaningfully shrinking the margin between lending rate and deposit rate, aiming for a one-digit margin. Banks can achieve this by simply reducing lending rates to single digits.

Improving the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of State and municipal procurement

Subject. This article considers the problem of efficient budget funds spending, creation of a unified system of accounting for public procurement, and meeting the needs of society. Objectives. The article aims to develop a system of indicators that should be taken into account to assess the effectiveness of public procurement at the present stage of development of the Russian economy. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of logical and statistical analyses. Results. The article analyzes the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of public procurement developed by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation. The article proposes the author-developed approach to improve the methodology mentioned. Conclusions. At present, there is a need to develop a universal approach to assess the effectiveness of State and municipal procurement.

Monetary Policy and Commercial Banks Profitability in Nigeria

This study examines the impact of monetary policy on profitability of commercial banks in Nigeria over the period from 1988 to 2021. Data on credit to deposit ratio, return on asset, return on equity, Z-score, money supply, income per head, interest rate, interest spread, and inflation were obtained from the statistical bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) techniques were used to estimate the short and long- term dynamic equilibrium relationship between monetary policy and commercial banks' profitability in Nigeria. The analysis confirms mixed integration through unit root tests, which justifies the use of the ARDL approach for the four baseline models. The estimation results for these models provide evidence of a cointegrating relationship between monetary policy and commercial bank profitability in Nigeria, indicating that all the variables are bound in the long run. Among the indicators of commercial bank profitability, return on asset responds more quickly to changes in monetary policy, compared to return on equity, credit-deposit ratio, and Z-score. The long-term disequilibrium adjustment further supports the presence of a cointegrating relationship among these variables. The estimated level equations demonstrate that money supply and inflation have positive multiplier effects on the bank credit-deposit ratio in the long run. Based on these findings, the study strongly recommends increasing the Z-score of the Nigerian banking sector by reducing the standard deviation of return on asset. The volatility of ROA in the Nigerian banking system contributes to a low Z-score, therefore, bank management teams should strive to maintain relatively stable ROA over time. The government should work on reducing inflation, particularly inflation resulting from reckless spending of public funds, excessive quoting by public officers, and c

Mississippi USA'S timber severance tax apportionments and their economic contributions

Eighty percent of Mississippi's timber severance tax collections were authorized by the state legislature in 1984 to fund the Forest Resource Development Program (FRDP), which is a cost share program through which landowners can receive up to 75% reimbursement for their forest management expenses. The remaining 20% is apportioned on shares to counties where timber was harvested. The regional economic contributions of the Mississippi timber severance tax funding spending for FRDP and county governments were determined. Social accounting matrixes (SAMs) were constructed and customized using 2019 data collected by Mississippi State University, IMPLAN, and Lightcast. The modified SAMs were rebalanced to ultimately obtain the total requirements matrix. Funds expended for FRDP and counties in 2019 were run as exogenous final demands. The total possible impact was estimated to be $6.00 million in industrial output and 222 full-time and part-time employment. Because actual expenses were only 72.8% of FRDP funds available that year, this lessened the actual contribution by $1.80 million in output, $1.39 million in value added, and 80 jobs. Regional output contributions correlated moderately with tax collections and forest inventory statistics. Evidence pointed to an inequality of economic flows regarding what South Mississippi paid in tax and the contributions it received in return via industrial activities.

The Power Relation Among Actors within National and Local Agricultural Sector Planning in Indonesia

Several actors with their powers and interests play important roles in national and regional planning in the agricultural sector. This study aims at analysing the dynamism of the actor relationship and the interaction of their interests in connection to the national and regional planning of the agriculture sector. The study method applied is descriptive qualitative with the analysis of the stakeholders. The results, each actor with his relations and power plays a strong role in the planning process. In the case of aspiration funds, parliament members are very dominant in allocating aid. In the case of co-administration funds: district heads and heads of services, and from central funds: technical director generals. No matter how democratic the concept of planning is made, there is always a distortion in making planning and policy formulations, which in the end the results of the planning that are born are the political preferences of the contesting elites. It is necessary for the Ministry of Agriculture, House Commision IV of Parliement, Provincial Office of the Agriculture Affairs and Regency to formulate a more comprehensive planning system to improve the management in the disbursement of the national fund.

Collective Policy Learning in EU Financial Assistance: Insights from the Euro Crisis and Covid‐19

This article examines policy change in the EU’s financial assistance regime through a collective learning perspective. By defining a financial assistance regime as the set of rules governing the disbursement and withdrawal of funding to the member states in the context of crisis management, the article seeks to address the following research question: How can we explain the exact form of change in the EU’s financial assistance regime between the euro crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic? The article finds that financial assistance in the EU moved from “intergovernmental coordination” with the European Stability Mechanism to a form of “limited supranational delegation” with the Recovery and Resilience Facility and argues that such a change is due to a collective policy-learning process. This finding suggests that the EU tends to learn from past crisis experiences, freeing itself from established institutional constraints, only when the next crisis becomes a concrete cause for concern. However, when the next crisis strikes, the EU is indeed able to radically alter its practices based on previous policy failures.

COVID-19 Pandemic and the Establishment of the Recovery and Resilience Facility

The COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented exogenous shock for the European Union (EU) and its Member States, one that demanded a joint response at the EU level rather than several differentiated responses at the Member State level. As such, the pandemic crisis opened up a “window of opportunity” for institutional change in the EU’s financial assistance regime. This change pertains to the development of a set of rules governing the disbursement and withdrawal of funding to Member States in the context of crisis management. The paper thus aims to answer the following question: How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the EU’s financial assistance regime? Drawing on a revisited historical institutionalist framework that allows for the examination of different types of institutional development, the paper argues that the COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a “critical juncture” for the EU's financial assistance regime, resulting in a shift from intergovernmental coordination (with the European Stability Mechanism) to a form of limited supranational delegation (with the Recovery and Resilience Facility).

Government Regional Expenditure: Pro-poor Expenditure Allocation of Public Expenditure in Kulon Progo Regency, D. I. Yogyakarta

This article aims to show the public expenditure of the Kulon Progo Regional Government responds to welfare issues with a pro-poor budget approach. Currently, Kulon Progo Regency is still the area with the highest poverty rate among regencies/cities in D.I.Yogyakarta. This condition becomes ironic because this area is under the Regional Government, which has the status of receiving special autonomy. This arrangement impacts the disbursement of special funds to Kulon Progo so that its fiscal capacity becomes large. This type of research uses a qualitative approach with the library research method. While the stages of this research consisted of problem identification, literature search, research aims and objectives, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and research reporting. The study results show that Kulon Progo's public expenditure has not been able to bring this region out of the issue of inequality. The issue of poverty, the low human development index, the high open unemployment rate, and even the low allocation of public expenditure on infrastructure impacts the predicate and image of Kulon Progo, which has not been separated from this issue. In addition, in the aspect of public expenditure, especially based on budget allocations that are pro-poor, in fact, they have not fully accommodated their interests. This can be seen from the data analysis on the issue of inequality in the Kulon Progo Regency, which has not been properly resolved. This reality in the context of Kulon Progo is interesting to study because, with a large enough fiscal power capacity, it has not been reflected in public expenditure oriented towards the people’s welfare.

ВІД РЕСТРУКТУРИЗАЦІЇ ВУГІЛЬНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ ДО СПРАВЕДЛИВОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ВУГІЛЬНИХ РЕГІОНІВ: ДОСВІД І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

Досліджено загальні підходи діяльності вугледобувних підприємств, які тривалий час генерували основний економічний потенціал окремих територій, забезпечували зайнятість мешканців і утворювали вугільні регіони. Визначено, що реструктуризація вугільної галузі за програмою закриття шахт не була достатньо успішною, що потребує відходу від суто галузевого принципу і переходу до трансформації вугледобувних регіонів на територіальному, регіональному і національному рівнях. Здійснено аналіз проблем і переваг економічного, соціального, екологічного, технічного впливу, які мають місце у вугільних регіонах у період експлуатації і при закритті шахт, а саме необхідність їх збалансування, що визначає напрями й можливості справедливої трансформації у територіальних громадах. Нині змінюються пріоритети і підходи до формування енергетичної політики України, які визначаються зменшенням використання викопних видів палива і розширенням можливостей зеленої енергетики. Обґрунтовано маркетинговий підхід до позиціонування проблем території відносно різних цільових груп територіальних громад (населення, бізнесу, відвідувачів, інвесторів), на основі якого більш ефективно і цілеспрямовано витрачатимуться кошти на реалізацію проєктів місцевого розвитку справедливої трансформації. Запропоновано механізм комплексного системного підходу стосовно дослідження, аналізу, оцінки та інструментів вирішення проблем вугільних регіонів із застосуванням принципу пріоритетності в кожній територіальній громаді. Досліджено характеристики проєкту справедливої трансформації вугільних регіонів, створення Фонду справедливої трансформації, а також стратегічного підходу до реформування енергетичної галузі України як однієї з основ державної регіональної політики, що реалізується в територіальних громадах.

Funding primary health care service delivery in the West Nile sub-region, Uganda

The provision of primary health care services is a global concern and quality health service delivery is based on a number of factors, including motivated health workers, good-quality infrastructure, consistent supply of medicines and technologies, adequate funding, sound health plans, and evidence-based policies. This study investigated the funding of primary health care service delivery in three local government districts in Uganda’s West Nile sub-region, and identified deficiencies in the allocation, disbursement and timeliness of health funding which have a negative impact on service delivery. Inadequate funding affects the quality of services, limits essential supplies and causes excessive reliance on private financing, which is not sustainable in poor rural economies. In view of these findings, the study recommended deliberate action by both central government and district councils to increase the percentage of funding allocated in their annual budgets to the health sector, in line with the 2001 Abuja Declaration. The government of Uganda should consider prioritising an increase in total national budget allocations to local governments; primary health care disbursements from central government should be paid on time directly to health facilities by use of the ‘straight-through processing system’ for all types of funding; the government should introduce, support and encourage additional community financing initiatives such as Community Health Insurance Schemes; and district and local community leaders should be sensitised on the benefits of this approach.

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INDUSTRIAL INNOVATIONS

The article is devoted to the study of existing approaches to the economic evaluation of the effectiveness of commercial opportunities of intellectual property and industrial innovations in the production and commercial activities of industrial enterprises. The most important groups of indicators characterizing the effectiveness of commercial opportunities of intellectual property and industrial innovations are defined and substantiated. These groups include: indicators characterizing the market characteristics of intellectual property (market target indicator, market prospects (development) indicator, intellectual technology positioning indicator on the market); cost characteristics reflecting the real costs of developers and consumers of intellectual property; commercial characteristics reflecting the consumer value of the intelligent technology for potential use; patent-legal characteristics of intellectual property and industrial innovations that reflect the patent purity of the object of intellectual property, the protection of exclusive rights to it, the impossibility (or in the extreme case - significant difficulty) of copying and counterfeiting. The currently used methods of assessing the effectiveness of the use of commercial opportunities of intellectual property and industrial innovations, which are based on the ratio of results and costs, i.e. are considered in detail. on the comparison of the obtained effect and costs. The feasibility of checking the obtained values of economic efficiency, as well as the organization of strict control over the spending of funds and compliance with the planned deadlines, has been proven.

How Effective is the Green Financing Framework for Renewable Energy? A Case Study of PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy in Indonesia

This paper assesses the green financing framework for renewable energy in Indonesia, with a focus on PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) as a case study. PGE is a state-owned company and a significant producer of geothermal energy in Indonesia. The paper evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of PGE's green financing framework, including its reliance on government policy and regulation, the speed and efficiency of disbursement of funds, and the quality of project selection. The paper also examines PGE's intention to engage external auditors to verify its internal tracking method and allocation of funds, which aligns with global best practices in green financing. The involvement of external reviewers adds an extra layer of oversight and credibility to the process. Overall, the paper concludes that PGE has a strong framework in place for managing green financing, with several projects in various stages of implementation. However, there is room for improvement in terms of project selection criteria and impact reporting accuracy and reliability. In summary, this paper provides valuable insights into the green financing framework for renewable energy in Indonesia, with a specific focus on PGE as a case study.

Manajemen Dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 10 Kecamatan Sirimau Kota Ambon

his study aims to determine the management of School Operational Assistance (BOS) funds at SMP Negeri 10 Ambon. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques using in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. This research involved the school principal and BOS treasurer as primary data sources. Secondary data sources included school profile, vision and mission, BOS Annual Activity Plan (Rencana Kerja Tahunan-RKT), BOS Accountability Report (Laporan Pertanggung Jawaban­­-LPJ), and teacher data. The interview results were then transcribed into Bahasa Indonesia. The results showed that the management of BOS funds went through several stages and processes, namely planning, management, evaluation and reporting. The components of planning, management, evaluation and reporting showed that SMP Negeri 10 Ambon had run well in accordance with the technical guidelines for the management of BOS funds, except for the lack of trust and transparency by the managers to each field related to BOS funds. In this study, there were several obstacles, namely delays in fund disbursement, lack of transparency in terms of budget implementation, and accountability problems in reporting management and evaluation. The obstacles found resulted in the regulation carried out by schools being hampered so that the program that had been prepared in the RKAS could not run properly. Recommendations that can be given are that periodic evaluations from stakeholders can continue to be conducted for effective and efficient regulation of BOS funds.

EXPENDITURE PATTERN OF PM – KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI INSTALMENTS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH

This study examined whether the amount received under the instalments of PM-KISAN is used as per the target and expectations of the scheme, by estimating the expenditure pattern of the beneficiaries concerning the instalments received, using primary data. Further the adequacy of disbursed fund is studied by considering monthly average consumption expenditure of households, monthly average income and annual rate of inflation. The expenditure pattern is not found much in the accordance with the expectations of the scheme. The analysis revealed that, approximately 50% of the farmers utilized this money to cater their general domestic expenses and nearly 40% of the beneficiaries for the agriculture and farm related activities, inadequacy of the fund is found to be reason for this spending pattern. Regular disbursement of fund and relooking into the criteria to find targeted beneficiaries are a few recommendations of this study. KEYWORDS: PM-KISAN samman nidhi, farmers, expenditure pattern, agricultural activities, inflation, fund disbursement